THE CAYUGA MEDICAL CENTER A Case Study in Landscape Master Planning and Sustainability

INTRODUCTION Long-term planning is essential for larger institutions to achieve sustainable goals and visions.To be truly sustainable,individual projects must fit within a larger scope of campus planning.Landscape and site systems such as parking,transportation,pedestrian connectivity,storm water treatment,and human health and well-being must be considered and coordinated.

Re-understanding the Role of City Master Planning in the Spatial Planning System

Holding a dominant position in the spatial planning system at the city level, a city master plan should be able to guide both long-term strategies and short-term planning implementation, while taking into account both resource conservation and urban-rural development and coordinating multi-government power and interests of various stakeholders. In the future, city master planning should keep its advanced nature and must follow the principles of being people-oriented, paying equal attention to both development quality and quantity, promoting diversified development, and containing multiple driving forces for development.

Reflections and Enlightenments on the Population Size Determination in Urban Master Planning in China:A Case Study of Xi'an City

There is a long-term problem that the population size determination in urban master planning usually deviates from the implementation result.How to determine the population size scientifically and reasonably during the transformation of spatial planning system in China has become the focus of attention in the new era.Taking Xi’an as an example,based on the analysis of differences between the population size determination and the actual development of population in the four rounds of urban master planning since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,this paper reflects on the reasons for the inaccuracy of population estimates from three aspects:the connotation of"goal-oriented"planning,the planning objective of"growthism,"and the determination method of"mechanical simplicity."In the context of territorial and spatial planning,this paper puts forward enlightenments for the population size determination in urban master planning in three aspects,i.e.,putting the people first and combining rigid and elastic control,practicing ecological civilization and strengthening bottom line thinking,and establishing a sound methodological system and unified standards and regulations.

Strategic Guidance & Rigid Control: Innovation of Urban Master Planning in the New Period by Taking Shanghai 2040 Master Plan as an Example

The reform of urban master planning should make continuous progress to meet the requirements of urban and rural spatial resource control in the urbanization transformation period, considering its role of both strategic guidance and rigid control. As urban development in Shanghai is entering the era of stock-based development, it is important for the Shanghai 2040 Master Plan to upgrade urban strategies to adapt to the transformation environment of urban development, and to adjust the master planning system in line with Shanghai's reality. This article analyzes the development environment and challenges faced by the Shanghai 2040 Master Plan and reflects on the limitations of traditional master planning. To facilitate the spatial development transformation and spatial governance, the article summarizes the innovation ideas of the Shanghai 2040 Master Plan from aspects of functions, outcome framework, control system, organization format, etc.

An Exploration of the Thinking and Method of the Revision of Beijing's Master Planning

This article introduces the new thinking andmethod of the revision of Beijing’s master plan.The plannersmade new exploration and breakthroughs in such aspects asthe involvement of the general public in planning,the intro-duction of value concept,unified planning of both urban andrural areas,how to link with the future goals of development,etc.

Reflections and Explorations on the Decremented Regulation of Construction Land in the New Beijing City Master Planning

Construction land use has always been a key point for the planning department to practice national transformation strategy. In the new round of compilation of Beijing City Master Plan, the management of construction land use is under the rigid restriction of the bearing capacity of resources and the environment. Setting the upper-limit of the population size, a general strategy of decremented development of urban-rural construction land has been put forward, in order to realize a transition from quantitative expansion planning to qualitative upgrading planning. By "decremented development," "decremented" means a more rigid bottom-line restriction, and "development" means a more scientific allocation of resources. From the master planning level, the new Beijing City Master Plan establishes a comprehensive control framework and restrictive index system from perspectives including land use scale, construction scale, space boundary, urban and rural structure, land use structure, and cross-boundary collaboration; and in practice, it promotes strict management methods by setting up a dismantle-construction land ratio, dismantle-construction building area ratio, employment and residence land ratio, and "two lines and three districts," which is an exploration on the planning management method of construction land use that is stock-based and decremented master planning. Considering that decremented development is a major reform and a special challenge to planning implementation, the Beijing City Master Plan carries out explorations in terms of the planning management method, land policy, jurisdiction division, assessment and supervision, etc.

Reform and Innovation of Urban Master Planning: Taking Dongguan as an Example

This paper analyzes the function of a master plan and the growing emphasis on its public policy attribute, and argues that in terms of the current plan formulation, major disadvantages of current master planning lie in the physical spatial epistemology, the blueprint-oriented work method, and over-technical expression of the planning deliveries. Based on the reform and innovation in formulating the City Master Plan of Dongguan(2016 – 2030), the paper explores experiences of Dongguan on spatial structure, planning management and control approaches, and delivery format.

Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city’s underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground’.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.

