Determination method of mesh size for numerical simulation of blast load in near-ground detonation

In order to improve the overall resilience of the urban infrastructures, it is required to conduct blast resistant design for important building structures in the city. For complex terrain in the city, it is recommended to determine the blast load on the structures via numerical simulation. Since the mesh size of the numerical model highly depends on the explosion scenario, there is no generally applicable approach for the mesh size selection. An efficient method to determine the mesh size of the numerical model of near-ground detonation based on explosion scenarios is proposed in this study. The effect of mesh size on the propagation of blast wave under different explosive weights was studied, and the correlations between the mesh size effect and the charge weight or the scaled distance was described. Based on the principle of the finite element method and Hopkinson-Cranz scaling law, a mesh size measurement unit related to the explosive weight was proposed as the criterion for determining the mesh size in the numerical simulation. Finally, the applicability of the method proposed in this paper was verified by comparing the results from numerical simulation and the explosion tests and was verified in AUTODYN.

Distribution,abundance,and realized niches of meroplankton by two different mesh size nets during spring 2017 in the Southern Yellow Sea,China

Meroplankton play a crucial role in both benthic and pelagic ecosystems.Existing quantitative research on estimating the quantities of meroplankton groups is both underrepresented and inaccurate.To investigate and evaluate the influence of varying mesh sizes(505 and 160μm)on the sampling efficiency of meroplankton,we conducted an examination using two commonly used plankton nets during the spring season in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS).Our study revealed a total of 12 meroplankton groups,with 9 groups identified in the 505-μm mesh nets and 11 groups in the 160-μm mesh nets.The results demonstrated the superior collection efficiency of the 160-μm net compared to the 505-μm net across the majority of meroplankton groups.Furthermore,we focused on exploring the abundance,distribution patterns,and realized niches of meroplankton collected by the two mesh size nets,and observed that the distribution of meroplankton closely resembled the distribution of possible benthic adults in the SYS.Correlation analysis of the six dominant groups collected in the 160-μm mesh nets revealed that seawater temperature and salinity emerged as the key environmental factors driving variations in meroplankton abundance within the SYS.This study also found that a smaller mesh size net does not necessarily capture meroplankton more comprehensively.A comprehensive understanding of the ecological characteristics of meroplankton requires the combination of two types of nets for research.Our research significantly advances our understanding of the quantification,abundance,and distribution of meroplankton,serving as a valuable contribution to the broader landscape of detailed quantitative meroplankton studies.

Mesh Size Effect in Numerical Simulation of Blast Wave Propagation and Interaction with Structures

Numerical method is popular in analysing the blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.However,because of the extremely short duration of blast wave and energy trans-mission between different grids,the numerical results are sensitive to the finite element mesh size.Previous numerical simulations show that a mesh size acceptable to one blast scenario might not be proper for another case,even though the difference between the two scenarios is very small,indicating a simple numerical mesh size convergence test might not be enough to guarantee accu-rate numerical results.Therefore,both coarse mesh and fine mesh were used in different blast scenarios to investigate the mesh size effect on numerical results of blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.Based on the numerical results and their comparison with field test re-sults and the design charts in TM5-1300,a numerical modification method was proposed to correct the influence of the mesh size on the simulated results.It can be easily used to improve the accu-racy of the numerical results of blast wave propagation and blast loads on structures.

Zooplankton community size-structure change and mesh size selection under the thermal stress caused by a power plant in a semi-enclosed bay

