Strategic Study on the Development of Space Science in China and Proposals for Future Missions

Since 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)has implemented the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science(SPP).A series of scientific satellites have been developed and launched,such as Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE),Quantum Experiments at Space Scale(QUESS),Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S),Einstein Probe(EP),and significant scientific outcomes have been achieved.In order to plan the future space science missions in China,CAS has organized the Chinese space science community to conduct medium and long-term development strategy studies,and summarized the major scientific frontiers of space science as“One Black,Two Dark,Three Origins and Five Characterizations”.Five main scientific themes have been identified for China’s future breakthroughs,including the Extreme Universe,Space-Time Ripples,the Panoramic View of the Sun and Earth,the Habitable Planets,and Biological&Physical Science in Space.Space science satellite missions to be implemented before 2030 are proposed accordingly.

Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: II. Scanning for Habitable Stellar Systems on Behalf of Future Space Missions

The possibility of the life origin in the stellar systems, located at a distance of ~200 pc from the solar system, was investigated. The stars, in the spectrums of which C (carbon), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), and P (phosphorus) are found, are called DNA-stars. Based on stellar abundances a new method for searching for habitable exoplanets has been developed and a list of 48 DNA-stars in the solar neighborhood, on which life is possible, has been defined. The quota of DNA-stars is equal 1.3% of the total amount of Hypatia Stellar Catalog. Only three DNA-stars out of selected 48 stars belong to the spectral class as our Sun (G2V). The closest to the solar system is the DNA-star with the number HIP 15510, which belongs to the G8V class and is 6 pc away from the solar system. Nine DNA-stars, which have the highest chemical similarity with solar spectrum, were identified. It is identified that one of these nine stars, HIP 24681, has six planets.

Cutting-Edge Space Exploration Technology Maturity Level Facilitation with Support of Space Debris Removal Missions

Considering current space debris situation in outer space environment,different methods for debris removal missions are proposed.In addition,advanced technologies are needed to be demonstrated for future human space exploration programs.The main issue regarding to these missions is high mission cost for both debris removal missions and space environmental tests to achieve high maturity level for new space-usable technologies.Since,these missions are unavoidable for future of human space activities,a solution which can tackle these challenges is necessary.This paper will address to an idea which has the possibility to give a solution for facilitating technology readiness level(TRL)maturity tests by debris removal mission platform consideration.

The Origin of The Ultra-Ganges Missions and Its Periodical Press

In the early 19th century,Robert Morrison and William Milne,the first Protestant missionaries to China,commenced The Ultra-Ganges Missions,formally kicking off the Protestant missions in China and Southeast Asia.The Ultra-Ganges Missions not only marked a major milestone for the early missionary works of Protestantism,but also fueled the rise of Chinese modern press with its China-oriented periodicals such as The Chinese Monthly Magazine and The Indo-Chinese Gleaner.Based on the history of Protestantism in the 18th and 19th centuries,this article examines the origin of The Ultra-Ganges Missions and its periodical publication,in order to provide reference to the studies of Chinese Protestantism and China’s periodical press.

Establishing in Shandong:A Study on the Relationship Between the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the Folk Secret Sects in Shandong

In the northwest of Shandong Province during Late Qing Dynasty,the struggle for survival among the villagers became social norm due to the fragility of the natural ecology,which was not only an important cause of local social unrest,but also complicated social relations.The potential anti-government tendencies of folk secret sects made them the targets of Qing government’s crackdown.In order to seek survival and development,the folk secret sects in northwest Shandong turned their eyes to Christian churches for political protect that was North China Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.With the help of secret sects,missionaries of the North China Mission gained a foothold in northwest Shandong.But they were not willing to provide political protect for secret sects.They only used the social ties of secret sects to wedge themselves into the rural society of northwest Shandong,hoping to establish Christian mission stations and develop Christian communities,not to integrate with secret sects.

