Drivers of Change in Estuarine and Coastal Marine Environments: An Overview

Anthropogenic climate and non-climate drivers of change are causing significant impacts on estuarine and coastal marine environments. Climate change poses a particular threat to the structure and function of biotic communities in these environments because it acts on the most extensive temporal and spatial scales relative to other anthropogenic drivers of change. The interaction of multiple environmental drivers exacerbates degradation of ecosystem condition. Estuaries are most susceptible to climate-change mediated biotic shifts and direct anthropogenic impacts due to burgeoning human population growth and development in coastal watersheds. Multiple anthropogenic drivers of change, which often interact synergistically, alter physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Ecological responses may be increasingly nonlinear, with cumulative effects manifested by marked changes in organism abundance, distribution, diversity, and productivity. Detrimental biotic effects in impacted coastal environments cascade up from individual organisms to population and community levels, culminating in ecosystem-level changes including reduced services. Multiple drivers of change and their impacts are increasing in estuarine and coastal marine environments with greater anthropogenic forcing in the coastal zone and global effects of climate change, creating greater challenges for environmental management and conservation programs.

Heterotrophic Bacterial Floras in Industrial Area and Unpolluted Marine Environments around Qingdao

From Oct. 1999 to Oct. 2000, the heterotrophic bacterial floras in the industrial marine environment around the Qingdao Power Plant (QPP) and in the unpolluted marine environments were investigated. The results showed that the numbers of the heterotrophic bacteria around QPP were much higher than those in unpolluted environments, and the average numbers in QPP Seawater, QPP Sediment, Unpolluted Seawater and Unpolluted Sediment were 5.4×104cfu(mL) -1, 5.0×105cfug -1, 3.0×102cfu(mL) -1 and 1.3×105cfug -1 respectively. Totally, 118 strains were isolated from QPP and 99 of them were Gram-negative. One hundred and twenty one strains were isolated from the unpolluted environments and 104 of them were Gram-negative. All the Gram-negative bacteria belonged to 13 genera. The distribution of the bacteria was varied in different marine environments. The results showed that the unpolluted marine environments contained much more Vibrio than seawater and sediment around QPP.

Management Strategies to Mitigate Anthropogenic Impacts in Estuarine and Coastal Marine Environments: A Review

A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitats. Many of these environments are in decline due to changes in ecosystem structure and function resulting from multiple stressor effects. In addition, inadequate governance has supported a patchwork of single issues or sectoral approaches rather than integrated management of multiple human uses and activities to maintain healthy, productive, resilient, and sustainable ecosystems and the provision of goods and services. Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a viable framework for a more effective governance structure and management of these vital coastal environments. An important component of this approach is a holistic effort to assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of anthropogenic activities. Thus, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is preferred that links ecological, physical, and socio-economic systems, increasing the protection of resources and societal benefits. For degraded estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, restoration and rehabilitation initiatives are important intervention strategies used to reverse the loss of habitats and biotic resources and to support management programs. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an integral element of marine management plans to conserve and sustain estuarine and coastal marine environments by protecting threatened ecosystems and their resources from anthropogenic activities. National and international regulatory frameworks and directives are also in place to protect and conserve these environments.

Risk Assessment of Marine Environments Along the South China Sea and North Indian Ocean on the Basis of a Weighted Bayesian Network

Marine environments have a considerable influence on the construction of the Chinese 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.Thus,an objective and quantitative risk assessment of marine environments has become a key problem that must be solved urgently.To deal with the uncertainty in marine environmental risks caused by complex factors and fuzzy mechanisms,a new assessment technique based on a weighted Bayesian network(BN)is proposed.Through risk factor analysis,node selection,structure construc-tion,and parameter learning,we apply the proposed weighted BN-based assessment model for the risk assessment and zonation of marine environments along the Maritime Silk Road.Results show that the model effectively fuses multisource and uncertain envi-ronmental information and provides reasonable risk assessment results,thereby offering technical support for risk prevention and disaster mitigation along the Maritime Silk Road.

