The Yield and Diseases-Pest Performance of Breeding Materials for Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Sourced from Different Exotic Sources

A study was conducted with 36 tomato germplasm [PGRC (19), The Netherlands (7), Japan (2), and Bangladesh (9)] with 3 check varieties in the research field of the Olericulture Division of Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during the winter season of 2022-23 to identify promising tomato breeding germplasm. All the germplasm showed differences in most of the parameters studied. Considerable variation was observed for fruit yield per hectare varied from 39 to 144 tons, while the highest fruit yield per hectare was harvested from the germplasm viz., BD 7759B, BD 7757, BD 7751, BD 7301, QM, BD 7759A, BD 7762, QF, BD 7753, BD 8886, BD 10351, NL-1A, SLA-19. The number of locules, total soluble solids (TSS) and plant height at last harvest varied from 2 to 6.6, 2.6 to 5.9%, and 66 to 154cm, respectively. The TYLCV infection (%) and leaf-sucking pest infestation (%) were observed with a 1 to 20% range in the field condition in both cases. So, we can select that germplasm has zero per cent infestation. Considering the plant growth habit, earliness, different yield contributing horticultural traits, virus and pest infestation thirteen germplasm viz., BD 7759B, BD 7757, BD 7751, BD 7301, QM, BD 7759A, BD 7762, QF, BD 7753, BD 8886, BD 10351, NL-1A, SLA-19 were selected as breeding materials for further tomato improvement program.

外源NO与蔗糖对盐胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

选取长至6～8片真叶的健康番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）幼苗,分别进行蔗糖、硝普钠（sodium nitropresside,SNP,作为外源NO供体）及其体积比例组合（1∶1）处理;36h后施以NaCl胁迫,并分别于0h（胁迫前）、24h、48h和72h取样,进行相关生理生化指标测定。具体5个实验处理如下：A.蒸馏水（CK）;B.100 mmol/L NaCl;C.0.1 mmol/L SNP＋100 mmol/L NaCl;D.0.1 mmol/L SNP＋1.0mmol/L蔗糖＋100 mmol/L NaCl;E.1.0 mmol/L蔗糖＋100 mmol/L NaCl。结果表明：与SNP和蔗糖单独处理相比,二者组合处理对缓解盐胁迫下番茄幼苗的氧化损伤存在正协同效应,主要表现在进一步增强了番茄幼苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性;提高了脯氨酸（Pro）的含量,同时膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P〈0.05）。采用聚丙烯酰胺浓度梯度凝胶电泳对盐胁迫24 h和48 h材料的POD同功酶检测表明,当NaCl单独处理时,番茄幼苗叶片POD同功酶第V条带缺失,其它谱带酶量减少,抑制了POD同功酶的表达;SNP和蔗糖单独处理能够保护盐胁迫（24、48h）所导致的POD同功酶条带的完整;而组合处理既保证了POD同功酶条带的完整,又加强了酶量的表达。随着盐胁迫时间的延长,其氧化损伤程度愈烈,SNP和蔗糖组合处理能够更有效地缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗植株造成的氧化损伤。

番茄属(Lycopersicon)基因组DNA遗传多样性RAPD分析

文章对番茄属 9个种 4 3份材料进行了 RAPD分析 ,用 2 6条随机引物 (10碱基 )共检测到 199个位点 ,其中多态位点 14 6个 ,占总扩增位点的 73.36 %。 Shannon表型多样性指数、基因杂合度、遗传丰度和遗传离散度的研究结果表明 ,遗传多样性均有野生类群大于普通番茄类群的趋势 ,说明野生类群中存在着更丰富的遗传变异类型。

番茄属(Lycopersicon)花粉萌发培养基组分的优化

以番茄属４个种的花粉作试材，共用３组２２个培养基配方，在研究硼酸和蔗糖浓度对花 粉萌发和花粉管伸长影响的基础上，对番茄属花粉萌发培养基配方进行了优化。研究结果在明，番 茄属离体花粉萌发培养基的最佳组成是：蔗糖１３％、硼酸１５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ^（－１）、琼脂１％。

