NC MILLING OPERATION SIMULATION

Due to the unproductive and time consuming of the test cut, it is important to recognize all the possible errors before starting the process. This paper introduces a simulation program which can be used in an NC vertical milling machine. A unique method is used for simulating the cutting process and displaying the three dimensional images. This method not only simplifies greatly the treatment of the hidden line but also creates a “photograph effect” image. The program is written in Visual B.

RAP chunks produced in cold milling operation of asphalt pavement:Evaluation,mechanism,and engineering investigation in China

Cold milling is a widely used method for rehabilitating asphalt pavement,generating reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)chunks.Within this process,aggregates within the asphalt pavement will be crushed,forming RAP agglomerates and aggregate breakdown.However,the mechanism of these phenomena has remained unclear,and a unified evaluation method has yet to be established.In this study,RAP agglomeration and aggregate fragmentation were characterized,five distinct methods were systematically assessed,and the mechanism of RAP agglomeration and breakdown was analyzed by discrete element method(DEM)simulation based on setting different particle contact parameters,then followed by a mechanical analysis,and demonstrated in engineering.The results revealed that both agglomeration and aggregate breakdown occur within RAP particles of various sizes,with the five methods showing similar trends in quantifying these effects.Through DEM simulations and mechanical analyses,the aggregate breakdown predominantly occurs at the cutter's motion trajectory of the cutter and during crack propagation,while agglomeration was mainly related to the sliding surface's area.The milling speed and depth positively impact RAP agglomeration,while negatively affecting aggregate breakdown,and milling drum speed exerts minimal influence on these phenomena.RAP agglomeration varies considerably in different engineering projects,and cold milling parameters should be determined based on the material composition of the asphalt pavement and design requirements to control agglomeration and breakdown rates of RAP.

Measurement-While-Milling(MWM):An innovative approach for increasing the casing milling efficiency in deep drilling operations

Deep boreholes are secured by steel tubes(casings)which are run in the hole and cemented in place.In most cases,these casings are considered a permanent installation.However,sometimes they have to be removed in order to repair or abandon the well.As the casing is cemented in place,it cannot be pulled,but needs to be milled to small chips which are flushed out of the borehole by the drilling mud.One of the main challenges in casing milling operations is continuous and complete chip removal.If the metal chips are too long,chip nests will grow around the milling string.As a result,this will restrict the annulus flow area and affect the chip removal in boreholes.The obvious solution in such condition is to do round tripping and clean the chip nest which is associated with the risk of injuries,as well as,increasing the none-productive time.In the worst case,the poor cleaning and circulation of chips can even end up with the milling string stucking problem in boreholes,consequently long-time fishing job.According to the available literatures,hardly any study for identifying the chip shapes and accordingly adapting the operation parameters to the casing milling process environment downhole to keep milling within desired generated chip shapes and sizes could be found.This paper presents an encouraging idea to monitor the milling process in real time by utilizing the acoustic emission signals(vibration modes)accompanied with the milling process to identify the desired chip shape and size range.Initial laboratory tests have been carried out to investigate and study the acoustic emission signals accompanying the casing milling process to identify the chip shapes and sizes.The preliminary test results show very good correlation and agreement between the chip length formed during those specific tests and the observed burst events in the measured signals.The study results have demonstrated the functionality of the new concept,and thus confirmed that it is a very promising idea towards developing a practical real time downhole monitoring system for milling operations.Adapting the milling operation parameters downhole in real time to keep the milling process within the desired generated chip shapes and sizes will offer better cleaning and removal of the chips and will prevent the development of chip nest around the drill string and its consequences such as round tripping,risk of drilling crew injury,none-productive time and even milling string stucking problems.