Flow and sound fields of scaled high-speed trains with different coach numbers running in long tunnel

Segregated incompressible large eddy simulation and acoustic perturbation equations were used to obtain the flow field and sound field of 1:25 scale trains with three,six and eight coaches in a long tunnel,and the aerodynamic results were verified by wind tunnel test with the same scale two-coach train model.Time-averaged drag coefficients of the head coach of three trains are similar,but at the tail coach of the multi-group trains it is much larger than that of the three-coach train.The eight-coach train presents the largest increment from the head coach to the tail coach in the standard deviation(STD)of aerodynamic force coefficients:0.0110 for drag coefficient(Cd),0.0198 for lift coefficient(Cl)and 0.0371 for side coef-ficient(Cs).Total sound pressure level at the bottom of multi-group trains presents a significant streamwise increase,which is different from the three-coach train.Tunnel walls affect the acoustic distribution at the bottom,only after the coach number reaches a certain value,and the streamwise increase in the sound pressure fluctuation of multi-group trains is strengthened by coach number.Fourier transform of the turbulent and sound pressures presents that coach number has little influence on the peak frequencies,but increases the sound pressure level values at the tail bogie cavities.Furthermore,different from the turbulent pressure,the first two sound pressure proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)modes in the bogie cavities contain 90%of the total energy,and the spatial distributions indicate that the acoustic distributions in the head and tail bogies are not related to coach number.

Benign Adjusting Effects of Long Tunnel on Environment and Slope Hazards:taking Erlang Mountain Tunnel as an example

The 21st century shall be a century of accelerated development of tunnel construction in China. But until now, what have been frequently stated in reports about influence of tunnels on environment are basically negative. In fact, this is not true. Tunnels, especially those extend across sensitive areas do exert some positive functions on improving environment and preventing local slope hazards. These positive effects, being new phenomena, are found and put forward by the authors after a series of careful observations have been carried out and in-depth analysis performed the first time. Meanwhile, it is a positive evaluation that the authors made upon tunnels. Many important phenomena and data are cited as evidence and their causative factors are analyzed in this paper as well.

Allowance of Lateral Breakthrough Error for Super Long Tunnels from 20km to 50km

Up to now there is no specification about the allowance of lateral breakthrough error for super long tunnel from 20 km to 50 km. On the basis of the design of GPS networks located outside and inside tunnel traverse network, we propose a method for calculating the influence value caused by control surveying errors. Through a lot of simulative calculations and combination with piercing practice of super tunnels in Wan Jiazai Project, Shanxi province, we present an allowance table of lateral breakthrough error for super long tunnels from 20 km to 50 km.

Model Analysis of Smoke Control in Long Tunnel： Findings from Hsueh-Shan Tunnel Accident in Taiwan

The common properties of risk in long tunnel fires are high temperature, extreme difficulty of evacuation, rescue urgency and obstacle to rescue operation. Therefore, a complete ventilation design is an indispensable safety measure. Hsueh-Shan Tunnel is the longest in Taiwan, the fifth longest in the world. On May 7, 2012, a serious tunnel fire caused two deaths and numerous victims suffered from smoke inhalation injury. Apart from this, there was smoking entering the cross-passages and shafts which were important for evacuation. In this research, the current ventilation system in Hsueh-Shan Tunnel was simulated with FDS （fire dynamics simulator） software, and the statistics of smoke, visibility and temperature profile were analyzed. The results of this research showed that, with the current ventilation system, the time was shorter and the distance was longer for the smoke spreading windward than in other models. Furthermore, the visibility of windward victims was more affected and the temperature above the fire source was higher than those in other systems. When the wind speed in tunnel is within 2.0-4.0 m/s, the condition for turning off the ventilation fan within 250 m upwind from the fire source can be prominently reduced to 50 m upwind from the fire source. This not only could avoid plume disturbance but also could be maintained. If victims＇ evacuation should be given the highest priority, it is recommended to straightly activate the maximum power of the fan.

