Research of Protected Cultivation Techniques of Toona sinensis on Mountain Slopes

In order to prolong the supply period and increase the economic value of Toona sinensis,the protected cultivation of T. sinensis was carried out on mountainous slope to achieve stagger-season planting and the year round supply. The results showed that in late October to midNovember,the temperature was moderate( 1-10℃) and suitable for the lifting of seedlings and temporary planting dormancy. The line spacing of rooted seedlings in greenhouse was( 22-24) cm ×( 4-5) cm and planting density was 900 000-1 200 000 seedlings/ha. The line spacing of seedlings was( 14-13) cm ×( 3-4) cm and planting density was 1 950 000-2 100 000 seedlings/ha. T. sinensis began to sprout at 8-10℃ and stretch at 10-12℃. When the temperature was stable at 14℃ or above,T. sinensis started bolting and emerging leaves. The terminal buds sprouted in 40-50 d for the T. sinensis planted in greenhouse with the day temperature of 15-22℃ and night temperature over 10℃; the terminal buds sprouted in about 15 d for those planted in the greenhouse with day temperature of 20-25℃ and night temperature over 10℃. T. sinensis could be picked 3 times when planted in greenhouse,and the yield was about 24 720 kg/ha.

Automatic Monitoring of Chilling Requirement for Sweet Cherry and Its Application in Protected Cultivation

For sweet cherry, the economic benefit of protected cultivation is much higher than that of open field cultivation. However, problems such as nonuniform germination, aberrant flower, abortion, bad fruit setting and delayed maturation appear frequently due to the inaccurate regulation of chilling requirement. In order to solve the problems, an automatic system for monitoring, selecting and recording of chilling requirement in protected cultivation of sweet cherry was designed and developed. The system, which consisted of temperature detection, effective chilling temperature selection, signal conversion and output and chilling accumulation display, had been continuously used in protected cultivation of sweet cherry for 3 years and good effects had been achieved. The system monitored chilling accumu- lation accurately and made it more reasonable for the time selection of greenhouse covering, thus avoiding risks of nonuniform germination, bad fruit setting and de- layed maturation, etc. Under the coordinate application of this system with other modern measuring and controlling techniques such as automatic detection and alarming of temperature and humidity, the environment in greenhouses was regulated precisely that the uniform fruits were obtained and the expected yield, quality and harvest time were achieved.

Fruit protected cultivation in China

Protected fruit cultivation in China has developed very quickly from the early 1990s, and now it is an important branch in fruit cultivation. A brief review including fruit species, developing history, growing area, output, and distribution in the whole country is made in the paper. Characteristics of the dominant kinds of greenhouse, environmental control methods, and standards of temperature, humidity, light and CO2 for different fruit species are presented. Information on varieties, growing benefits, special management practices and other aspects of the main fruit species used for protected cultivation are also presented.

Control Measures for Protected Strawberry Cultivation in Continuous Overcast and Hazy Days

Continuous overcast and hazy days are common for the winter in Hebei Province,these disastrous weathers have tremendous negative effect on the production of protected strawberry cultivation,for leading to the problems such as degrading photosynthesis of leaves,poor pollination and fertilization,more malformed fruits,low percentage of fertile fruits,delayed maturation of fruits,degraded quality and yield,and aggravated diseases.In view of the disastrous weathers and problems,the authors put forward the measures for the management of protected strawberry cultivation in continuous overcast and hazy days,to provide technical support for strawberry farmers.

Protection and Cultivation Planning of Songhua River Wetland in Harbin City of China

By adopting combined method of zoning protection and sorting protection,protection and cultivation planning of Songhua River Wetland in Harbin had been conducted.It emphasized that diversity and stability of resources should be protected,completeness and originality of resources be protected and ecological system be recovered and protected.On this basis,different protection and development strategies had been carried out on different zones including ecological landscape protection zone,natural landscape protection zone,scenery recovery zone,scenery appreciating zone and development control zone;and then specialized cultivation planning had been conducted on wetland resource,animal resources,water landscape,wetland recovery and so on.At the same time,it should control peripheral protection belt,so as to highlight urban landscape pattern of "river·island·city",and realize harmonious development target of "people·landscape·city".It stressed that protection and cultivation of valuable urban wetland resource were important contents of urban ecological construction.It should introduce new theories and methods into researches on theories and concrete methods according to local conditions,so as to effectively conduct protection and planning,and propose scientific and operational suggestions for later planning.