Structural strength deterioration of coastal bridge piers considering non-uniform corrosion in marine environments

In the aggressive marine environment over a long-term service period,coastal bridges inevitably sustain corrosion-induced damage due to high sea salt and humidity.This paper investigates the strength reduction of coastal bridges,especially focusing on the effects of non-uniform corrosion along the height of bridge piers.First,the corrosion initiation time and the degradation of reinforcement and concrete are analyzed for bridge piers in marine environments.To investigate the various damage modes of the concrete cover,a discretization method with fiber cells is used for calculating time-dependent interaction diagrams of cross-sections of the bridge piers at the atmospheric zone and the splash and tidal zone under a combination of axial force and bending moment.Second,the shear strength of these aging structures is analyzed.Numerical simulation indicates that the strength of a concrete pier experiences dramatic reduction from corrosion initiation to the spalling of the concrete cover.Strength loss in the splash and tidal zone is more significant than in the atmospheric zone when structures’service time is assumed to be the same.

Corrosion behavior of HVOF Inconel 625 coating in the simulated marine environment

High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF)spraying process is commonly used to produce superalloy coatings.Inconel 625 coating was prepared on Q235B low carbon steel by HVOF.A series of experiments were conducted to examine the surface and corrosion resistance properties of Inconel 625 HVOF coating.In this paper,potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)tests were carried out to evaluate the corrosion resistance of Inconel 625 coating under simulated marine environment.The experiment-al results showed that Inconel 625 coating revealed low porosity and desired coating thickness.Shift in the corrosion potential(E_(corr))to-wards the noble direction combined with much low corrosion current density(i_(corr))indicating a significant improvement of HVOF Inconel 625 coating compared with the substrate.

Predict the evolution of mechanical property of Al-Li alloys in a marine environment

The ocean is one of the essential fields of national defense in the future,and more and more attention is paid to the lightweight research of Marine equipment and materials.This study it is to develop a Machine learning(ML)-based prediction method to study the evolution of the mechanical properties of Al-Li alloys in the marine environment.We obtained the mechanical properties of Al-Li alloy samples under uniaxial tensile deformation at different exposure times through Marine exposure experiments.We obtained the strain evolution by digital image correlation(DIC).The strain field images are voxelized using 2D-Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)autoencoders as input data for Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)neural networks.Then,the output data of LSTM neural networks combined with corrosion features were input into the Back Propagation(BP)neural network to predict the mechanical properties of Al-Li alloys.The main conclusions are as follows:1.The variation law of mechanical properties of2297-T8 in the Marine atmosphere is revealed.With the increase in outdoor exposure test time,the tensile elastic model of 2297-T8 changes slowly,within 10%,and the tensile yield stress changes significantly,with a maximum attenuation of 23.6%.2.The prediction model can predict the strain evolution and mechanical response simultaneously with an error of less than 5%.3.This study shows that a CNN/LSTM system based on machine learning can be built to capture the corrosion characteristics of Marine exposure experiments.The results show that the relationship between corrosion characteristics and mechanical response can be predicted without considering the microstructure evolution of metal materials.

The corrosion characteristic and mechanism of Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-xZn-0.5Zr(x=0,2,4,6 wt.%)alloys in marine atmospheric environment

The microstructure and precipitated phases of as-cast Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-x Zn-0.5Zr(x=0,2,4,6 wt.%)alloys were investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray Diffraction.The exposure corrosion experiment of these magnesium alloys was tested in South China Sea and KEXUE vessel atmospheric environment.The corrosion characteristic and mechanism of magnesium alloys of Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-x Zn-0.5Zr(x=0,2,4,6 wt.%)alloys were analyzed by weight loss rate,corrosion depth,corrosion products and corrosion morphologies.The electrochemical corrosion tests were also measured in the natural seawater.The comprehensive results showed that Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-4Zn-0.5Zr magnesium alloy existed the best corrosion resistance whether in the marine atmospheric environment and natural seawater environment.That depended on the microstructure,type and distribution of precipitated phases in Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-4Zn-0.5Zr magnesium alloy.Sufficient quantity anodic precipitated phases in the microstructure of Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-4Zn-0.5Zr alloy played the key role in the corrosion resistance.