Master Plan of Characteristic Towns from Universal Viewpoint:A Case study of Guzhu Town

Characteristic town has became an important carrier for urban-mral integration. Based on the multiple compounding of the charactemtic town planning, it is significant to combine tiie universal viewpoint widi traditional small town planning. This paper by combining with “universaT viewpoint introduced the transformation of traditional small town planning in theory and practice, and combed the planning stategies from the 4 a^ects of “all level”,“all space”, “all element^,and “all dimension”. Based on the master plan of Guzhu Town in Heyuan, specific strategies were put forward from the 6 dimensions of resoutce analysis, spatial layout, industtiai construction, traffic connection, ecological control and system update, to provide references for the planning of characteristic towns.

Thematic Planning of Urban Sculpture Systems:A Case Study of Red Sculpture System Planning in Yan’an

The practice of sculpture system planning has been gradually carried out,but the cultural lag has caused many historical and cultural cities to fail to show their red style.This paper explores the key points of urban sculpture system planning.Taking the sculpture system planning of Yan’an as an example,the urban master plan is understood,and the layout and zoning of the sculpture system is planned combined with the current situation.Finally,enlightenments for urban sculpture planning are drawn:basing on the current situation,focusing on the characteristics of the city,distinct systematic hierarchy,drawing on the experience of famous sculpture cities and catering to public preferences,with a view to continuing the spirit of the red era and providing a useful reference for future urban planning and scientifi c development.

Accessibility and Integration Study of Part of the Abu Dhabi 2030 Master Plan by Using Space Syntax

This paper studies the accessibility of open spaces and facilities and the integration of streets to the whole urban system of the Emirati neighbourhood of the Business District of the Abu Dhabi 2030 Master Plan. For this purpose, axial lines were produced by applying space syntax theory, Depthmap software. The research aims to verify the location of open spaces and facilities, such as schools, in relation to the location of public transportation stops （bus, metro and tram）, in order to check their accessibility within walking distances. The objective is to pay attention to the relationship between land use and transportation in the planning phase for future interventions or proposals, in other words, to improve the accessibility of public spaces or buildings by pedestrians in order to comply with the vision of the Abu Dhabi 2030 Master Plan and its promotion of walkability and cycling. Although many measures will be taken at the scale of urban design to provide shaded open spaces and sidewalks, saving pedestrians from walking long distances shall be done in the planning phase, the challenge remains to create a micro climate to increase the ease of walking in the heat and decrease dependence on cars for mobility.

MASTER PLAN TO ROBUST PRACTICE: THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PRACTICES AT GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Universities across the globe are recognizing the need to implement sustainable landscaping practices in order to support wildlife, improve water quality and positively impact human health and wellbeing. Georgia Institute of Technology learned that such sustainable practices, when properly aligned with overarching campus goals, can also enable continuous, collaborative decision-making and student engagement. The Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) is a leading research university situated on 426 acres of land in midtown Atlanta, Georgia, with a student population of 27,000 (Fall 2017). An urban oasis in the center of town, Georgia Tech’s campus offers 312.5 landscaped acres, 3.5 naturalized acres and 110 acres of buildings. The campus is also a level II certified arboretum boasting 12,000+ trees in its urban forest. Prior to the 1990s, Georgia Tech was commonly referred to as a concrete and brick campus with very little landscape. However, in 1999 all that changed when the Georgia Tech administration decided to invest in sustainable landscaping, including the recruitment of qualified staff with specific skill sets to take on this challenge. The Institute’s initial landscape master plan objectives were to reduce impervious surfaces such as surface parking lots, increase woodland coverage and enlarge the tree canopy. A significant amount of sustainable landscape practices and collaborative methods grew from these initial objectives. Establishing a plan with clear goals, having the support of executive leadership and employing the right team members enabled the Georgia Tech campus to be transformed from a concrete jungle to a forested, urban oasis in less than 20 years.

Development, assessment and implementation of integrated stormwater management plan: a case study in Shanghai

An innovative stormwater master plan based on low impact development LID is proposed.Unlike the traditional urban drainage plan this plan employs a sustainable stormwater management approach in communities utilizing LID practices to reduce runoff and pollution load. An integrated hydraulic model which combines the traditional drainage sewer system with LID practices is adopted to assess the master plan.Through a long-term continuous simulation for 20 years the results reveal that the runoff volume will be reduced by over 80% following full implementation of this plan. Combining with the local conditions technical guidelines are established to provide assistance in implementing the stormwater master plan. Bioretention facilities for three main roads are constructed and other areas of development are being implemented sequentially under the guidance of the plan. This project provides an alternative method of stormwater management through the implementation of LID and it acts as a good example for other developing districts in China.

Study of the Relationship between Building Arrangement and Visibility of Open Spaces Based on a Simplified Area Evaluation

This paper studies which building arrangement will provide the maximum visibility to an example of open space proposed in the Abu Dhabi 2030 Master Plan. The building forms, the distance between the buildings, the setback and the building heights would all affect visibility and were considered closely. Although this research methodology could be applied to any site in different situations, it remains simple and interesting. It can be applied in general, with a change of the variables （setback, distance between buildings, building height, building form）, to any site by both professionals and students who can simply use any CAD program for producing drawing in both the architectural or urban designs phases, hence the importance of this research. Two different building arrangements were proposed and studied： a linear and an L-shaped arrangement. After applying the simulations, it appears that the L-shape offers more visibility to the open space. The outcomes of this study were combined with another research project that studies the same building arrangements to test the possible climatic comfort provided in outdoor spaces in order to encourage the use of open spaces and walkability in the studied area.