Analysis of the Relationship between the Number of Traffic Accidents and the Traffic Flow &Section Location in Extra Long Tunnel

In order to study the influence of the traffic characteristics on traffic accidents in extra long tunnel, the main measurement indicators of traffic flow during the time of traffic accidents are matched with the accident information to form a data set of the number of traffic accidents and the hourly traffic flow of the accident. Vehicle ratio and the number of accidents are mainly used as the characteristic indicators of traffic flow. At the same time, the longitudinal distribution law of the average speed of traffic flow and the number of traffic accidents in the extra long tunnel is studied. Based on the superposition principle, the extra long tunnel is divided into 5 traffic safety zones. This paper analyzes the distribution of time, morphology, cause of accident, and other characteristics in different traffic safety zones, finding that the shape of traffic accidents in extra long tunnel is mainly rear-end collisions. Improper operation and illegal lane changes are the main causes of accidents.

LONG AND DEEP DIVERSION TUNNELS OF 1^(ST) STAGE PROJECT IN WEST ROUTE OF SOUTH-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

West Route of South-North Water Transfer Project,situated in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a giant project,which will deliver 17 billion m3 of water from the main stream and tributaries upstream of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It is to be constructed in 3 stages, of which the 1st stage project includes delivering 4 billion m3 of water by gravity from two tributaries of Yalong River and three tributaries of Dadu River. The project consists of 5 dams,7 tunnels and a channel in series,with the dam height of 63～123 m and water transfer length of 260.3 km,of which the tunnels measure 244.1 km. The special climatic,environmental and geologic conditions make the project much more complicated in construction,especially 3 tunnels with the length longer than 50 km each create challenges to the technical requirements of engineering survey,design and construction.

截至2023年底中国10km以上特长公路隧道统计与分析

在隧道行业相关单位的大力支持及既有统计数据的基础上,对截至2023年底中国已建成运营、正在建设、规划设计的共计74座长度10 km以上的特长公路隧道进行统计,其中,已建成运营特长公路隧道25座,正在建设特长公路隧道31座,规划设计特长公路隧道18座。从隧道长度、所在省份、公路等级、地理位置、技术标准、施工工法、设计与施工单位等方面,对中国已建成运营、正在建设、规划设计的长度10 km以上的特长公路隧道建设情况进行分析,其中:长度在10~14.9 km的隧道共62座,长度在15~19.9 km的隧道共10座,长度大于20 km的隧道共2座;隧道主要集中在中国西南部,约占63%,四川省最多,其次是云南省;高速公路隧道达65座,占比约为88%;山岭公路隧道68座,水下隧道6座;隧道技术标准以双向4车道为主;隧道施工工法以钻爆法为主,近些年出现了TBM+钻爆组合工法;隧道设计单位主要有31家;隧道施工单位主要有52家。

CSAMT深埋长大隧道破碎岩体靶向勘察研究

铁路深埋长大隧道因其埋深大、里程长,同时伴随复杂多变的地质问题,致使地质勘察难以查明、查细,特别是对深埋长大隧道破碎岩体空间分布的精准定位一直是工程勘察中的难题。基于CSAMT三维正反演理论,研究建立了针对深埋长大隧道中破碎岩体靶向勘察模式,从而实现“点-线-面”的精准勘察。通过开展基于四面体网格的CSAMT三维正演和有限内存拟牛顿法的三维反演研究,以及二、三维模型分析对比,验证三维CSAMT在铁路隧道勘察中的优势。在滇西地区某深埋长大隧道TBM掘进工区开展三维“点-线-面”靶向勘察试验,结果表明该勘察体系可靠且精度高,精准探明了TBM卡机工区段前方的花岗岩蚀变带影响范围及其空间展布形态,确定了断层破碎带的影响范围及其空间展布形态,有效提高深埋长大隧道勘察精度。布置靶向测线从“点-线-面”进行三维CSAMT勘察这一思路,对深埋长大隧道的勘察工作提供一定的应用参考价值。

城市轨道交通超长隧道双车追踪模式下火灾烟气控制与人员安全疏散研究

[目的]城市轨道交通发车间隔一般较短,在超长隧道内会出现同方向行驶两列列车的情况,一旦发生火灾容易造成重大财产损失和人员伤亡,因此需对超长隧道双车追踪模式下的火灾烟气蔓延规律和人员安全疏散策略进行研究。[方法]采用FDS(火灾动力学模拟)软件和Path-finder软件,建立超长隧道火灾模型和人员安全疏散模型,对双车追踪模式下的火灾烟气蔓延规律,以及人员疏散进行仿真分析。[结果及结论]双车追踪模式下,前车尾部着火,通过临界风速纵向通风可保证前车火灾安全;火源下游烟气前锋的蔓延速度为3.20 m/s,至600 s时烟气蔓延至后车,620 s时烟气可完全覆盖后车;烟气温度沿隧道纵向衰减很快,且温度衰减符合双指数模型规律。双车追踪模式下,减小联络通道间距可减少人员疏散总时间,对人员疏散时离开列车的时间影响不大;开启列车端门和疏散平台一侧车门,可显著减少人员疏散时间。在超长隧道双车追踪的最不利火灾场景下,人员疏散存在困难,可通过减小联络通道间距保障人员疏散安全。