Diversity and distribution of proteorhodopsin-containing microorganisms in marine environments

Proteorhodopsin （PR） is a recently discovered protein involved in the utilization of light energy. Several studies have shown that PR-containing microorganisms are widespread and compose a large proportion of the biomass in marine ecosystems. A better understanding of the ecological role of PR will help clarify the effect of the global flow of energy and the carbon cycle on marine communities. In this study, a bioinformatical database of PR codon sequences, the Global Distribution Database of Proteorhodopsin （GDDP）, as a tool for analyzing the diversity and distribution of PR-containing microorgan- isms in marine environments throughout the world was designed. The community structure of PR microorganisms were also compared using PCR assays and UniFrac analyses of 12 samples collected from three water layers （0, 75, and 200 m） at four representative sites in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The results indicate that PR- containing microorganisms can be grouped into two distribution types： widespread and location-specific. Representative cases of the former include SARll-PR and HOT2C01-PR. Interestingly, PR communities cluster by geographic locale but not by water depth.

Special Issue on“Metagenomics of Marine Environments”

We are pleased to announce a special issue on ＂Metagenomics of Marine Environments＂ of the journal Genomics, Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics （GPB）, aiming to provide a platform for high-quality papers focusing on the topic and we invite submissions for this special issue （to be published in the fall of 2015）.

Special Issue on ＂Metagenomics of Marine Environments＂

We are pleased to announce a special issue on ＂Metagenomics of Marine Environments＂ of the journal Genomics, Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics （GPB）, aiming to provide a platform for high-quality papers focusing on the topic and we invite submissions for this special issue （to be published in August of 2015）. With most microbes being difficult or impossible to culture, metagenomic approaches based on culture- independent genomic sequencing provide the first real insight of the magnitude and diversity of microbial life that remains largely uncharted. The first metagenomic study of surface water of the Sargasso Sea revealed roughly 1800 species of microbes found in these samples, with 150 new bacterial species and over 1.2 million new genes. The astounding number of genes found in these samples suggests that microbial life in the ocean is far more abundant and diverse than one would expect.

The Value and Significance of Metagenomics of Marine Environments

Microbes have played a fundamental role in the natural his- tory of our planet, and have done so for billions of years. They have adapted to Earth＇s many environments from the mild to the very extreme. Studying their diversity and their way of life is critical for understanding their full impact on the global ecology. Although the field of metagenomics is still young, it has unravelled a wider microbial diversity that had otherwise been completely overlooked by the traditional methods of microbiology. There are three major metagenomic themes： （a） marker metagenomics that surveys microbial community structure by targeting the highly-conserved 16S rRNA gene, （b） functional metagenomics that takes the total environmental DNA, from which it infers the metabolic potential of the microbial community, and （c） identification of novel enzymes.

Bio-inhibitive effect of an algal symbiotic bacterium on corrosion of magnesium in marine environment

It is a longstanding and challenging task to develop sustainable environment-friendly and cost-effective corrosion-protection technologies for Mg alloys, especially under marine conditions in which corrosion can normally be significantly accelerated by bacterial activity. However,this paper reports on the corrosion of highly active Mg interestingly inhibited by an algal-symbiotic bacterium Bacillus altitudinis. The corrosion of Mg in the presence of the bacterium drastically reduced by one order of magnitude after 14 days of immersion. This means that the algal-symbiotic bacterium widely available in natural ocean environments may be employed as a green and sustainable inhibitor in the marine industry. Based on electrochemical measurements, surface analyses and microbe experiments, a combined inhibition mechanism is proposed in the paper to interpret the interesting corrosion behavior of Mg.