日光温室番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)群体冠层内光能截获特征及其光环境分析

通过试验设置完全封闭、行间开放、行内开放和完全开放4个不同的遮阴处理,把日光温室番茄冠层内复杂的光环境按方向逐渐分解,对光合有效辐射的采样数据进行统计分析,探究冠层内光能辐射传递在垂直方向和水平方向上的分布构成及空间分布的异质性,对冠层内光截获的主要影响因子进行相关性分析。统计分析表明,行间和行内的光线分量主要对200~800μmol·m-2·s-1冠层内光合有效辐射产生影响。通过比较冠层内的光合有效辐射数据的离散程度及变异特性得出,番茄植株整体的光合有效辐射均值存在很大程度的不均匀性,中下部变异系数CV〉0.50。对冠层内光截获的主要影响因子进行相关性分析得出,冠层内光合有效辐射与冠层高度呈极显著正相关（r=0.976）,与累积叶面积指数呈负相关（r=-0.952）,与光线方向及入射光线时间相关显著（r=0.910,r=0.952）。

盐胁迫对番茄幼苗(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)抗氧化酶活性和同工酶的影响(英文)

【目的】研究盐胁迫对番茄幼苗抗氧化酶活性和同工酶的影响。【方法】以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)F144种子为材料,种子萌发2d后用120mmol/L NaCl处理7d,测定幼苗谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX),过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性以及同工酶。【结果】在120mmol/L NaCl作用下,CAT和APX活性显著提高,GR和GPX活性提高不显著,而SOD活性无显著变化。SDS-PAGE分析发现,番茄幼苗叶中的GR有两条同工酶,分子量分别为50kDa和46kDa,GPX有3条同工酶,分子量分别为60、50和48kDa,CAT有两条主要的同工酶,APX有3条主要同工酶,SOD有3条同工酶;在120mmol/L NaCl作用下,GR中分子量为46kDa的同工酶消失,GPX中的48kDa和60kDa同工酶受到显著抑制,CATⅠ、CATⅡ和APXⅡ增强,而SOD的同工酶没有变化。【结论】CAT和APX是主要的盐胁迫抗氧化清除剂。

Influence of Exogenously Applied Epibrassinolide and Putrescine on Protein Content, Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>under Salinity Stress

Brassinosteroids (BRs) and polyamines (PAs) are widely used to overcome abiotic stresses including salinity stress (NaCl) in plants. In the present investigation, we evaluated the co-application efficacy of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR, a highly active BR) and putrescine (Put, a PA) on the NaCl stress (75 mM and 150 mM) tolerance of Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. kuber geeta plants. A small rise in protein content was recorded under salinity stress in comparison with untreated control. The NaCl stress was found to significantly enhance the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD);while decline in catalase (CAT) activity was recorded when compared with the untreated control. Salinity stress both at 75 mM and 150 mM was able to cause significant membrane damage as evidenced by an increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content over untreated control. The EBR and Put co-applications were able to improve protein content in NaCl stressed plants over only NaCl stressed plants. The co-applications of EBR and Put were able to significantly enhance the activities of CAT, SOD and GPOX in L. esculentum under salinity stress (75 mM and 150 mM) when compared with NaCl stressed plants alone. Major decline in the MDA level recorded for EBR and Put co-applications under NaCl stress revealed reduced membrane damages when compared with NaCl stressed plants alone. Our findings provide evidence that EBR and Put co-applications are effective in amelioration of NaCl stress in L. esculentum. Thus co-application potential of EBR and Put may acts an eco-friendly approach towards NaCl stress mitigation in economically important crops.

Microclimate modification using eco-friendly nets and floating row covers improves tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>) yield and quality for small holder farmers in East Africa

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the important vegetables in supplying vitamins, minerals and fiber to human diets worldwide. Its successful production in the tropics is, however, constrained by environmental variations especially under open field conditions. Two trials were conducted at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Kenya to evaluate the effects of agricultural nets (agronets) herein called eco-friendly nets (EFNs) and floating row covers (FRCs) on microclimate modification, yield, and quality of tomato. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. Tomato plants were grown under fine mesh EFN (0.4-mm pore diameter) cover, large mesh EFN (0.9-mm pore diameter) cover or FRC. The EFN and FRC were maintained either permanently closed or opened thrice a week from 9 am to 3 pm. Two open control treatments were used: unsprayed (untreated control) or sprayed with chemicals (treated control). The use of EFN or FRC modified the microclimate with higher temperatures, lower diurnal temperature ranges, and higher volumetric water content recorded compared with the controls. On the other hand, light quantity and photosynthetic active radiation were reduced by the use of EFN and FRC compared with the controls. The use of FRC and EFN resulted in more fruit and higher percent in marketable yield compared with open field production. Fruit quality at harvest was also significantly improved by the use of EFN and FRC. Fruits with higher total soluble solids (TSS), lower titratable acidity (TA), and higher sugar acid ratio were obtained in EFN and FRC treatments compared with the controls. Fruits harvested from EFN and FRC were also firmer compared with control fruits. These findings demonstrate the potential of EFN and FRC in modifying microclimate conditions and improving yields and quality of tomato under tropical field conditions.