Zooplankton samples were collected using 505, 160 and 77 μm mesh nets around a power plant during four seasons in 2011. We measured total length of zooplankton and divided zooplankton into seven size classes in order to explore how zooplankton community size-structure might be altered by thermal discharge from power plant. The total length of zooplankton varied from 93.7 to 40 074.7 μm. The spatial distribution of mesozooplankton(200-2 000 μm) populations were rarely affected by thermal discharge, while macro-(2 000-10 000 μm)and megalo-zooplankton(>10 000 μm) had an obvious tendency to migrate away from the outfall of power plant.Thus, zooplankton community tended to become smaller and biodiversity reduced close to power plant.Moreover, we compared the zooplankton communities in three different mesh size nets. Species richness,abundance, evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the 505 μm mesh size were significantly lower than those recorded from the 160 and 77 μm mesh size. Average zooplankton abundance was highest in the 77 μm mesh net((27 690.0±1 633.7) ind./m^3), followed by 160 μm mesh net((9 531.1±1 079.5) ind./m^3), and lowest in 505 μm mesh net((494.4±104.7) ind./m^3). The ANOSIM and SIMPER tests confirmed that these differences were mainly due to small zooplankton and early developmental stages of zooplankton. It is the first time to use the 77 μm mesh net to sample zooplankton in such an environment. The 77 μm mesh net had the overwhelming abundance of the copepod genus Oithona, as an order of magnitude greater than recorded for 160 μm mesh net and 100% loss through the 505 μm mesh net. These results indicate that the use of a small or even multiple sampling net is necessary to accurately quantify entire zooplankton community around coastal power plant.

Tailor-Made Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapses: Correlation between Patient’s Height and Mesh Size

Tension-free vaginal mesh (TVM) surgery is a common and minimally invasive procedure for pelvic organ prolapses. Since commercial kits are not readily available in Japan, we have planned tailor-made mesh by information of each patient before every TVM surgery. The aim of this report is to inform methods to design mesh for individual patients with pelvic organ prolapses. We also investigated the correlations among mesh size and height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Before the operation, we obtained a KUB (abdominal X-ray). Three factors were measured from this X-ray: the first was the distance between the bilateral ischial spine, the second was the distance between the obturator foramen, and the third was the length of the arcus tendineus fascia pelvis (ATFP). These three factors always should be considered for designing of mesh. The correlations among the bilateral ischial spine distance, obturator foramen distance, ATFP length, height, weight, and BMI were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Although these three factors described above are necessary to design a mesh for individual patients, the bilateral ischial spine and obturator foramen distance correlated with the height of the patient. On the other hand, since the length of ATFP differs in each patient and is not correlated with height, we should consider this length when we design the mesh. Well-designed, tailor-made mesh will probably fit each pelvic organ prolapsed patient very well.

Assessment of the Selective Properties and Optimization of Mesh Size of Pelagic Trawl Codends, Used for Fishing Mackerel (Trachurus Spp) in the Gulf of Guinea

Over the past few decades, it has become widely recognized that the management strategies of world fisheries must ensure sustainability of target species. The intervening years have seen many improvements to the concept of gear selectivity and methods for measuring the selectivity of fishing towed gears. Improved understanding of the principles of the selection of fish by gears has changed the list of parameters which are known to have a significant effect upon selection. The recent development of new mathematical models and the increased availability of powerful computers have resulted in improvements in the analysis procedures for the data produced to measure a gear’s selectivity. The catch of mackerel in the gulfofGuineahas steeply declined during the last two decades, and resource management is clearly required. Therefore, the need for evaluation of trawl codends used in this fishery and the potential improvements to their selectivity are of prime importance. In this paper, we use semi-empirical models to define selective properties of pelagic trawl codends targeting black mackerel (Trachurus spp) in theGulfofGuinea. These properties are determined using the experimental and theoretical methods of assessing the parameters of the selectivity curve, and by plotting the curve. Selection parameters were obtained by fitting a logistic equation using a maximum likelihood method. Trawl codend selectivity is estimated for 17 internal diamond mesh sizes in the range 47 - 79 mm. Using the basic selectivity equations, we determine the needed mesh size A = 58 mm for fishing mackerel in the gulf of Guinea. This nominal mesh size gives room for nj = 0.1 catch of juveniles, which not exceeds the allowable proportion [nj] = 0.1. To provide resource conservation, there is the need to make amendments in the fishery regulations for more rational exploitation of mackerel stoks, because the currently use nominal mesh size A = 56 mm is rather unselective.

