Novel method for extraction of ship target with overlaps in SAR image via EM algorithm

The quality of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)image degrades in the case of multiple imaging projection planes(IPPs)and multiple overlapping ship targets,and then the performance of target classification and recognition can be influenced.For addressing this issue,a method for extracting ship targets with overlaps via the expectation maximization(EM)algorithm is pro-posed.First,the scatterers of ship targets are obtained via the target detection technique.Then,the EM algorithm is applied to extract the scatterers of a single ship target with a single IPP.Afterwards,a novel image amplitude estimation approach is pro-posed,with which the radar image of a single target with a sin-gle IPP can be generated.The proposed method can accom-plish IPP selection and targets separation in the image domain,which can improve the image quality and reserve the target information most possibly.Results of simulated and real mea-sured data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Kinematic calibration under the expectation maximization framework for exoskeletal inertial motion capture system

This study presents a kinematic calibration method for exoskeletal inertial motion capture (EI-MoCap) system with considering the random colored noise such as gyroscopic drift.In this method, the geometric parameters are calibrated by the traditional calibration method at first. Then, in order to calibrate the parameters affected by the random colored noise, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is introduced. Through the use of geometric parameters calibrated by the traditional calibration method, the iterations under the EM framework are decreased and the efficiency of the proposed method on embedded system is improved. The performance of the proposed kinematic calibration method is compared to the traditional calibration method. Furthermore, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified on the EI-MoCap system. The simulation and experiment demonstrate that the motion capture precision is significantly improved by 16.79%and 7.16%respectively in comparison to the traditional calibration method.

Expectation-maximization (EM) Algorithm Based on IMM Filtering with Adaptive Noise Covariance

A novel method under the interactive multiple model (IMM) filtering framework is presented in this paper, in which the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is used to identify the process noise covariance Q online. For the existing IMM filtering theory, the matrix Q is determined by means of design experience, but Q is actually changed with the state of the maneuvering target. Meanwhile it is severely influenced by the environment around the target, i.e., it is a variable of time. Therefore, the experiential covariance Q can not represent the influence of state noise in the maneuvering process exactly. Firstly, it is assumed that the evolved state and the initial conditions of the system can be modeled by using Gaussian distribution, although the dynamic system is of a nonlinear measurement equation, and furthermore the EM algorithm based on IMM filtering with the Q identification online is proposed. Secondly, the truncated error analysis is performed. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation results are given to show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms and the tracking precision for the maneuvering targets is improved efficiently.

A Study of EM Algorithm as an Imputation Method: A Model-Based Simulation Study with Application to a Synthetic Compositional Data

Compositional data, such as relative information, is a crucial aspect of machine learning and other related fields. It is typically recorded as closed data or sums to a constant, like 100%. The statistical linear model is the most used technique for identifying hidden relationships between underlying random variables of interest. However, data quality is a significant challenge in machine learning, especially when missing data is present. The linear regression model is a commonly used statistical modeling technique used in various applications to find relationships between variables of interest. When estimating linear regression parameters which are useful for things like future prediction and partial effects analysis of independent variables, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the method of choice. However, many datasets contain missing observations, which can lead to costly and time-consuming data recovery. To address this issue, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm has been suggested as a solution for situations including missing data. The EM algorithm repeatedly finds the best estimates of parameters in statistical models that depend on variables or data that have not been observed. This is called maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP). Using the present estimate as input, the expectation (E) step constructs a log-likelihood function. Finding the parameters that maximize the anticipated log-likelihood, as determined in the E step, is the job of the maximization (M) phase. This study looked at how well the EM algorithm worked on a made-up compositional dataset with missing observations. It used both the robust least square version and ordinary least square regression techniques. The efficacy of the EM algorithm was compared with two alternative imputation techniques, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and mean imputation (), in terms of Aitchison distances and covariance.

FLIGHT DELAY STATE-SPACE MODEL BASED ON GENETIC EM ALGORITHM

Flight delay prediction remains an important research topic due to dynamic nature in flight operation and numerous delay factors.Dynamic data-driven application system in the control area can provide a solution to this problem.However,in order to apply the approach,a state-space flight delay model needs to be established to represent the relationship among system states,as well as the relationship between system states and input/output variables.Based on the analysis of delay event sequence in a single flight,a state-space mixture model is established and input variables in the model are studied.Case study is also carried out on historical flight delay data.In addition,the genetic expectation-maximization（EM）algorithm is used to obtain the global optimal estimates of parameters in the mixture model,and results fit the historical data.At last,the model is validated in Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.Results show that the model has reasonable goodness of fitting the data,and the search performance of traditional EM algorithm can be improved by using the genetic algorithm.