高地应力软岩隧道长期稳定性分析

研究目的:高地应力软岩具有明显的流变特性,流变过程中岩体参数随时间发生变化。本文结合梁王山隧道的设计施工方案,采用Cvisc模型对其施工过程及运营期间的围岩和支护的受力和变形情况进行分析,查明了隧道在施工阶段和长期运营阶段的应力、应变和变形特性以及隧道支护结构的内力与变形随时间发展规律。研究结论:(1)在软岩隧道工程施工中,施工时应对隧道初支拱脚处适当加固,控制拱脚变形;(2)不仅要保证施工期的安全,更需要关注隧道在后期运营过程中的长期稳定性;(3)需根据全寿命周期内的围岩流变稳定状态设计支护结构的刚度,从而确保隧道结构长期稳定;(4)本研究成果可为高地应力软岩隧道施工安全和长期稳定性研究提供参考。

自动确定边角混合网独立闭合差的增量算法

为评定外业观测数据质量和发现粗差,提出了一种闭合差搜索的通用算法。首先,针对高速铁路隧道中的各类边角混合网,基于平差理论,计算由边角混合网中测站数、非测站数和观测数确定其独立闭合差的数目,给出最简闭合差构成原则,求出余弦和正弦闭合差,推导闭合差限差计算模型,建立由闭合差探测观测值粗差的方法;进而导出闭合差增量与测站递增产生的重叠观测点数之间的数学关系式,设计数据结构实现测站与结点间双向多对多的拓扑映射关系,并基于分治思想,提出队列-测站双循环的增量算法来自动搜索最简且独立的闭合差;最后,以西南某高速铁路隧道构建的边角混合网为例进行算法验证。结果表明:增量算法能够在混合网中自动确定100%数量的最简独立闭合差,对观测值中存在的粗差100%予以探测,验证了采用该算法搜索闭合差及检核粗差的有效性。

秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群关键技术创新与实践

针对秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群在建设和运营过程中面临的工程建设难度大,运营管理复杂、安全风险高以及运营能耗高等诸多技术难题,围绕安全智慧运营、安全快速施工、单层衬砌支护、自然能源利用等方向,系统总结了秦岭山区特殊地质地形条件下32 km隧道群建设与运营过程中系列创新技术成果。主要结论:1)通过超长隧道群安全智慧运营技术创新与应用,破解山区超长连续公路隧道群运营安全保障难题;2)通过公路隧道安全快速施工技术创新与应用,突破超长大断面公路隧道机械化安全快速施工瓶颈;3)通过公路隧道单层衬砌支护技术创新与应用,构建硬质岩公路隧道单层衬砌支护体系;4)通过公路隧道利用自然能源技术推广应用,探索超长公路隧道绿色低碳运行。

特长水下公路盾构隧道结构防火保护策略及关键参数研究

特长水下公路盾构隧道普遍设置独立排烟道进行顶部集中排烟。现有隧道工程防火技术“护顶不护墙”,顶部设有排烟道时,顶部防火保护施加在烟道板上,而烟道层拱顶管片及车道层两侧管片不施加防火保护,存在安全隐患。根据隧道结构实际可能受到的火灾高温作用,结合管片、烟道板结构相对重要性,提出了新的车道层侧墙管片、烟道层拱顶管片、烟道板结构防火保护策略,即车道层所有结构表面采用RABT火灾升温曲线,烟道层所有结构表面采用基于CFD模拟的火灾升温曲线,耐火极限均不小于2.0h,管片耐火极限由管片混凝土表面及距表面25mm处温度判定,烟道板耐火极限由烟道板的极限弯曲变形量和极限弯曲变形速率判定。基于所提出的防火保护策略,开展数值模拟及耐火试验研究,确定了防火保护技术参数。结果表明:车道层侧墙管片防火保护层等效热阻应不小于0.10℃·m~2/W;烟道层拱顶管片防火保护层等效热阻在排烟口处不小于0.10℃·m~2/W,且随距排烟口距离的增大逐渐减小,距离排烟口16m处减小为零;隧道侧墙常用装饰材料搪瓷钢板在火灾过程中易发生变形而脱落;无防火保护烟道板耐火极限大于2.0h,掺加PP纤维、钢纤维可提升烟道板的耐火性能。