Optimising mesh size with escape gaps in a dual-species portunid-trap fishery

In south-eastern Australia,the same baited,round traps(comprising 50–57-mm mesh netting)are used to target giant mud,Scylla serrata and blue swimmer crabs,Portunus armatus in spatially separated fisheries.Both fisheries are characterised by the common,problematic discarding of undersized portunids(<85 and 65 mm carapace length;CL for S.serrata and P.armatus)and fish(yellowfin bream,Acanthopagrus australis).This poor selectivity was addressed here in two experiments assessing the utility of(1)traps partially or completely covered in larger mesh(91 mm to match the minimum legal size of the smaller P.armatus),and then(2)any cumulative benefits of fitting species-specific escape gaps.In experiment 1,there were no differences among catches of legal-sized portunids associated with either partial,or complete trap coverage with larger mesh.Irrespective of mesh coverage,both designs of 91-mm traps also retained significantly fewer(by up to 42%)undersized P.armatus and A.australis.In experiment 2,replicate traps completely covered in 91-mm mesh were tested against conventional traps comprising 56-mm mesh,and traps with the same mesh sizes,but also three escape gaps configured for either S.serrata(46×120 mm)or P.armatus(36×120 mm)(i.e.four treatments in total).All modified traps maintained catches of legal-sized S.serrata,and only the 91-mm traps with escape gaps caught fewer legal-sized P.armatus.Fewer undersized S.serrata,P.armatus and A.australis(mean catches reduced by up to 49%)were retained in all larger-meshed than small-meshed traps,and in all of those traps with escape gaps(by up to 95%)than without.While there were no significant cumulative benefits of escape gaps in largermeshed traps(measured by a statistical interaction),there was a trend of fewer unwanted catches overall.These data support configuring portunid traps with mesh sizes matching the morphology of the smallest legal-sized target species.But,simply retroactively fitting escape gaps in existing,smaller-meshed traps will also realize positive selectivity benefits.

A Mesh Size Scaling Law with Reynolds Number for Large Eddy Simulation in Channel Flow

In this paper,a scaling law relating the mesh size to the Reynolds number was proposed to ensure consistent results for large eddy simulation(LES)as the Reynolds number was varied.The grid size scaling law was developed by analyzing the lengthscale of the turbulent motion by using DNS data from the literature.The wall-resolving LES was then applied to a plane channel flow to validate the scaling law.The scaling law was tested at different Reynolds numbers(Ret=395,590 and 1000),and showed good results compared to direct numerical simulation(DNS)in terms of mean flow and various turbulent statistics.The velocity spectra analysis shows the evidence of the Kolmogorov–5/3 inertial subrange and verifies that the current LES can resolve the bulk of the turbulent kinetic energy by satisfying the grid scaling law.Meanwhile,the near-wall turbulent flow structures can also be well captured.Reasonably accurate predictions can thus be obtained for flows at even higher Reynolds numbers with significantly lower computational costs compared to DNS by applying the mesh scaling law.

影响3D打印个性化钛网骨增量效果的原因与对策

3D打印个性化钛网技术正逐渐成为严重牙槽骨缺损骨增量治疗的一种重要手段,但其存在成骨效果与预期不一致的情况。针对3D打印个性化钛网技术目前存在的骨增量效果偏差问题,本文综合分析了该技术的优势、成骨效果评估以及在临床应用中的研究进展,深入探讨了影响骨增量效果的多个因素,包括术前钛网设计(钛网的厚度、孔径、孔形态、孔隙率、外形轮廓、钛合金材料选择及3D打印技术)、术中操作(3D打印个性化钛网术中放置的精确性)以及术后维护(包括并发症的预防、假骨膜/类骨膜的形成、钛网的稳定性等)。并结合本团队的临床经验和研究成果,提出了一系列比较有针对性的优化策略,包括:设计制作并临床应用自就位个性化钛网(定位翼+个性化钛网),以提高钛网就位精度;根据牙槽骨缺损的具体情况和软组织状况,提出个性化的治疗流程和钛网设计方案;强调钛网长期稳定固位的重要性,以降低术后钛网的松动和偏移风险。此外,还对3D打印个性化钛网的骨增量效果评价方法进行了适当总结,涵盖了以下关键指标:(1)垂直骨增量与水平骨增量;(2)骨轮廓形态变化;(3)骨体积增量;(4)临床指标(手术成功率、钛网暴露和感染率以及术后恢复情况);(5)美学效果评估;(6)长期稳定性;(7)影像学评估;(8)患者满意度;(9)手术操作的精准性;以期辅助医生全面评估和深入分析手术效果,实现最佳的治疗效果。本文的目的是为3D打印个性化钛网技术的优化和临床应用提供参考,为实现最佳成骨效果奠定理论基础。