3D LASER SCANNING FOR PRESERVATION AND STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF HISTORIC CALIFORNIA ADOBE MISSIONS

At the University of San Francisco Architecture&Community Design Program,the Architectural Engineering curriculum utilizes a Leica ScanStation C103D Laser Scanner to document historic structures and monitor their structural behavior.Some of the oldest structures in the State of California are the historic adobe missions built by Native Americans and Spanish Catholic missionaries between 1769 and 1833.California is a region of very high seismic activity,and the adobe structures have withstood significant earthquakes and other erosive or destructive forces over their lifetime.However,they are sensitive structures in need of active preservation and very few original adobe buildings remain.Working together with local structural engineers who specialize in seismic restoration of historic adobe structures,USF students have conducted laser scanning at Mission Santa Cruz and Mission San Miguel Arcángel,creating extensive 3D point cloud records,and developing architectural drawings which establish the current state of these structures for the purposes of historic preservation and structural study.Because of the delicate and irregular nature of these structures,the 3D laser scanner is the most appropriate tool for detailed yet non-invasive documentation.Completed in 1821,Mission San Miguel Arcángel suffered significant damage in the nearby 2003 San Simeon earthquake.The original adobe structure has undergone partial repairs such as banding at the top of the walls of the Sacristy.Using the 3D laser scanner,thorough scans are stitched together to create full interior and exterior 3D point cloud files,which are processed in Leica Cyclone and Autodesk Recap,and then imported into AutoCAD to create detailed line drawings of plans,elevations and sections of significant areas.Wall lean and other indicators of crack progress and deterioration are areas of special focus.With these records,a structural monitoring program has begun to document the condition of the buildings in wet seasons and dry seasons,and to determine the long-term effect of seismic restorations which have been implemented.This paper presents a detailed account of the process,pedagogical value and structural and architectural lessons learned over the course of the 3D scanning of these valuable heritage landmarks.

STREAMLINING EFFORTS BRING CHANGES TO OFFICE MISSIONS (CONTINUED)

The Bureau of High-Technology Research and Development (BHRD) BHRD is in charge of management for the research and; development activities in high-technology areas in CAS, including predicting the trends of high-technology development in the light of the demands for technology which is strategic, forward-

MISSIONS OF THE CAS ACADEMIC DIVISIONS

The Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) are vitally important and integral parts of the academy and were founded in June 1, 1955, six years after the establishment of the CAS. This was an important event for both the CAS and the Chinese S&T community. The institution, which is composed of the most excellent Chinese scientists, has played an active role in strengthening the academic leadership of China’s S&T undertakings. Over the 40-odd years of ups and downs, the development of Academic Divisions could be characterized by four phases: laying the foundation

10 Differences between Shenzhou 8 and Shenzhou 9 Missions

Generally, the Shenzhou 8 and Shenzhou 9 spaceships were similar in technology status. As the Shenzhou 9 spaceship implemented the manned rendezvous and docking mission, the program was appropriately modified. There are 10 primary differences between the two missions.

Improved algorithms to plan missions for agile earth observation satellites

This study concentrates of the new generation of the agile （AEOS）. AEOS is a key study object on management problems earth observation satellite in many countries because of its many advantages over non-agile satellites. Hence, the mission planning and scheduling of AEOS is a popular research problem. This research investigates AEOS characteristics and establishes a mission planning model based on the working principle and constraints of AEOS as per analysis. To solve the scheduling issue of AEOS, several improved algorithms are developed. Simulation results suggest that these algorithms are effective.

Global Mission Sensitivity Study for Phased MissionSystem with Analysis of Variance Method

A comprehensive mission sensitivity analysis index based on Sobol's index called global mission sensitivity( GMS) was proposed in this paper which focused on analyzing the mission sensitivity of components of phased mission systems( PMS). The simulation strategy of GMS based on a Petri net and Monte Carlo method was presented which had broad applicability. Finally,the GMS and Birnbaum's sensitivity of components in a PMS example were compared. The GMS of component is demonstrated to be more adaptable to reflect the component mission sensitivity when the rated reliability parameters of components cannot be obtained, and components have state dependency or the system is subjected to common cause failure.