截至2023年底中国铁路隧道情况统计及2023年新开通重点项目隧道情况介绍

对截至2023年底中国铁路隧道、高速铁路隧道、特长铁路隧道情况进行统计。结果显示,截至2023年底,中国铁路营业里程达到15.9万km,其中,投入运营的铁路隧道18 573座,总长23 508 km;中国已投入运营的高速铁路总长超过4.5万km,共建成高速铁路隧道4 561座,总长7 735 km,其中,长度大于10 km的特长隧道115座,长约1 471 km;中国投入运营的特长铁路隧道共286座,长约3 869 km,其中,长度20 km以上特长铁路隧道13座,长约312 km。最后,对2023年新开通的重点项目贵南铁路隧道、成兰铁路成都至川主寺段隧道的概况及特点进行介绍,并总结其技术经验;同时对广汕铁路隧道、金甬铁路隧道、南崇铁路留村大直径盾构隧道、和邢铁路隧道的技术应用进行总结。贵南铁路通过空间选线、创新岩溶处理手段,以及加强运营期间的排水措施,有效降低了岩溶发育地区高速铁路运营的安全风险;成兰铁路设计充分贯彻“减灾选线”的理念,大规模减小了运营期间的安全风险,另外创新了隧道通过活动断裂带的处理技术。随着铁路建设向西部地区转移,隧道建设将面临埋深更大、地应力更高、地质构造更加复杂、高海拔地区缺氧等系列建设问题,仍需要各位同仁共同攻坚克难,不断创新隧道修建技术。

大坡道长大隧道及隧道群环境下高速列车车内外压力波特性的实车试验研究

高速列车通过25‰单面坡隧道时,形成压力波和大气压两者耦合下的车内外压力变化特征,因此,有必要研究在隧道大气压持续变化下的高速列车通过大坡道隧道时的气动载荷和车内压力舒适性问题。采用实车试验的方法,获取动车组通过西成高铁西安北—汉中线路的列车车内外压力测试数据。研究结果表明:1)列车下坡通过25‰特长隧道时车外压力波动受隧道压力波与大气压的共同作用,整体呈上升的变化趋势;2)单面坡上坡和单面坡下坡隧道的长度由1541.2 m增大至8399.2 m时,列车车内外最大压力峰值越靠近隧道出口,单面坡隧道长度越长,列车车内外压力峰值越大;3)随着大坡道隧道长度的增大,列车头车和尾车的整车气密效率在不断减小,列车车内Δp/1 s、Δp/3 s、Δp/10 s和Δp/60 s在不断增大,相应的车内压力舒适性环境更恶劣,当列车通过长大坡道隧道群时,车内压力舒适性环境和列车车体的气密性能更差;4)与压力保护阀逻辑控制相比,压力保护阀全程关闭时列车车内压力和不同时间间隔下的最大压力变化量要更小,车内压力舒适性环境更优。

混合式通风在特长公路隧道施工中的应用

新建的桂林-恭城-贺州高速公路大观亭隧道长5642 m,隧址区穿越海洋山自然保护区,不设施工斜井,因此工程建设能否顺利开展取决于施工通风效果。经过比选常用的机械通风方式,结合大观亭隧道的工程实际,最终采用压入式、混合式通风相结合的通风方式适配不同阶段的施工;通过计算隧道各工况需风量、风管通风阻力,确定风机供风量、风压与功率,对施工通风风机进行适配,并确定具体的施工通风方案,较好地解决了特长公路隧道施工过程中缺乏坑道辅助施工的通风问题。