基于EM-KF算法的微地震信号去噪方法

针对微地震信号能量较弱,噪声较强,使微地震弱信号难以提取问题,提出了一种基于EM-KF(Expectation Maximization Kalman Filter)的微地震信号去噪方法。通过建立一个符合微地震信号规律的状态空间模型,并利用EM(Expectation Maximization)算法获取卡尔曼滤波的参数最优解,结合卡尔曼滤波,可以有效地提升微地震信号的信噪比,同时保留有效信号。通过合成和真实数据实验结果表明,与传统的小波滤波和卡尔曼滤波相比,该方法具有更高的效率和更好的精度。

双边定时截尾下Pareto分布的参数的极大似然估计的EM算法

给出了当寿命分布为Pareto分布时,双边定时截尾寿命试验下形状参数的极大似然估计。由于似然方程形式较复杂,无法得到参数的显式表达式。但可证明此极大似然估计是唯一存在的,并利用EM算法求出了此参数的一种估计。

Research on Initialization on EM Algorithm Based on Gaussian Mixture Model

The EM algorithm is a very popular maximum likelihood estimation method, the iterative algorithm for solving the maximum likelihood estimator when the observation data is the incomplete data, but also is very effective algorithm to estimate the finite mixture model parameters. However, EM algorithm can not guarantee to find the global optimal solution, and often easy to fall into local optimal solution, so it is sensitive to the determination of initial value to iteration. Traditional EM algorithm select the initial value at random, we propose an improved method of selection of initial value. First, we use the k-nearest-neighbor method to delete outliers. Second, use the k-means to initialize the EM algorithm. Compare this method with the original random initial value method, numerical experiments show that the parameter estimation effect of the initialization of the EM algorithm is significantly better than the effect of the original EM algorithm.

Asymptotic properties and expectation-maximization algorithm for maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from Weibull-Logarithmic model

In this article, we consider a lifetime distribution, the Weibull-Logarithmic distri- bution introduced by [6]. We investigate some new statistical characterizations and properties. We develop the maximum likelihood inference using EM algorithm. Asymptotic properties of the MLEs are obtained and extensive simulations are conducted to assess the performance of parameter estimation. A numerical example is used to illustrate the application.

Parallel Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Large Databases

A new parallel expectation-maximization （EM） algorithm is proposed for large databases. The purpose of the algorithm is to accelerate the operation of the EM algorithm. As a well-known algorithm for estimation in generic statistical problems, the EM algorithm has been widely used in many domains. But it often requires significant computational resources. So it is needed to develop more elaborate methods to adapt the databases to a large number of records or large dimensionality. The parallel EM algorithm is based on partial Esteps which has the standard convergence guarantee of EM. The algorithm utilizes fully the advantage of parallel computation. It was confirmed that the algorithm obtains about 2.6 speedups in contrast with the standard EM algorithm through its application to large databases. The running time will decrease near linearly when the number of processors increasing.

Smoothing Newton Algorithm for Nonlinear Complementarity Problem with a PFunction

By using a smoothing function,the P nonlinear complementarity problem(P NCP)can be reformulated as a parameterized smooth equation.A Newton method is proposed to solve this equation.The iteration sequence generated by the proposed algorithm is bounded and this algorithm is proved to be globally convergent under an assumption that the P NCP has a nonempty solution set.This assumption is weaker than the ones used in most existing smoothing algorithms.In particular,the solution obtained by the proposed algorithm is shown to be a maximally complementary solution of the P NCP without any additional assumption.

基于PSO和MLEM混合算法的NDP测量反演算法研究

中子深度剖面(NDP)分析技术是一种无损检测方法,能够同时测量样品中目标核素的浓度与空间信息,已被广泛应用于锂电池、半导体等产业。在NDP分析过程中,由测量能谱反演出目标核素浓度的分布信息是关键步骤。目前NDP测量反演中常用的算法为最大似然期望最大化(MLEM)算法。针对MLEM算法计算结果易陷入局部最优解的情况,本文提出了粒子群(PSO)与MLEM混合(PSO-MLEM)算法,并通过动态加速因子提高了算法的收敛速度与计算精度。应用PSO-MLEM算法、PSO算法、MLEM算法、奇异值分解求解最小二乘(SVDLS)算法对锂电池中^(6)Li的NDP模拟能谱进行反演,并对反演计算结果进行了评价。结果表明:对比PSO算法,PSO-MLEM算法的收敛效率与计算精度明显提升;对比MLEM算法,PSO-MLEM算法的全局寻优能力有效提升了反演精度,避免了局部最优解的影响;对比SVDLS算法,PSO-MLEM算法的反演精度明显提升。

Passive Loss Inference in Wireless Sensor Networks Using EM Algorithm

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are mainly deployed for data acquisition, thus, the network performance can be passively measured by exploiting whether application data from various sensor nodes reach the sink. In this paper, therefore, we take into account the unique data aggregation communication paradigm of WSNs and model the problem of link loss rates inference as a Maximum-Likelihood Estimation problem. And we propose an inference algorithm based on the standard Expectation-Maximization (EM) techniques. Our algorithm is applicable not only to periodic data collection scenarios but to event detection scenarios. Finally, we validate the algorithm through simulations and it exhibits good performance and scalability.