Induction of Volatile Organic Compounds in Leaves of Lycopersicon Esculentum by Nd^(3+)

The effects of Nd^3＋ on the quality and quantity of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in the leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum were studied. The results demonstrate that Nd^3＋ can increase the total amount of VOC by 75% after treatment for 120 h, as compared with the control. Phyto-oxylipins, terpenoids and aromatic compounds were increased by 73%, 38% and 21%, respectively. （E）-2-hexenal, the most abundant constituent is increased by 74%, β- phellandrene and α-caryophyllene in terpenoids,

The Effect of Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) Compost on Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>) Growth Attributes, Yield Potential and Heavy Metal Levels

The potential of different water hyacinth compost application rates in influencing growth attributes, yield and heavy metal accumulation of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in tomato fruit was studied in Masvingo. Four treatments of water hyacinth compost rates of 0, 37, 55.6 and 74.1 t·ha-1 were each replicated three times and applied in a randomized complete block design set up. Results showed that water hyacinth compost application rates significantly affected plant height, days to maturity and yield but had no influence on the number of tomato fruits per plant. The plant height at application rate of 74.1 t·ha-1 was 25%, 56% and 63% higher than the control at week 6, 9 and 12, respectively. At application rates of 56.6 t·ha-1, plant heights were 11%, 13% and 12% higher than the control whilst marginal plant height differences of -4%, 6% and 4% were recorded between application rate of 34.7 t·ha-1 and the control at week 6, 9 and 12, respectively. Tomato plants under compost rates of 34.7, 56.6 and 74.1 t·ha-1 in comparison to the control delayed maturity by 10, 17 and 20 days, respectively. Yields of 52, 55, 60 and 68 t·ha-1 were realized from hyacinth compost rates of 0, 34.7, 56.6 and 74.1 t·ha-1, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations increased with increase in the water hyacinth compost rate but at all application rates, the average concentrations were 85%, 93% and 86% lower than the Codex Alimentarious Commission permissible levels for Pb, Cu and Zn. Water hyacinth compost at a rate of 74 t·ha-1 therefore can be used for increased tomato yield without exposing consumers to heavy metal toxicity.

Antiproliferative Activity of “<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>” Leaves (Var. Paul Robenson): Preliminary Study

Among plants, the Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae) is the most important for its beneficial effects on health. Several epidemiological studies have shown the benefits of tomato consumption in the cancer and cardiovascular disease prevention. Tomato products constitute the major source of lycopene, the most potent antioxidant among carotenoids in vitro. In tomatoes leaves are also present many secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors and glycoalkaloids who protect against adverse effects of hosts including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects and are involved in host-plant resistance. In this work we evaluated the antiproliferative activity of tomato leaves extract (var. Paul Robenson) in vitro.

Study on the Pollen Thermo-Sensitive and Stigma Exsertion Male Sterile Line Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Da107

To accelerate the breeding process, male sterile line is used to leave out the troublesome procedures of the artificial emasculation in tomato breeding. However, the fertility of the pollen thermo-sensitivity male sterile line (PTMSL) and the stigma exsertion male sterile line (SEMSL) are affected easily by the environments when used alone. The trial materials were Da107 and the control was First. This study was conducted to create a new male sterile line of tomato characterized by pollen thermo-sensitivity and long style by genic recombination through the hybridizing of the PTMSL and SEMSL. Research on the statistics of the pollen germination rate, the contamination rate in F1 and the flower organics indicated that Da107 was an ideal TS and SE male sterile line with the sterility of 95%, as well as it also could be used as fertile line at low temperature. Meanwhile, the results showed that hybrid-seed contamination risk with selfed seeds from residual fertility in Da107 was low.

