Hongjue Temple is located in the central district of Xining City,Qinghai Province.It consists of three main courtyards.After entering the entrance gate and the Buddhist Guardian Hall followed behind,we shall see the f...Hongjue Temple is located in the central district of Xining City,Qinghai Province.It consists of three main courtyards.After entering the entrance gate and the Buddhist Guardian Hall followed behind,we shall see the front courtyard flanked by two bell and drum towers,the middle courtyard with the grand hall housing the three Buddhas the temple mainly worships,and finally the rear courtyard that contains some meditation rooms and a garden.All these magnificent halls,yards,and the garden together create a peaceful and pure land of sanctity amid the bustling city.展开更多
The spatial patterns and regional-scale surface air temperature （SAT） changes during the last millennium,as well as the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） were simulated with a low-resolution vers...The spatial patterns and regional-scale surface air temperature （SAT） changes during the last millennium,as well as the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） were simulated with a low-resolution version of Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land-Sea-ice （FGOALS-gl） model.The model was driven by both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents.Major features of the simulated past millennial Northern Hemisphere （NH） mean SAT variations,including the Medieval Climate Anomaly （MCA）,the Little Ice Age （LIA） and the 20th Century Warming （20CW）,were generally consistent with the reconstructions.The simulated MCA showed a global cooling pattern with reference to the 1961-90 mean conditions,indicating the 20CW to be unprecedented over the last millennium in the simulation.The LIA was characterized by pronounced coldness over the continental extratropical NH in both the reconstruction and the simulation.The simulated global mean SAT difference between the MCA and LIA was 0.14°C,with enhanced warming over high-latitude NH continental regions.Consistencies between the simulation and the reconstruction on regional scales were lower than those on hemispheric scales.The major features agreed well between the simulated and reconstructed SAT variations over the Chinese domain,despite some inconsistency in details among different reconstructions.The EASM circulation during the MCA was stronger than that during the LIA The corresponding rainfall anomalies exhibited excessive rainfall in the north but deficient rainfall in the south.Both the zonal and meridional thermal contrast were enhanced during the MCA.This temperature anomaly pattern favored a stronger monsoon circulation.展开更多
A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses t...A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses to specified external forcing agents in a millennium-scale transient climate simulation with the fast version of LASG IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model （FGOALS-gl） developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （LASG/IAP）. The model presents a reasonable performance in comparison with reconstructions of surface temperature. Differentiated from significant changes in the 20th century at the global scale, changes during the natural-forcing-dominant period are mainly manifested in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonally, modeled significant changes are more pronounced during the wintertime at higher latitudes. This may be a manifestation of polar amplification associated with sea-ice-temperature positive feedback. The climate responses to total external forcings can explain about half of the climate variance during the whole millennium period, especially at decadal timescales. Surface temperature in the Antarctic shows heterogeneous and insignificant changes during the preindustrial period and the climate response to external forcings is undetectable due to the strong internal variability. The model response to specified external forcings is modulated by cloud radiative forcing （CRF）. The CRF acts against the fluctuations of external forcings. Effects of clouds are manifested in shortwave radiation by changes in cloud water during the natural-forcing-dominant period, but mainly in longwave radiation by a decrease in cloud amount in the ant hropogenic- forcing-dominant period.展开更多
Western China and central Asia are positioned centrally along the Millennium Silk Road,which is regarded as a core region bridging the East and the West.Understanding the potential changes in climate over this core re...Western China and central Asia are positioned centrally along the Millennium Silk Road,which is regarded as a core region bridging the East and the West.Understanding the potential changes in climate over this core region is important to the successful implementation of the so-called＇Belt and Road Initiative＇（a $1 trillion regional investment in infrastructure）.In this study,both mean and extreme climate changes are projected using the ensemble mean of CMIP5 models.The results show a warming of ～1.5,2.9,3.6,and 6.0 ℃ under RCP2.6,4.5,6.0,and 8.5,respectively,by the end of the twenty-first century,with respect to the 1986-2005 baseline period.Meanwhile,the annual mean precipitation amount increases consistently across all RCPs,with an increase by ～14% with respect to 1986-2005 under RCP8.5.The warming over the Millennium Silk Road region reaches 1.5 ℃ before 2020 under all the emission scenarios.The 2020s （2030s） see a 2 ℃ warming under the RCP8.5 （RCP4.5） scenario.Global warming that is 0.5 ℃ lower （i.e.a warming of 1.5 ℃） could result in the avoidance of otherwise significant impacts in the Silk Road core region-specifically,a further warming of 0.73 ℃ （with an interquartile range of 0.49%-0.94 ℃） and an increase in the number of extreme heat days by 4.2,at a cost of a reduced increase of 2.72% （0.47%-3.82%） in annual precipitation.The change in consecutive dry days is region-dependent展开更多