基于EM自注意力残差的图像超分辨率重建网络

基于深度学习的图像超分辨率(SR)重建方法主要通过增加模型的深度来提升图像重建的质量,但同时增加了模型的计算代价,很多网络利用注意力机制来提高特征提取能力,但难以充分学习到不同区域的特征。为此,提出一种基于期望最大化(EM)自注意力残差的图像超分辨率重建网络。该网络通过改进基础残差块,构建特征增强残差块,以更好地复用残差块中所提取的特征。为增加特征信息在空间上的相关性,引入EM自注意力机制,构建EM自注意力残差模块来增强模型中每个模块的特征提取能力,并通过级联EM自注意力残差模块来构建整个模型的特征提取结构。所获得的特征图通过上采样的图像重建模块获得重建的高分辨率图像。将所提方法与主流方法进行实验对比,结果表明:所提方法在5个流行的SR测试集上能够取得较好的主观视觉效果和更优的性能指标。

基于NBN-EM的地铁施工事故致因分析模型研究

地铁施工事故具有易发性且事故类型复杂多样,针对现有地铁施工事故分析方法多依赖于专家主观经验构建,且仅有较少方法对事故报告信息加以利用的问题,提出一种基于NBN-EM的地铁施工事故致因分析模型。首先,以搜集的2010—2021年间的223起事故报告为数据来源,采用统计学方法提取及筛选风险因素,进一步归纳建立事故致因分析的指标体系;其次,采用改进的朴素贝叶斯网络构建风险因素指标与事故类型关系的图形结构,同时分层随机抽样80%的数据为训练样本,借助EM算法和Netica软件进行数据学习,确定各节点的先验概率和条件概率参数;最后,通过贝叶斯网络推理和敏感性分析得到不同类型事故的关键致因排序,不同视角下的情景分析对风险因素组合作用下的事故发生概率和风险源识别进行了确定。研究结果表明:施工工法、施工方案内容、安全隐患排查分别为三个维度上造成事故发生的最重要因素,不同类型事故的关键风险因素具有差异性,应区别预控,模型测试验证方法的有效性,平均正确率为84.55%。

带有偏正态误差的众数回归模型最大似然估计的EM算法

经典的多元线性回归模型要求残差满足高斯-马尔柯夫假设(G-M),在实际生活中由于数据的随机性往往很难满足这个条件.利用Sahu等在2003年提出的偏正态分布来拓展经典的回归模型,给出了偏正态分布众数的近似表达式,建立了偏正态分布下均值和众数多元线性回归模型.在求解模型的参数估计时使用偏正态分布的分层表示构造EM算法.在M步统一给出两点步长梯度下降算法,同时也对均值模型给出显示迭代表达式.最后通过模拟分析以及实例来讨论两种回归模型的可行性.

Mining Initial Nodes with BSIS Model and BS-G Algorithm on Social Networks for Influence Maximization

Influence maximization is the problem to identify and find a set of the most influential nodes, whose aggregated influence in the network is maximized. This research is of great application value for advertising,viral marketing and public opinion monitoring. However, we always ignore the tendency of nodes' behaviors and sentiment in the researches of influence maximization. On general, users' sentiment determines users behaviors, and users' behaviors reflect the influence between users in social network. In this paper, we design a training model of sentimental words to expand the existing sentimental dictionary with the marked-commentdata set, and propose an influence spread model considering both the tendency of users' behaviors and sentiment named as BSIS (Behavior and Sentiment Influence Spread) to depict and compute the influence between nodes. We also propose an algorithm for influence maximization named as BS-G (BSIS with Greedy Algorithm) to select the initial node. In the experiments, we use two real social network data sets on the Hadoop and Spark distributed cluster platform for experiments, and the experiment results show that BSIS model and BS-G algorithm on big data platform have better influence spread effects and higher quality of the selection of seed node comparing with the approaches with traditional IC, LT and CDNF models.

The Fuzzy Modeling Algorithm for Complex Systems Based on Stochastic Neural Network

A fuzzy modeling method for complex systems is studied. The notation of general stochastic neural network (GSNN) is presented and a new modeling method is given based on the combination of the modified Takagi and Sugeno's (MTS) fuzzy model and one-order GSNN. Using expectation-maximization(EM) algorithm, parameter estimation and model selection procedures are given. It avoids the shortcomings brought by other methods such as BP algorithm, when the number of parameters is large, BP algorithm is still difficult to apply directly without fine tuning and subjective tinkering. Finally, the simulated example demonstrates the effectiveness.

基于高斯混合模型及EM算法的建筑工程数据预警治理方法

结合初期雨水调蓄大直径顶管工程的实际设计及施工经验,对软弱地层条件下长距离大直径平行双管曲线顶管在设计及施工过程中存在的重点难点问题进行总结,并对顶管过程中的顶力及管周摩阻力做了深入分析研究,有针对性地提出了相应的解决方案,使该顶管工程顺利贯通。建筑工程行业在现代社会中发挥着重要的经济和社会作用,然而,它也伴随着诸多风险和不确定性。为了有效地管理和预测这些风险,本文提出了一种基于高斯混合模型(GMM)和期望最大化(EM)算法的数据预警治理方法。该方法旨在通过对建筑工程数据的建模和分析,提前识别潜在的问题和风险,从而改善工程项目的管理和决策。