Dynamic grouping of heterogeneous agents for exploration and strike missions

The ever-changing environment and complex combat missions create new demands for the formation of mission groups of unmanned combat agents.This study aims to address the problem of dynamic construction of mission groups under new requirements.Agents are heterogeneous,and a group formation method must dynamically form new groups in circumstances where missions are constantly being explored.In our method,a group formation strategy that combines heuristic rules and response threshold models is proposed to dynamically adjust the members of the mission group and adapt to the needs of new missions.The degree of matching between the mission requirements and the group’s capabilities,and the communication cost of group formation are used as indicators to evaluate the quality of the group.The response threshold method and the ant colony algorithm are selected as the comparison algorithms in the simulations.The results show that the grouping scheme obtained by the proposed method is superior to those of the comparison methods.

Beijing Language and Cultural Center for Diplomatic Missions

As an educational institution with nearly 50 years of history, Beijing Language and Cultural Center for Diplomatic Missions (LCC) specializes in teaching Mandarin and offering Chinese cultural lessons.

Glorious Missions Assigned by the Human History

Frontiers of Engineering Management,after two years’preparation,came,in spring2014,to offer its readers,with the mission and the editor inclination to promote the advancement of engineering management,so as to propel the advancement of engineering science and technology.It is a general consensus of the scientific communities that engineering science is

Two-dimensional launch window method to search for launch opportunities of interplanetary missions

Accurate and highly efficient approaches to obtain mission opportunities are still the goals of mission planners of interplanetary explorations.The search for launch opportunities not only determines the specified launch window of the mission but also presents the performance requirements for the interplanetary probe and its launch vehicle.An effective method, namely the two-dimensional launch window method, is developed from a completely new perspective to determine all the launch opportunities of the mission in this research.For a fixed launch time,the method to determine all the time windows in the dimension of Time-of-Flight(TOF) is firstly proposed and these time windows represent all the launch opportunities for the given launch time.And then, the two-dimensional launch window method is proposed, which computes the time windows in both the launch time and TOF dimensions to achieve all launch opportunities of the mission.Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and high efficiency of the method.Compared with the widely-used pock-chop plot method, the proposed method reduces the computational time by two orders of magnitude for the same search precision, and thus is especially suitable for the cases involving rapid, high-precision, and/or large-scale searches for mission opportunities.

TML:a language to specify aerial robotic missions for the framework Aerostack

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to describe the specification language TML for adaptive mission plans that the authors designed and implemented for the open-source framework Aerostack for aerial robotics.Design/methodology/approach–The TML language combines a task-based hierarchical approach together with a more flexible representation,rule-based reactive planning,to facilitate adaptability.This approach includes additional notions that abstract programming details.The authors built an interpreter integrated in the software framework Aerostack.The interpreter was validated with flight experiments for multi-robot missions in dynamic environments.Findings–The experiments proved that the TML language is easy to use and expressive enough to formulate adaptive missions in dynamic environments.The experiments also showed that the TML interpreter is efficient to execute multi-robot aerial missions and reusable for different platforms.The TML interpreter is able to verify the mission plan before its execution,which increases robustness and safety,avoiding the execution of certain plans that are not feasible.Originality/value–One of the main contributions of this work is the availability of a reliable solution to specify aerial mission plans,integrated in an active open-source project with periodic releases.To the best knowledge of the authors,there are not solutions similar to this in other active open-source projects.As additional contributions,TML uses an original combination of representations for adaptive mission plans(i.e.task trees with original abstract notions and rule-based reactive planning)together with the demonstration of its adequacy for aerial robotics.

Ground-based and additional science support for SMILE

The joint European Space Agency and Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamics of the magnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions,and simultaneously monitor the auroral response of the Northern Hemisphere ionosphere.Combining these large-scale responses with medium and fine-scale measurements at a variety of cadences by additional ground-based and space-based instruments will enable a much greater scientific impact beyond the original goals of the SMILE mission.Here,we describe current community efforts to prepare for SMILE,and the benefits and context various experiments that have explicitly expressed support for SMILE can offer.A dedicated group of international scientists representing many different experiment types and geographical locations,the Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group,is facilitating these efforts.Preparations include constructing an online SMILE Data Fusion Facility,the discussion of particular or special modes for experiments such as coherent and incoherent scatter radar,and the consideration of particular observing strategies and spacecraft conjunctions.We anticipate growing interest and community engagement with the SMILE mission,and we welcome novel ideas and insights from the solar-terrestrial community.