海南岛东部海域拖网网囊网目选择性研究

为支撑《全国海洋捕捞准用渔具目录》的实施与管理,2022年4月在海南岛东部海域(E 110°39′~111°12′,N 19°01′~19°33′)采用双支架底拖网渔船联体作业法对网目尺寸分别为25(对照)、30、35、40、45 mm的拖网网囊进行选择性试验,采用逻辑斯蒂曲线和极大似然估算法分析拖网网囊网目的选择性。试验结果表明:当网囊网目尺寸为30、35、40、45 mm时,多齿蛇鲻的50%选择体长分别为94.6、104.5、125.0、143.0 mm,选择范围分别为22.2、34.4、23.2、26.1 mm;大头狗母鱼的50%选择体长分别为86.1、96.1、115.2 mm,选择范围分别为29.4、20.0、27.0 mm;六指马鲅的50%选择体长分别为65.9、73.8、89.6、103.1 mm,选择范围分别为9.2、18.0、24.2、21.2 mm;条尾绯鲤的50%选择体长分别为82.6、89.5、100.0 mm,选择范围分别为28.8、26.3、33.5 mm。多齿蛇鲻、大头狗母鱼、六指马鲅和条尾绯鲤的网囊网目尺寸(M_(e))与50%选择体长(L_(50))的线性关系分别为:M_(e)=0.2959L_(50)+2.952(r^(2)=0.9829)、M_(e)=0.3325L_(50)+2.040(r^(2)=0.9685)、M_(e)=0.3861L_(50)+5.403(r^(2)=0.9842)和M_(e)=0.5681L_(50)-16.517(r^(2)=0.9865);多齿蛇鲻、大头狗母鱼、六指马鲅和条尾绯鲤的最小网目尺寸分别为43.9、59.5、58.5、33.2 mm。经综合分析,当前海南岛拖网的适宜网囊网目尺寸应为43.9 mm。

基于丝网传感器的棒束通道两相流实验研究

为研究压水堆棒束通道内气液两相流型特性及演变规律,基于双层丝网传感器(WMS)在常温常压下开展了3×3棒束通道内的空气-水两相流型测量实验,流型包含泡状流、泡-帽状流和弹状流。结果表明:常温常压下横向升力方向发生反转的临界气泡直径范围为4~5.8 mm。此外,对于泡状流,气相表观速度较低时,空泡份额呈现“壁峰”分布;气相表观速度较高时,呈现“中心峰”分布。对于泡-帽状流,相邻子通道内,帽状气泡交叉分布,并引发液相在相邻子通道间的大尺度交混,空泡份额呈现“中心峰”分布。对于弹状流,大尺寸气泡沿轴向发展会跨越子通道间隙并聚合为弹状气泡,空泡份额“中心峰”分布更为明显。将实验数据用以评价部分漂移流模型,其中Bestion漂移流模型因高估漂移速度,导致空泡份额预测结果偏小;Ozaki漂移流模型对空泡份额预测较为精准,其平均相对误差为9.8%。

A fast and practical method to pack spheres for mesh generation

Sphere packing is an attractive way to generate high quality mesh. Several algorithms have been proposed in this topic, however these algorithms are not sufficiently fast for large scale problems. The paper presents an efficient sphere packing algorithm which is much faster and appears to be the most practical among all sphere packing methods presented so far for mesh generation. The algorithm packs spheres inside a domain using advancing front method. High efficiency has resulted from a concept of 4R measure, which localizes all the computations involved in the whole sphere packing process.