In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature varia...In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature variability and coefficient of variation（CV） of interannual precipitation in the warm period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly（MCA） and the cold period of the Little Ice Age（LIA）. With respect to the past millennium period, the MCA temperature variability decreases by 2.0% on average over the globe, and most of the decreases occur in low latitudes. In the LIA, temperature variability increases by a global average of 0.6%, which occurs primarily in the high latitudes of Eurasia and the western Pacific. For the CV of interannual precipitation, regional-scale changes are more significant than changes at the global scale, with a pattern of increased（decreased） CV in the midlatitudes of Eurasia and the northwestern Pacific in the MCA（LIA）. The CV change ranges from-7.0% to 4.3%（from -6.3% to 5.4%）, with a global average of -0.5%（-0.07%） in the MCA（LIA）.Also, the variability changes are considerably larger in December–January–February with respect to both temperature and precipitation.展开更多
The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mist...The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mistake. The author wishes to correct the errors in Theorem 2 of the result part.展开更多
Decadal–centennial hydroclimate variability over eastern China during the last millennium is investigated using the product of Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation(PHYDA).Results reveal that the PHYDA depicts a more...Decadal–centennial hydroclimate variability over eastern China during the last millennium is investigated using the product of Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation(PHYDA).Results reveal that the PHYDA depicts a more homogeneous temporal pattern during the early part of the Little Ice Age with other reconstructions than those during the other periods,and could also identify the droughts of 1352–90 AD,1445–98 AD,1580–94 AD,and 1626–65 AD during this period.On centennial time scales,the PHYDA shows that the linkage between the Palmer drought severity index over eastern China and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)index is more marked than that with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the location of the intertropical convergence zone over the Asian–Australian monsoon area during the period after the 1350s.For the decadal droughts,the PHYDA suggests most of the drought events during the last millennium were linked to the El Niño–like mean states and the negative AMO states.展开更多
The millennium development goals (MDGs) were eight international development targets for the year 2015 that were established following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000.The MDGs are aim...The millennium development goals (MDGs) were eight international development targets for the year 2015 that were established following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000.The MDGs are aimed at reducing extreme poverty and set a series of time-bound goals,particularly in health,gender equality,and environmental sustainability [1].The target set for tuberculosis (TB) was to reduce TB prevalence and mortality rates by half by 2015 compared to the 1990 baseline rates [2].China has in fact achieved the TB targets five years ahead of the scheduled timeline [3].From 1990 through 2010,TB case detections had decreased by 65%,from 170 to 59 cases per 100000 population and the mortality rates by almost 80% [4].展开更多
文摘Hongjue Temple is located in the central district of Xining City,Qinghai Province.It consists of three main courtyards.After entering the entrance gate and the Buddhist Guardian Hall followed behind,we shall see the front courtyard flanked by two bell and drum towers,the middle courtyard with the grand hall housing the three Buddhas the temple mainly worships,and finally the rear courtyard that contains some meditation rooms and a garden.All these magnificent halls,yards,and the garden together create a peaceful and pure land of sanctity amid the bustling city.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41305069)the Open Project Program of the Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technologythe National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China (Grant No. 2010CB951904)
文摘The spatial patterns and regional-scale surface air temperature （SAT） changes during the last millennium,as well as the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） were simulated with a low-resolution version of Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land-Sea-ice （FGOALS-gl） model.The model was driven by both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents.Major features of the simulated past millennial Northern Hemisphere （NH） mean SAT variations,including the Medieval Climate Anomaly （MCA）,the Little Ice Age （LIA） and the 20th Century Warming （20CW）,were generally consistent with the reconstructions.The simulated MCA showed a global cooling pattern with reference to the 1961-90 mean conditions,indicating the 20CW to be unprecedented over the last millennium in the simulation.The LIA was characterized by pronounced coldness over the continental extratropical NH in both the reconstruction and the simulation.The simulated global mean SAT difference between the MCA and LIA was 0.14°C,with enhanced warming over high-latitude NH continental regions.Consistencies between the simulation and the reconstruction on regional scales were lower than those on hemispheric scales.The major features agreed well between the simulated and reconstructed SAT variations over the Chinese domain,despite some inconsistency in details among different reconstructions.The EASM circulation during the MCA was stronger than that during the LIA The corresponding rainfall anomalies exhibited excessive rainfall in the north but deficient rainfall in the south.Both the zonal and meridional thermal contrast were enhanced during the MCA.This temperature anomaly pattern favored a stronger monsoon circulation.