Geographical Indication Protection and Brand Cultivation of Hefeng Tea in Wuling Mountain Area

Located in Wuling mountain area which is the main battlefield for poverty alleviation in the new stage,Hefeng County of Hubei Province has been recognized as a " National Key Tea-producing County in 2013"( ranking 17th) and one of the " Top Ten Ecological Rea Counties of China in 2012". As the first county of tea export in Hubei Province,it has been awarded the " Town of the Chinese Tea" certificate by the State Forestry Bureau. This paper introduced the characteristics of geographical indication and the current situation of brand of Hefeng Tea. Later,it analyzed its geographical indication protection and brand cultivation strategies and puts forward 9 suggestions.

Prediction and Protection of Cultivated Land in China

[Objectives]To protect cultivated land and ensure national food security and to forecast the cultivated land area of China and the provinces(cities)in 2030,2035 and 2050.[Methods]Based on the cultivated land area data of the whole country and provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)from 2009 to 2017,the OLS model is used to forecast the cultivated land area of China and the provinces(cities)in 2030,2035 and 2050.[Results]The results show that the predicted area of cultivated land in 2030,2035 and 2050 is 134.0886,133.7856 and 132.8764 million ha,respectively,showing an obvious decreasing trend.The national cultivated land scale predicted in this paper can meet the requirements of the 2030 national cultivated land retention target set in the National Land Planning Outline(2016-2030).However,in the total area of existing cultivated land,there is still a certain area of sloping cultivated land(accounting for about 4%of the total cultivated land area,it is appropriate to gradually return farmland to forest).At the same time,nearly 20%of the cultivated land has been polluted,and the low-quality cultivated land accounts for about 22%of the total cultivated land.[Conclusions]The situation of cultivated land protection in the whole country is not rosy.For this reason,some measures and suggestions are put forward:strengthening land consolidation,striving to improve the quality of cultivated land,and appropriately increasing new cultivated land;strengthening the protection of cultivated land resources and strictly controlling the reduction of cultivated land.

Design of Trinity Framework for Cultivated Land Protection

Starting with the goals and tasks of quantity,quality and ecological protection in different scales,this paper constructs a"trinity"framework of cultivated land protection system,and puts forward the key points of cultivated land protection in different scales.Finally,a preliminary evaluation is made on the quantity,quality and ecological protection of cultivated land on a macro scale in China.

我国保护性耕作的发展与政策建议

保护性耕作是一项可持续农业技术,以少免耕和作物残茬覆盖地表为主要特点,为我国农业生产带来了显著的经济、环境、社会效益;在我国农业生产转向大规模、高效率、智能化发展的背景下,推动保护性耕作的深化发展,有利于耕地保护、藏粮于地、藏粮于技等国家战略实施。本文从技术与机具研发、示范推广与能力建设、东北黑土区应用三方面,全面回顾了我国保护性耕作的发展历程;系统梳理了我国保护性耕作技术与机具的发展现状,涵盖代表性技术模式,地表秸秆及作物残茬处理、浅层土壤耕作、免少耕播种等关键机具;深入分析了适宜的模式与机具、法律和政策的支持、规模化种植大户的带动等影响我国保护性耕作发展的主要因素。研究建议,筹建国家级科技创新平台、整县推进高标准示范工程,加强政策引导、高质量实施国家级行动计划,持续开展保护性耕作技术宣传,以促进我国保护性耕作技术及应用的稳健发展。

未来30年中国耕地和高标准农田分布的省级预测

科学预测中国未来耕地和高标准农田分布对于保障我国粮食安全和提高耕地质量具有重要意义。该研究假设未来各省份耕地和高标准农田占全国总面积比例不变,根据各省份耕地和高标准农田实际面积、未来全国耕地及各省份高标准农田规划面积等数据,基于最小二乘法的二次多项式拟合预测未来30 a全国及各省份耕地面积和高标准农田面积,进而预测未来各省份耕地面积保有率和高标准农田占耕地比例。结果表明:(1)到2050年,我国耕地面积稳定在1.20×10^(8)hm^(2),耕地面积保有率稳定在100%,高标准农田面积达到1.03×10^(8)hm^(2),高标准农田占耕地比例从2020年的43.59%增长到2050年的85.89%,增长近一倍。(2)七大区域中,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、东南区的高标准农田占耕地比例较高,在2020年均已达到70%以上,东北区、西北区、青藏区、西南区高标准农田占耕地比例则处于40%~60%之间。到2050年,受耕地比例稳定中略有下降的趋势影响,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、东南区、青藏区高标准农田占耕地比例均达90%以上,东北区、西北区、西南区则处于70%~90%之间。(3)从各省份来看,江西省、浙江省、福建省、广东省等南方省份的高标准农田建设比例较高,而内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、辽宁省、吉林省、山东省等北方省份的耕地面积保有率较高。研究得到的耕地面积及其保有率、高标准农田面积及其占耕地比例等指标的分省份预测值可以为未来相关部门制定国土空间规划等提供科学依据,也可以为未来耕地布局和农田利用等研究提供分省份的总量参考。