Microplastics in Marine Environment: Occurrence, Distribution, and Extraction Methods in Marine Organisms

The pervasive presence of microplastics in marine environments has raised significant concerns. This review addresses the pressing issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential implications for both the environment and human health. It outlines the current state of microplastic occurrence, distribution, and extraction methods within marine organisms. Microplastics have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their harmful effects on ecosystems and their potential human health risks. These particles infiltrate marine environments through runoff and atmospheric deposition, ultimately contaminating beaches and posing threats to marine life. Despite the gravity of this issue, there has been limited research on the presence and distribution of microplastics in marine organisms. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the occurrence, distribution, and various extraction methods used to detect microplastics in marine organisms. It emphasizes the urgent need for targeted measures to manage microplastic pollution, highlights the significant role of human activities in contributing to this problem, and underscores the importance of reducing human-induced pollution to safeguard marine ecosystems. While this paper contributes to the understanding of microplastic pollution in marine environments and underscores the critical importance of taking action to protect marine organisms and preserve our oceans for future generations, it also emphasizes that, in effectively tackling the microplastic problem, a well-coordinated approach is essential, involving research initiatives, policy adjustments, public involvement, and innovative technologies. Crucially, prompt and resolute responses must exist to counteract the escalating peril posed by microplastics to the oceans and the global environment.

Influence of Corrosion on the Reliability of SMA Materials in the Marine Environment

The research of new materials on the basis of memory shape today occupies the special attention of researchers in various industrial fields,such as medicine,traffic,robotics,etc.This paper analyzes the possibility of applying SMAs(shape memory alloys)in the maritime industry in terms of monitoring the behavior of SMAs in different marine environments.The subject of the research is Cu-Al-Ni and Ni-Ti CC alloys processed by CC(continuous casting)in the shape of bars and Ni-Ti as cast processed by casting in the shape of disk.Using the method of EDX(energy dispersion X-ray spectrophotometry),the chemical composition of alloy elements in zones such as in the air,on the surface of the sea and in the sea was determined after six and twelve months of exposure.By applying the theory of reliability,an assessment of the reliability of the alloy elements was obtained.According to the obtained results of the Cu-Al-Ni alloy,nickel is the most reliable in the sea.Aluminum is the least reliable in the sea.The Ni-Ti CC alloy in the marine environment is more reliable than the Ni-Ti as cast alloy.Based on the changes in the chemical composition of alloys in all three considered zones,it is concluded that all three alloys have the lowest reliability in the sea and the highest in the air.

The marine environmental evolution in the northern Norwegian Sea revealed by foraminifera during the last 60 ka

Both planktonic and benthic foraminifera were identified in a sediment core collected from the northern Norwegian Sea to reconstruct the paleoceanographic evolution since the last glaciation.The assemblages and distribution patterns of dominant foraminiferal species with special habitat preferences indicated that three marine environments occurred in the northern Norwegian Sea since 62 ka BP:(1)an environment controlled by the circulation of the North Atlantic Current(NAC);(2)by polynya-related sinking of brines and upwelling of intermediate water surrounding the polynya;(3)by melt-water from Barents Sea Ice Sheet(BSIS).At 62-52.5 ka BP,a period with the highest summer insolation during the last glaciatial period,intensification of the NAC led to higher absolute abundances and higher diversity of foraminiferal faunas.The higher abundance of benthic species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi indicates bottom water conditions that were well-ventilated with an adequate food supply;however,higher abundances of polar planktonic foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)indicate that the near-surface temperatures were still low.During mid-late Marine Isotope Stage(MIS)3(52.5-29 ka BP),the marine environment of the northern Norwegian Sea alternately changed among the above mentioned three environments.At 29-17ka BP during the last glacial maximum,the dominant benthic species Bolivina arctica from the Arctic Ocean indicates an extreme cold bottom environment.The BSIS expanded to its maximum extent during this period,and vast polynya formed at the edge of the ice sheet.The sinking of brines from the formation of sea ice in the polynyas caused upwelling,indicated by the upwelling adapted planktonic species Globigerinita glutinata.At 17-10 ka BP,the northern Norwegian Sea was controlled by melt-water.With the ablation of BSIS,massive amounts of melt water discharged into the Norwegian Sea,resulting in strong water column stratification,poor ventilation,and an oligotrophic bottom condition,which ledto a drastic decline in the abundance and diversity of foraminifera.At 10-0 ka BP,the marine environment was transformed again by the control of the NAC,which continues to modern day.The abrupt decrease in relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)indicates a rise in near-surface temperature with the strengthening of the NAC and without the influence of the BSIS.