An Evaluation of South Korean Container Sea Port Development Policy

As Busan New Port has been developed with a total scale of 30 berths in 2020, the chronic problem of Busan port, a lack of port facilities, is being addressed, and there is a growing interest in regard to port development with an optimal scale. The Korean container port development under the master plan for national port development reveals a severe problem of excess supply of port facility in some ports. This paper, the authors analysed the second and the third master plan for national port development implemented in 2001 and 2011, and a revised plan in 2006, along with the amended predictions for container throughput. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the implementation of the initial plan, and the current situation of South Korea＇s main container ports of Busan, Gwangyang, Incheon, and Pyeongtaek ＆ Dangjin was examined. Through the analysis of port vitalizations, we have examined the actual problems for the prediction of container throughput. Also, this research analysed the functional difference of each port and organized the function of each one discriminatively. Therefore, identifies the problems, which arise with making the container throughput forecasts, which is a fimdamental aspect of existing port development policy, and suggest a direction for future port development by synthesizing the results of analysis.

City Planning and SocioEconomic Development——Also on the Further Implementation of the Master Plan for Beijing Development

At present,many people believe that wehave to strengthen the research on socioeconomic development when making citydevelopment plans,but problems remain asto what to research on,how to carry out theresearch and how to closely

Wind Potential Evaluation in El Salvador

Master plan for the Development of Renewable Energy was prepared in the Republic of El Salvador. Nationwide wind power potential map was prepared to identify the potential area for wind power development. The map indicates geographical distribution of wind potential over large regions at certain height above ground level. In this study, wind potential maps at 30 m, 50 m and 80 m above ground level were prepared respectively. Wind potential was simulated based on G1S data and global meteorological model. Data were corrected by surface wind data which had been monitored in the assessment area. As a result of wind potential analysis, wind potential areas were identified in .the southwest mountainous area, northwest mountainous area and northeast mountainous area.

Green stormwater infrastructure eco-planning and development on the regional scale： a case study of Shanghai Lingang New City, East China

Urban underlying surface has been greatly changed with rapid urbanization, considered to be one of the major causes for the destruction of urban natural hydrological processes. This has imposed a huge challenge for stormwater management in cities. There has been a shift from gray water management to green stormwater management thinking. The green stormwater infrastructure （GSI） is regarded as an effective and cost-efficient stormwater management eco-landscape approach. China＇s GSI practice and the development of its theoretical framework are still in the initial stage. This paper presents an innovative framework for stormwater management, integrating green stormwater infrastructure and landscape security patterns on a regional scale based on an urban master plan. The core concept of green stormwater infrastructure eco-planning is to form an interconnected GSI network （i.e., stormwater management landscape security pattern） which consists of the location, portion, size, layout, and structure of GSI so as to efficiently safeguard natural hydrological processes. Shanghai Lin- gang New City, a satellite new town of Shanghai, China was selected as a case study for GSI studies. Simulation analyses of hydrological processes were carried out to identify the critical significant landscape nodes in the high- priority watersheds for stormwater management. GSI should be planned and implemented in these identified landscape nodes. The comprehensive stormwater manage- ment landscape security pattern of Shanghai Lingang New City is designed with consideration of flood control, stormwater control, runoff reduction, water quality protec- tion, and rainwater utilization objectives which couldprovide guidelines for smart growth and sustainable development of this city.

Experience of Sponge City Master Plan: A Case Study of Nanning City

As a new urban development pattern, the construction of sponge cities has been deeply integrated into the new urbanization and water safety strategy. Nanning City, as one of the first batch of experimental sponge cities in China, has undertaken exploration and practice on sponge city planning, construction, and management. The sponge city master plan of Nanning City establishes an urban ecological spatial pattern in order to protect the security of the sponge base. The sponge city construction strategy has also proposed an overall construction strategy of a sponge city in line with urban development features. Through the systematic analysis and planning, a "23+10+202" pattern of sponge city construction has been formed. "23" represents 23 drainage basins, in which major sponge facilities such as storage facilities, waterfront buffer zones, wetland parks, ecological rainwater corridor and sponge parks are allocated. "10" represents 10 sponge functional zones, which provide important reference for the establishment of sponge city construction index system. "202" represents 202 management units, which decomposes the general objective and provides technical support not only for sponge city construction and management, but also for the implementation of general objectives in the regulatory plan as well.

Shanghai: Next Eighteen Years City Master Plan Released, Striving for an Excellent Global City

On Jan.4,2018 Shanghai Municipal Government officially released the Shanghai City Master Plan(2017–2035)(abbreviated as the Plan in the following part).It makes clear the nature of Shanghai as the central city of a world-level city cluster in the Yangtze River Delta Region,as a center for international economy,finance,trade,