粮食安全视域下耕地生态补偿的法治化进路研究

耕地生态补偿的法治化契合了粮食安全和生态文明法治保障体系建设的内在要求。我国尚未制定耕地生态补偿专门性法律法规,《耕地保护法(草案)》对于耕地保护补偿制度的设计还存在诸多疏漏,未对耕地生态补偿制度予以明晰表达。为推动耕地保护,进而保障粮食安全及可持续发展,需要着眼于耕地生态补偿制度建构的权利基础,证成耕地生态补偿制度构造的正当性,厘定耕地生态补偿制度的属性特质,进而着眼于补偿请求权主体、补偿标准、补偿方式、补偿监督等多维度,对耕地生态补偿予以法治构造。

不同叶果比对设施‘红美人’杂柑秋梢叶片生理生化特征的影响

为探究不同叶果比(leaffruitratio,LFR)对设施柑橘秋梢叶片生理生化特征的影响,以设施栽培‘红美人’杂柑为试材,设置高(LFR=100)、中(LFR=80)、低(LFR=60)3个叶果比,测定秋梢叶片中矿质元素、碳氮代谢物、碳氮代谢的关键酶、抗氧化酶活性等生理指标的变化。结果显示,LFR80和LFR100秋梢叶片的磷、钾、镁、淀粉含量较高;丙二醛、脯氨酸、抗坏血酸含量较低;β-淀粉酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性较高;LFR80和LFR100秋梢叶片整体养分含量充足,受胁迫程度较低。结果表明,设施栽培‘红美人’杂柑的叶果比控制在80~100有利用于平衡营养生长和生殖生长,延缓叶片衰老,维持树势强健。

设施栽培柑桔煤烟病发生规律调查与防治试验

为了应对冬季冻害问题,湖北柑桔生产中温室大棚栽培得到了一定程度推广和应用,但大棚栽培柑桔煤烟病发生日趋严重。通过连续3年的观察和试验,发现温室大棚柑桔煤烟病的发生、发展与栽培管理、通风透光条件、棚内温湿度及蚜虫、吹绵蚧、黑刺粉虱等虫害发生等有密切关系,在柑桔煤烟病发生初期开始整株喷洒针对蚜虫、吹绵蚧、黑刺粉虱的杀虫剂与杀菌剂混剂两次的防治效果可达80%以上,采用高压水枪冲洗树冠可收到“立竿见影”的效果但易复发。提出了采用农业防治、生物防治、适时运用针对性杀虫剂混合广谱性杀菌剂防治的综合防控方案,在生产中推广应用实现了对柑桔煤烟病的有效控制。

我国设施园艺病虫害发生特点与绿色防控策略

我国设施园艺发展迅速,对促进农业现代化、乡村振兴和都市农业发展具有重要作用。本文结合我国设施园艺产业的发展现状,总结设施环境下病虫害发生特点,并从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、生态调控、生物技术和科学用药等方面概述了病虫害防治技术,最后对设施园艺病虫害防治提出建议,以期为我国设施园艺的健康可持续发展提供参考。

工科研究生专业基础课“防护工程学”课程思政教学探索与实践

课程思政是深入贯彻落实习近平总书记关于教育的重要论述和全国教育大会精神的体现,是落实立德树人根本任务的新思路、新方法、新要求。专业基础课教学是研究生培养教育的重要环节,也是课程思政建设的主渠道和主阵地。中北大学建筑与土木工程专业紧密结合教育部高校课程思政建设指导纲要,建立了专业学位硕士研究生专业基础课“防护工程学”的课程思政目标,完成了课程思政教学的总体设计,从国家安全、爱国主义、科学精神和科研素质、大国工匠、团队合作精神等方面,进行了课程思政与教学内容的深度有效融合,加强了研究生思想品德教育,提高了课程教学质量,使专业基础课与思政课程形成了协同育人效应。