Deformations at Earth’s dayside magnetopause during quasi-radial IMF conditions:Global kinetic simulations and Soft X-ray Imaging

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)is a joint mission of the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).Primary goals are investigating the dynamic response of the Earth's magnetosphere to the solar wind(SW)impact via simultaneous in situ magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements,X-Ray images of the magnetosheath and magnetic cusps,and UV images of global auroral distributions.Magnetopause deformations associated with magnetosheath high speed jets(HSJs)under a quasi-parallel interplanetary magnetic field condition are studied using a threedimensional(3-D)global hybrid simulation.Soft X-ray intensity calculated based on both physical quantities of solar wind proton and oxygen ions is compared.We obtain key findings concerning deformations at the magnetopause:(1)Magnetopause deformations are highly coherent with the magnetosheath HSJs generated at the quasi-parallel region of the bow shock,(2)X-ray intensities estimated using solar wind h+and self-consistentO7+ions are consistent with each other,(3)Visual spacecraft are employed to check the discrimination ability for capturing magnetopause deformations on Lunar and polar orbits,respectively.The SMILE spacecraft on the polar orbit could be expected to provide opportunities for capturing the global geometry of the magnetopause in the equatorial plane.A striking point is that SMILE has the potential to capture small-scale magnetopause deformations and magnetosheath transients,such as HSJs,at medium altitudes on its orbit.Simulation results also demonstrate that a lunar based imager(e.g.,Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager,LEXI)is expected to observe a localized brightening of the magnetosheath during HSJ events in the meridian plane.These preliminary results might contribute to the pre-studies for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing qualitative and quantitative soft X-ray estimates of dayside kinetic processes.

Cooperative UAV search strategy based on DMPC-AACO algorithm in restricted communication scenarios

Improvement of integrated battlefield situational awareness in complex environments involving dynamic factors such as restricted communications and electromagnetic interference(EMI)has become a contentious research problem.In certain mission environments,due to the impact of many interference sources on real-time communication or mission requirements such as the need to implement communication regulations,the mission stages are represented as a dynamic combination of several communication-available and communication-unavailable stages.Furthermore,the data interaction between unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)can only be performed in specific communication-available stages.Traditional cooperative search algorithms cannot handle such situations well.To solve this problem,this study constructed a distributed model predictive control(DMPC)architecture for a collaborative control of UAVs and used the Voronoi diagram generation method to re-plan the search areas of all UAVs in real time to avoid repetition of search areas and UAV collisions while improving the search efficiency and safety factor.An attention mechanism ant-colony optimization(AACO)algorithm is proposed for UAV search-control decision planning.The search strategy is adaptively updated by introducing an attention mechanism for regular instruction information,a priori information,and emergent information of the mission to satisfy different search expectations to the maximum extent.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better search performance than traditional algorithms in restricted communication constraint scenarios.

A Planning Method for Operational Test of UAV Swarm Based on Mission Reliability

The unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)swarm plays an increasingly important role in the modern battlefield,and the UAV swarm operational test is a vital means to validate the combat effectiveness of the UAV swarm.Due to the high cost and long duration of operational tests,it is essential to plan the test in advance.To solve the problem of planning UAV swarm operational test,this study considers the multi-stage feature of a UAV swarm mission,composed of launch,flight and combat stages,and proposes a method to find test plans that can maximize mission reliability.Therefore,a multi-stage mission reliability model for a UAV swarm is proposed to ensure successful implementation of the mission.A multi-objective integer optimization method that considers both mission reliability and cost is then formulated to obtain the optimal test plans.This study first constructs a mission reliability model for the UAV swarm in the combat stage.Then,the launch stage and flight stage are integrated to develop a complete PMS(Phased Mission Systems)reliability model.Finally,the Binary Decision Diagrams(BDD)and Multi Objective Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization(MOQPSO)methods are proposed to solve the model.The optimal plans considering both reliability and cost are obtained.The proposed model supports the planning of UAV swarm operational tests and represents a meaningful exploration of UAV swarm test planning.