基于最佳数据包长度的MAC机制在无线Mesh网中的应用

MAC协议是无线Mesh网络中的一个重要研究领域。无线通信环境中存在着各种干扰,当发送的数据包受到干扰而不能被正确接收时,MAC协议要求发送端重传该数据包。传统的IEEE 802.11协议在物理层中提供了多种数据速率,如IEEE 802.11b协议中数据以1,2,5.5,11 Mbit/s传送。提出了一种根据信道条件和传输速率,自适应选取最佳数据包长度,并利用RBAR和OAR方式工作的MAC方法——DSAOAR。仿真结果表明,新的机制可以极大地改善网络性能,提高通信质量。

南海区单船有袖单囊拖网网囊网目对金线鱼的选择性研究

金线鱼(Nemipterus virgatus)是南海区拖网渔业的重要经济种类。为提高拖网对金线鱼的选择性,在南海区使用套网法对网目尺寸分别为30、35、40和45 mm的4组网囊开展了试验。使用双重拔靴法拟合网囊对金线鱼的选择性参数和选择性曲线,比较网囊间的选择性差异,并估算网囊的捕捞方式指数。结果显示,随着网目尺寸的增大,50%选择体长(L50)增大,选择性曲线的置信区间变窄,网囊对金线鱼幼鱼的渔获比例减小。试验网囊的L50均小于金线鱼的开捕规格(15.0 cm),网囊对金线鱼的抛弃率大于67%。研究表明,增大网目尺寸能够优化网囊的选择性,但选择性仍需进一步提升,才能更好地促进金线鱼拖网渔业的可持续发展。

岩石类材料直接拉伸破坏的FDEM数值模拟

有限元-离散元耦合算法(FDEM)在岩石裂纹扩展模拟中广泛应用,尤其在直接拉伸模拟中用于参数校核。然而,模拟结果通常受到拉伸速率和网格尺寸的影响。本文首先阐述FDEM基本原理;然后,建立直接拉伸数值计算模型,探究拉伸速率、网格尺寸及高径比对破坏模式和力学参数的影响;最后,给出直接拉伸模拟中建议采用的拉伸速率和网格尺寸。研究结果表明:随着拉伸速率增加,试样抗拉强度、破坏程度和峰值应变率增加,而平均弹性模量减小;在较低拉伸速率下(v≤0.01 m/s),试样仅产生1条主拉伸裂缝;当拉伸速率较高时,有分支裂缝出现在主拉伸裂缝上侧。网格尺寸对抗拉强度、峰值应变率和平均弹性模量的影响较小,但对破坏模式和破坏程度的影响较显著。随着高径比增加,试样的抗拉强度、破坏程度和峰值应变率增大,但平均弹性模量呈相反趋势,并且高径比对破坏程度的影响较为显著。建议在直接拉伸模拟中使用0.01 m/s的拉伸速率,并将网格尺寸限制在1.5 mm以内。

长江口桁拖网最小网目尺寸的选择性研究

为完善东海区桁拖网最小网目尺寸标准,2017年6月和9月分别于长江口(30°50′~31°24′N,122°12′~122°26′E)近海使用主机功率88.2 kw和总吨位30 t的渔船进行套网法25 mm和35 mm网囊网目的渔获选择性试验,供渔政主管部门制定网目尺寸标准参考。本研究利用Logistic模型分别拟合虾蟹类优势种安氏白虾(Palaemon annandalei)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)的选择性曲线,利用极大似然法估算模型参数。结果表明,桁拖网共捕获渔获物47种,包括鱼类23种,虾类13种,蟹类6种,其他类5种;虾蟹类优势种为安氏白虾、三疣梭子蟹和葛氏长臂虾,体长范围分别为17~45 mm、13~130 mm和18~52 mm。在25 mm标准网目尺寸下,安氏白虾、三疣梭子蟹和葛氏长臂虾的选择率为50%所对应的体长或甲宽(L_(50))分别为33.784 mm、30.850 mm和32.930 mm,选择系数(SR)分别为10.100 mm、7.978 mm和9.094 mm。各优势种的平均逃逸率均低于50%,三疣梭子蟹的逃逸率显著低于其他优势种(P<0.05)。研究表明,当网囊网目尺寸由25 mm增大至35 mm时,能够有效释放本研究海域的虾蟹类,建议适当增大现行网目尺寸标准。