超长隧道平面控制测量横向贯通误差预估研究

相向开挖20 km以上的超长隧道,洞内施工环境复杂,相关的洞内外横向贯通误差影响因素的综合分析案例较少,也无超长隧道测量的相关标准规范,导致洞内测量横向摆动难以控制。为给超长隧道建设提供贯通前误差预估,本文分析了横向贯通误差来源,研究了洞外、洞内控制测量对横向贯通误差的影响规律,估算了洞外GNSS、测角误差、测距误差等对横向贯通的影响值,设计了洞内仿真计算试验,试验顾及了对中误差、观测误差等因素。在不同测角精度、不同导线边长条件下,推导并仿真计算了20~30 km范围内不同隧道长度的洞内横向贯通中误差值。结果表明,提高测角精度对横向贯通精度增益效果明显,仿真计算的结果准确可靠,且以2 km隧道长度为划分区间,获得了超长隧道洞外、洞内横向贯通中误差的推荐值。

考虑续航里程的长距离隧道电动出渣车配置模型

为研究长距离隧道施工中,电动出渣车续航里程对工效和成本的影响,通过分析电动出渣车的续航里程、装载容量、施工需求等多个因素,构建长距离隧道电动出渣车配置模型,以指导实际工程中的车辆配置和调度。提出固定装渣时间、连续工作、固定续航里程、返回出发点等基本假设,构建出渣量约束、车次数约束、连贯性约束和续航里程约束等约束条件,并通过实际案例分析,计算正洞和平行导洞在不同掘进里程下的电动出渣车配置需求,分析在不同季节条件下,续航里程变化导致的配置差异。研究结果表明:电动出渣车的续航里程对车辆配置和运行效率有显著影响,增加单车装载量并非是减少车辆需求的最优解,要综合考虑掘进距离和续航里程等多种因素。

高原高铁特长和超长隧道单列车通过时空气阻力变化规律研究

为研究列车通过高原高铁隧道时隧道长度、坡型、坡度、海拔和列车速度对列车平均空气阻力、最大空气阻力以及隧道平均空气阻力因子、最大空气阻力因子4个空气阻力指标的影响规律,基于一维可压缩非定常不等熵流动模型特征线模拟隧道压力波,将列车空气阻力分解为头尾车端部的压差阻力、车厢摩擦阻力、全列车压差阻力和列车周围空气重力沿列车运行方向的分量阻力(简称空气重力分量阻力),建立反映坡度的单面坡隧道空气阻力计算模型。研究结果表明:1)单列车通过有坡度隧道时,空气阻力变化规律与车外压力波和空气重力分量阻力有关,受到压缩波和膨胀波的作用增大或减小;单列车通过不同隧道长度的单面上坡/下坡、人字坡和平直隧道时,存在基于平均空气阻力的最不利坡型和临界隧道长度。单列车通过长10 km的单面上坡隧道时平均空气阻力最大,为47.05 kN。2)单列车通过单面上坡隧道时,平均空气阻力和最大空气阻力随着坡度和列车速度的增大而增大,随着海拔的升高而减小。3)通过对平均空气阻力与列车速度拟合得出,列车通过单面上坡、下坡隧道时,平均空气阻力分别与列车速度的1.92次方和2.14次方成正比。

雾天高速公路隧道入口区域驾驶人视觉行为特性研究

隧道入口区域和雾环境对驾驶人的视觉都有着重要影响,引起驾驶人的视觉行为变化,导致驾驶行为的变化,从而影响交通安全。为探究雾对隧道入口区域驾驶人视觉行为特性的影响,在河南三湖隧道和韩口隧道开展实车试验,选取24个驾驶人样本,以驾驶人的注视、扫视行为为主要研究对象,分析驾驶人在雾天和晴朗天气下隧道内外的视觉行为特性差异。研究结果表明:雾天驾驶人的视觉行为特性相较于晴朗天气存在显著性差异,①雾天驾驶人驶入隧道前,注视点分布更为集中,注视持续时间高于1000 ms的占比增加,夜间有雾达到29%、平均注视时间增加、注视频率减少、视觉搜索范围及效率减小,扫视幅度0~5°占比达88.89%,驾驶人对两侧环境关注度变小,努力寻找隧道洞口,驾驶行为更加谨慎;②雾天驾驶人驶入隧道后,注视点范围呈现出不同程度的扩大,平均注视时间和平均扫视时间增加,视觉搜索范围及其效率增加,驾驶人对隧道侧壁、隧道轮廓关注度提高;③雾天时,夜间相较于白天,对驾驶人视觉行为的影响总体而言更大,驾驶谨慎程度进一步提高;④在白天,雾使隧道洞口视线诱导设施可视性降低,隧道洞口视认性差,驾驶人视觉环境剧烈过渡,视觉负荷和心理压力增加,从而显著提升了行车风险。