中国耕地保护补偿体系研究

耕地是国家粮食安全的物质基础,保护耕地就是保护生命线.耕地保护补偿制度是落实国家最严格耕地保护制度的重要支撑,对于调动各主体耕地保护积极性,保障国家粮食安全和社会稳定至关重要.综合运用理论分析、案例分析和归纳演绎等方法,深入探讨了耕地保护补偿体系的理论认识、实践现状、完善思路及框架构想.研究结果:(1)外部性内部化、发展权转移、义务保有量和耕地保护生态效应等是理解耕地保护补偿内涵、测算耕地补偿标准的理论视角,为耕地保护补偿体系的构建提供了理论依据.(2)通过普惠性经济补偿、业绩奖励等模式的实践探索,耕地保护补偿制度取得了一定成效,有效调动了各主体保护耕地的积极性,但仍存在补偿对象和标准未分类分级、补偿标准偏低、补偿资金的来源不稳定以及缺乏相应法律法规和配套措施等问题.(3)构建耕地保护补偿体系需深化耕地系统“四维”体系认识,明确耕地保护补偿的核心问题.(4)提出从国家补偿分区体系、科学合理的补偿标准体系、耕地保护补偿效应评估体系3个方面构建耕地保护补偿体系的基本框架.

闲置土地认定处置法律规则的优化研究

研究目的:优化闲置土地认定处置法律规则,以此推动闲置土地认定处置难的规范解决。研究方法:案例分析法和规范分析法。研究结果:(1)优化闲置土地认定处置法律规则是土地节约集约利用、闲置土地法制统一和闲置土地治理实践的共同要求。(2)认定规则粗疏和处置规则失当是闲置土地认定处置法律规则的关键缺失。(3)闲置土地认定处置法律规则的优化路径,一是要通过厘清认定标准的关键概念、明确认定标准的土地单位和完善认定标准的分类结构,弥补认定规则的粗疏;二是要通过设计协商处置的兜底规则和推动行政处置的过罚相当,匡正处置规则的失当。研究结论:优化闲置土地认定处置法律规则需以促进土地节约集约利用为目标,以科学性、公正性、融贯性和可及性为导向,并结合地方立法经验完善闲置土地的认定标准和处置方式。

东北地区耕地绿色利用效率测算及影响因素

推动东北地区耕地绿色利用是践行绿色发展理念、促进黑土地保护的重要途径。综合运用包含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型、Tobit模型对东北地区40个地级市2012~2021年耕地绿色利用效率的时空分布格局及影响因素进行定量测度。结果表明:①2012~2021年,东北地区整体耕地绿色利用效率较高,而东北各地区效率自2018年后开始呈现波动下降态势,2020年后有所回升;②东北地区耕地绿色利用效率空间差异性显著,分布格局随时间的推移而逐渐变化,在研究期内呈现出“东高西低”“四周高、中间低”“南北高、四周低”的演变特征;③粮食作物轮作面积比例、单位农作物播种面积农业机械总动力对东北各地区耕地绿色利用效率具有显著性负向影响,科技发展水平具有显著性正向影响,但是在不同地区,不同因素的影响强度存在一定差异。建议既要在政策制度上规范和引导,还应在技术上支持和赋能,通过实际措施提高东北地区耕地绿色利用效率,实现黑土地可持续利用。

环境设计专业技术科学类课程思政内涵建设及实践——以环境设计技术基础课程为例

环境设计技术基础课程对学生认识环境现状及解决环境中的各类工程问题有很大帮助。结合环境设计技术基础课程的教学内容,从建立新型环境观念、关注生态环境保护和公共利益保障、注重环保低碳等方面深入挖掘课程思政教育与各章节的融合点,形成价值导向与培养目标合而为一的育人模式。从教学效果分析来看,思政点在课程教学中实现有机融合,学生的思想道德素质、分析及解决问题的能力都有较大提高,主要体现在其团队合作及自主学习能力、环保意识、创新意识及职业素养等方面。因此,本课程相关的思政教学探索可以达到优化课程、培养学生更好地为社会服务的目的。

杨梅设施栽培及智能化管理技术研究进展

杨梅原产于中国,是经济价值较高的特色水果,但成熟期恰逢梅雨季,连续的阴雨天气严重影响杨梅的产量和品质。近年来,通过设施栽培可避雨、防虫、促早及提高品质,实现杨梅稳产高效栽培。由于设施栽培改变了杨梅原有的生长环境,也出现了诸多的新问题。针对上述问题开展了设施栽培及智能化管理技术的应用研究,可将果实成熟期提前40 d,商品果率达80%,经济效应显著。文章从设施栽培模式、人工辅助授粉、补光技术、高光效树形研发,以及设施物联网和水肥智能管理的应用进行总结,意在为杨梅的智能化、产业化提供技术支撑,助力杨梅产业持续发展。