大跨无柱地下车站梁-柱节点受力性能的局部多尺度有限元方法

岗厦北综合交通枢纽核心换乘区的中庭51.2 m×48.0 m(南北长度×东西长度)范围为无柱设计范围,其跨度在全国尚属最大。梁-柱节点是该结构传力关键,但数量繁多、类型复杂,且建造过程存在多重体系转换,必须确保节点传力顺畅。基于多点约束方程法(MPC),提出一种局部多尺度有限元方法(LMFEM)。采用LMFEM方法,进一步研究梁、柱贯通方式对本文依托工程典型梁-柱节点受力性能的影响,发现柱贯通节点整体应力较低,传力顺畅,应力集中不显著,更适用于岗厦北大跨无柱地下空间结构。基于现场监测,将节点受力状态实测值与不同方法所得计算值进行对比分析。研究结果表明:相比于传统局部精细化有限元方法(LRFEM),LMFEM方法具有建模工作量小、边界条件易于满足圣维南原理、可兼顾计算精度和计算效率的特点;在同等建模规模和网格细度情况下,LRFEM2模型计算值与实测值的最大相对误差为11.8%,LMFEM模型计算值与实测值的最大相对误差为12.5%,但后者具有更少的节点数量和更短的计算时间,而LRFEM方法的计算精度受边界条件和单元网格细度影响较LMFEM方法的大;本文提出的LMFEM方法具有计算精度高、计算效率高、边界条件易明确等优势,可应用于大型复杂工程结构的节点局部受力性能分析。

钢筋混凝土黏结-滑移行为敏感性分析及机器学习模型

针对钢筋混凝土黏结-滑移行为,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,构建了基于内聚力模型的钢筋混凝土黏结-滑移有限元模型,通过能量和荷载-位移曲线探究了仿真模型网格敏感性以及内聚力参数敏感性。针对钢筋混凝土黏结强度问题,建立基于非线性自回归动态神经网络模型(NARX)的预测模型,以黏结长度、钢筋直径和加载方式为变量,建立20组数据对钢筋的荷载-位移曲线进行了预测。结果表明,当网格尺寸为6 mm时,可以较理想地平衡预测精度与计算成本;有限元预测结果对内聚力参数的敏感性由强到弱依次为损伤起始强度、断裂能和刚度;所建立的NARX预测精度达到99.6%,有潜力代替量大且耗时的数值模拟和物理试验,实现对钢筋混凝土黏结强度的高效准确预测,为钢筋混凝土黏结强度的预测和设计提供新的便捷途径。

土工格栅加筋砂土的三轴试验研究

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串联网式过滤器泥沙拦截效果试验研究

为了探究泵前、后串联网式过滤器在实际灌溉工程中的分级过滤特性并提高滤网拦沙率,对3种进水含沙量、4种滤网孔径和3种颗粒级配条件下串联网式过滤器的过滤性能开展了正交试验和全试验。结果表明:增大含沙量会加速过滤器滤网堵塞,使部分大于滤网孔径的泥沙颗粒通过滤网;随着进水粗颗粒泥沙的增多,一级过滤效果越明显;不同滤网孔径条件下各粒组出水沙中值粒径和最大粒径变化率范围分别在5.1%~13.0%、1.7%~17.6%之间;通过极差分析和方差分析探究拦沙率对各因素的敏感度,其主次顺序为滤网孔径、颗粒级配、含沙量;当进水沙中值粒径为0.50 mm、含沙量为0.20 g/L时,泵后过滤器滤网孔径较优组合为0.25 mm×0.16 mm;拦沙量与各级滤网孔径有关,选择滤网孔径为(0.49~0.78)d 50的泵前过滤器和(0.32~0.50)d 50的泵后过滤器进行过滤,有利于提高过滤器拦沙率,延长其使用寿命。