Yield and Pest Performance of High-Temperature Tolerant Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Lines for Year-Round Tomato Production in Bangladesh

The study was conducted at Olericulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh during summer season of 2021 to see the performances of yield and yield-related components of twelve heat tolerant tomato hybrids. Significant variation was expressed for days to first harvest (101.0 - 108.0 days), while maximum number of fruits per plant was calculated in F1 2101 and F1 2201 (9.5), followed by F1 203, F1 2001, F1 2303, F1 2401 (9.0). The highest single fruit weight was estimated in F1 2501 (195.5 g), followed by F1 2101 (119.0 g), F1 2201 (113.8 g), while the range was 33.1 - 195.5 g. The range of fruit yield was 7.9 - 38.7 t/ha, while higher-yielding hybrids were viz., F1 203 (27.7 t/ha), F1 2101 (35.5 t/ha), F1 2201 (33.9 t/ha) and F1 2501 (28.7 t/ha). Maximum TSS was produced by F1 2501 (5.9%), followed by BARI Hybrid Tomato-8 (5.1%), F1 1101, F1 1903 (5.0%), with a range of 4.0% - 5.9%, while TYLCV infection and leaf sucking pest infestation varied from 0.0% - 10.0% and 3.3% - 16.7%, respectively. Thus, based on the performances of different yield and yield contributing traits, the hybrids, viz., F1 2101, F1 2201, F1 2501 may be selected to develop heat tolerant tomato hybrid varieties for the farmers of sub-tropical regions.

番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)SlUBC基因响应高温胁迫的表达及功能分析

为探究UBC (Ubiquitin conjugating)基因在番茄抗高温胁迫下的作用,本试验从番茄中克隆出SlUBC基因。由生物信息学分析得SlUBC基因开放阅读框全长903 bp,编码301个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量是34 ku,理论等电点p I为5.17,并运用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析其在不同温度胁迫处理后的基因表达量,然后将SlUBC基因插入酵母表达载体中,构建出过表达载体后在酵母表达系统中探究该基因对番茄抗高温胁迫能力的响应机制。结果表明,在高温胁迫下,SlUBC基因表达量明显升高。在对两组酵母进行高温胁迫的过程中,与对照组相比,转SlUBC基因的酵母具有更高的存活能力。本研究发现SlUBC基因对高温胁迫具有正向调节的作用,并且可以显著增强酵母的抗高温性。以上试验为进一步探讨UBC基因家族参与植物抗高温胁迫提供了分子生物学基础。

加工番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)花药愈伤组织诱导与增殖的初步探究

为了建立加工番茄花药离体培养再生体系,我们以3个基因型(C1,C2和C3)加工番茄的花药为试验材料,研究了2种诱导培养基和13种增殖培养基对加工番茄愈伤组织诱导与增殖的影响。结果表明:不同基因型加工番茄花药愈伤组织诱导培养基存在差异。加工番茄杂交组合C1花药愈伤组织诱导较适培养基是MS+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+1.0 mg/L KT;加工番茄杂交组合C2和C3花药愈伤组织诱导较适培养基是MS+1.0 mg/LNAA+1.0 mg/L 6-BA;加工番茄花药愈伤组织增殖较适培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA,其中C3的愈伤组织增殖率可达93.33%。本研究获得了较高的愈伤组织增殖率,为利用花药离体培养技术进行加工番茄种质资源创新提供了科学依据。

番茄属(Lycopersicon)RAPD标记遗传分析

用 2 6条随机引物 (10bp)对番茄属 9个种的 4 3份材料进行了RAPD分析 ,共检测到 199个位点 (稳定的带 ) ,平均每条引物检测到 7.6 5个位点 ;其中多态位点为 14 6个 ,占总扩增位点数的 73.37% ;依此将番茄属4 3份材料划分为 4个类群 ;供试材料间平均遗传距离介于 0 .0 4 1～ 0 .4 5 2之间 .