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program)under Grant No.2010CB951903the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40890054,41205043,and 41105054
文摘A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses to specified external forcing agents in a millennium-scale transient climate simulation with the fast version of LASG IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model （FGOALS-gl） developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （LASG/IAP）. The model presents a reasonable performance in comparison with reconstructions of surface temperature. Differentiated from significant changes in the 20th century at the global scale, changes during the natural-forcing-dominant period are mainly manifested in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonally, modeled significant changes are more pronounced during the wintertime at higher latitudes. This may be a manifestation of polar amplification associated with sea-ice-temperature positive feedback. The climate responses to total external forcings can explain about half of the climate variance during the whole millennium period, especially at decadal timescales. Surface temperature in the Antarctic shows heterogeneous and insignificant changes during the preindustrial period and the climate response to external forcings is undetectable due to the strong internal variability. The model response to specified external forcings is modulated by cloud radiative forcing （CRF）. The CRF acts against the fluctuations of external forcings. Effects of clouds are manifested in shortwave radiation by changes in cloud water during the natural-forcing-dominant period, but mainly in longwave radiation by a decrease in cloud amount in the ant hropogenic- forcing-dominant period.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41330423,41420104006,and 41605057]
文摘Western China and central Asia are positioned centrally along the Millennium Silk Road,which is regarded as a core region bridging the East and the West.Understanding the potential changes in climate over this core region is important to the successful implementation of the so-called＇Belt and Road Initiative＇（a $1 trillion regional investment in infrastructure）.In this study,both mean and extreme climate changes are projected using the ensemble mean of CMIP5 models.The results show a warming of ～1.5,2.9,3.6,and 6.0 ℃ under RCP2.6,4.5,6.0,and 8.5,respectively,by the end of the twenty-first century,with respect to the 1986-2005 baseline period.Meanwhile,the annual mean precipitation amount increases consistently across all RCPs,with an increase by ～14% with respect to 1986-2005 under RCP8.5.The warming over the Millennium Silk Road region reaches 1.5 ℃ before 2020 under all the emission scenarios.The 2020s （2030s） see a 2 ℃ warming under the RCP8.5 （RCP4.5） scenario.Global warming that is 0.5 ℃ lower （i.e.a warming of 1.5 ℃） could result in the avoidance of otherwise significant impacts in the Silk Road core region-specifically,a further warming of 0.73 ℃ （with an interquartile range of 0.49%-0.94 ℃） and an increase in the number of extreme heat days by 4.2,at a cost of a reduced increase of 2.72% （0.47%-3.82%） in annual precipitation.The change in consecutive dry days is region-dependent
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41421004)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0600704)
文摘In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature variability and coefficient of variation（CV） of interannual precipitation in the warm period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly（MCA） and the cold period of the Little Ice Age（LIA）. With respect to the past millennium period, the MCA temperature variability decreases by 2.0% on average over the globe, and most of the decreases occur in low latitudes. In the LIA, temperature variability increases by a global average of 0.6%, which occurs primarily in the high latitudes of Eurasia and the western Pacific. For the CV of interannual precipitation, regional-scale changes are more significant than changes at the global scale, with a pattern of increased（decreased） CV in the midlatitudes of Eurasia and the northwestern Pacific in the MCA（LIA）. The CV change ranges from-7.0% to 4.3%（from -6.3% to 5.4%）, with a global average of -0.5%（-0.07%） in the MCA（LIA）.Also, the variability changes are considerably larger in December–January–February with respect to both temperature and precipitation.
文摘The original online version of this article (Durmagambetov, A.A. (2016) The Riemann Hypothesis-Millennium Prize Problem. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 915-920. 10.4236/apm.2016.612069) unfortunately contains a mistake. The author wishes to correct the errors in Theorem 2 of the result part.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41605046].
文摘Decadal–centennial hydroclimate variability over eastern China during the last millennium is investigated using the product of Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation(PHYDA).Results reveal that the PHYDA depicts a more homogeneous temporal pattern during the early part of the Little Ice Age with other reconstructions than those during the other periods,and could also identify the droughts of 1352–90 AD,1445–98 AD,1580–94 AD,and 1626–65 AD during this period.On centennial time scales,the PHYDA shows that the linkage between the Palmer drought severity index over eastern China and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)index is more marked than that with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the location of the intertropical convergence zone over the Asian–Australian monsoon area during the period after the 1350s.For the decadal droughts,the PHYDA suggests most of the drought events during the last millennium were linked to the El Niño–like mean states and the negative AMO states.
文摘The millennium development goals (MDGs) were eight international development targets for the year 2015 that were established following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000.The MDGs are aimed at reducing extreme poverty and set a series of time-bound goals,particularly in health,gender equality,and environmental sustainability [1].The target set for tuberculosis (TB) was to reduce TB prevalence and mortality rates by half by 2015 compared to the 1990 baseline rates [2].China has in fact achieved the TB targets five years ahead of the scheduled timeline [3].From 1990 through 2010,TB case detections had decreased by 65%,from 170 to 59 cases per 100000 population and the mortality rates by almost 80% [4].