THE USE OF GRAIN SIZE TRENDS IN MARINE SEDIMENT DYNAMICS: A REVIEW

Spatial changes in grain size parameters (i.e. grain size trends) contain information on sediment transport patterns. An analytical procedure has been proposed to transform the grain size trends into an image of trend vectors, which may represent net sediment transport pathways. A fundamental assumption for such an approach is that the frequency of occurrence of the trend adopted is much higher in the transport direction, than in any of other directions. Preliminary studies show agreement between this assumption and observations. However, further investigations into the physical processes and mechanisms for the formation of grain size trends are required to improve the technique, including flume experiments and numerical modeling. Moreover, attention should be paid to the trends associated with fine grained sediment, for the method of grain size trend analysis is so far designed for coarse grained material only. The processes of flocculation during settling and the wash load property must be considered. Appropriate interpretation of grain size data will improve our understanding of the physics of granular materials.

Pollution monitoring of marine organisms grown in the Zhoushan Sea of China

The sustainable regeneration of the biggest fishery resource in the Zhoushan Sea area of China has been adversely affected in recent years. Wastewater discharged into the marine ecosystem is the main source of pollution. Affected organisms such as hairtail prawn, jellyfish, crab, laver and kelp were monitored, and the contributions and fluxes of three sort of pollutants(oils, Cr and phenol) from the expansion of rural enterprises in the Yangtze River valley, the Qiantang River valley, the Ningbo coastal area and the Zhoushan islands were calculated. More than 16 chemical pollutants were jointly responsible for the decrease in the yield and quality of marine organisms. Furthermore, combined contamination effects and their joint toxicity differed between summer and winter, because they were varied with different temperature, salinity, pH and E h.

Recent Progress of Marine Geographic Information System in China:A Review for 2006-2010

In this article,the progress of marine geographic information system(MGIS) in China during 2006?2010 is reviewed with emphases on generic MGIS,advanced MGIS and MGIS-based applications.Generic MGIS can be divided into two categories:data-oriented MGIS and user-oriented MGIS,recent achievements of which by Chinese researchers are summarized respectively.Advanced MGIS mainly involves the establishment of 3D virtual marine environment and 'Digital Ocean'.An overview of the 3D MGIS based simulations in the context of ocean phenomena,ocean engineering and ocean battlefield is also presented.Several sug-gestions for future development of MGIS in China are proposed,and trends of development are addressed.

Methods Used to Study Bacterial Diversity in the Marine Environment around Qingdao

Pollution has a considerable effect on biological communities, in terms of size and diversity of the populations. Yet, the precise consequences of human activity on microbial communities in the marine environment are poorly understood. Therefore, in an ongoing collaborative research programme between Heriot-Watt University and the Ocean University of Qingdao, bacteria were isolated in 1999 and 2000 from marine sediment, seawater, seaweed, fish and shellfish, taken from locations in Shandong Province adjacent to Qingdao. Sampling locations were comprised of industrial and aquacultural sites and a clean, control site. In order to analyse microbial diversity, a polyphasic approach was adopted for characterisation of these isolates, specifically through examination of key phenotypic traits, i.e. using Biolog GN MicroPlate TM profiles, bacterial whole cell protein profiles and 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences. These techniques yielded complex taxonomic data, which were subjected to statistical and cluster analyses. The application of these methods to studies of microbial communities is discussed.