Induction of Volatile Organic Compounds of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and Its Resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. by Burdock Oligosaccharide

In the present study, we investigated the induction of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） of Lycoperslcon esculentum Mill. and its resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. by burdock oligosaccharlde. The disease severity of L. esculentum was evaluated 48 h after treatment with 0.6% burdock oligosaccharlde, followed by inoculation with a spore suspension of B. cinerea. The formation of O2＇, the activity of lipoxygenases （LOX）, peroxidase （POD）, cataiase （CAT）, and superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and the quantity and quallty of changes In VOCs were determined a period of time after treatment with 0.6% burdock ollgosaccharide. The results demonstrated that the disease index in treated plants was decreased by 42.5% compared with control 96 h after Inoculation. The production of O2＇ reached a maximum 6 h after treatment （1.36-fold compared with control）. There was an increase in LOX, POD, CAT and SOD activity in response to burdock oligosaccharide treatment and the enzymes showed different trends in the time-course of induction. At 120 h after treatment, （E）-2-hexenal was increased by 92% compared with control, whereas methyl salicylate showed a gradual Increase with induction period. Previous results had demonstrated that chitosan elicitor enhanced the production VOCs of L. esculentum and decreased plant susceptibility towards B. clnerea. Together, these findings suggest that increasing the production of VOCs in response to burrdock oligosaccharide may be an important mechanism for L. esculentumin its defense against pathogens, in addition, burrdock oligosaccharlde may act as a potent elicitor of resistance to disease in L. esculentum.

Effects of Crop Development on the Emission of Volatiles in Leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum and Its Inhibitory Activity to Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum

Volatiles emitted from the leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum at the two-, ten-leaf and anthesis periods were collected by a gas absorbing method and analyzed by gas chromatography （GC）-mass spectrometry. In total, 33 compounds of volaUles emitted from three developmental stage plants were separated and identified, and quantitatively analyzed by the internal standard addition method. All of the samples of volatile were found to be rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.β-phellandrene and caryophyllene predominated in the volatiles of the leaves of plants at the two- and ten-leaf stages. Furthermore, （E）-2-hexenal were the dominant components in the volatiles emitted from anthesis plants. The results of volatiles analyzed show that the compositions varied depending on the developmental stages. The volatiles emitted from crushed tomato leaves of plants at the anthesis stage had the most strongly inhibitory activity against the spore germination and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, followed by ten- and two-leaf plants. However, the activity of volatiles, emitted from the leaves of plants at the two-leaf stage, in inhibiting F. oxysporum was greater than B. cinerea.

控释肥联合养分增效剂显著提高番茄产量与品质

采用田间试验,以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种瑞菲为试验材料,通过控释肥联合养分增效剂探究其对番茄生长、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,控释肥联合养分增效剂能显著增加植株茎粗(P<0.05);与常规施肥相比,控释肥和控释肥联合养分增效剂可显著改善番茄品质,番茄果实可溶性固形物含量有增加的趋势,可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量显著提高(P<0.05),番茄果实色泽度和硬度均有所改善;与常规施肥相比,控释肥和控释肥联合养分增效剂能有效提高番茄产量与经济效益,产量分别增加12.7%和29.2%,净利润分别增加3.65万元/hm^(2)和7.72万元/hm^(2)。综上,控释肥联合养分增效剂可实现番茄增产增效,在实现轻简化生产中具有重要的实践价值。

异属砧木嫁接对茄子和番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

嫁接是克服茄果类蔬菜连作障碍的重要手段,砧木是影响嫁接蔬菜生长、产量和品质的关键因素之一。试验分别采用番茄属(Lycopersicon Mill.)和茄属(Solanum L.)砧木对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)及茄子(Solanum melongena L.)进行了嫁接,研究嫁接后对番茄和茄子生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,异属砧木和接穗嫁接亲和力相对较低。番茄属砧木嫁接番茄对其生长无影响,但能显著增加茄子的株高、茎粗和叶片数;茄属砧木显著降低了番茄的生长势,减少了叶片数,显著增加了茄子的株高和叶片数。番茄属砧木嫁接番茄后可显著降低番茄的糖酸比,降低茄子的可溶性糖含量;茄属砧木显著降低了番茄的可溶性糖含量,增加了可滴定酸含量,降低了糖酸比,增加了茄子维生素C和粗纤维含量。番茄属砧木显著提高了番茄和茄子的产量,茄属砧木显著降低了番茄的产量,显著增加了茄子的产量。因此,在生产上建议,茄果蔬菜嫁接采用同属植株为砧木比较合适。