Review of Thermal Design of SiC Power Module for Motor Drive in Electrical Vehicle Application

In the current vehicle electric propulsion systems,the thermal design of power modules heavily relies on empirical knowledge,making it challenging to effectively optimize irregularly arranged Pinfin structures,thereby limiting their performance.This paper aims to review the underlying mechanisms of how irregularly arranged Pinfins influence the thermal characteristics of power modules and introduce collaborative thermal design with DC bus capacitor and motor.Literature considers chip size,placement,coolant flow direction with the goal of reducing thermal resistance of power modules,minimizing chip junction temperature differentials,and optimizing Pinfin layouts.In the first step,algorithms should efficiently generating numerous unique irregular Pinfin layouts to enhance optimization quality.The second step is to efficiently evaluate Pinfin layouts.Simulation accuracy and speed should be ensured to improve computational efficiency.Finally,to improve overall heat dissipation effectiveness,papers establish models for capacitors,motors,to aid collaborative Pinfin optimization.These research outcomes will provide essential support for future developments in high power density motor drive for vehicles.

Review of Three-phase Soft Switching Inverters and Challenges for Motor Drives

For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging speed and power density.However,this trend poses significant challenges for high-voltage and high-frequency motor controllers,which are plagued by increased switching losses and pronounced switching oscillations as consequences of hard switching.The deployment of soft switching technology presents a viable solution to mitigate these issues.This paper reviews the applications of soft switching technologies for three-phase inverters and classifies them based on distinct characteristics.For each type of inverter,the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated.Then,the paper introduces the research progress and control methods of soft switching inverters (SSIs).Moreover,it presents a comparative analysis among the conventional hard switching inverters (HSIs),an active clamping resonant DC link inverter (ACRDCLI) and an auxiliary resonant commuted pole inverter (ARCPI).Finally,the problems and prospects of soft switching technology applied to motor controllers for EVs are put forward.

Fault Detection for Motor Drive Control System of Industrial Robots Using CNN-LSTM-based Observers

The complex working conditions and nonlinear characteristics of the motor drive control system of industrial robots make it difficult to detect faults.In this paper,a deep learning-based observer,which combines the convolutional neural network(CNN)and the long short-term memory network(LSTM),is employed to approximate the nonlinear driving control system.CNN layers are introduced to extract dynamic features of the data,whereas LSTM layers perform time-sequential prediction of the target system.In terms of application,normal samples are fed into the observer to build an offline prediction model for the target system.The trained CNN-LSTM-based observer is then deployed along with the target system to estimate the system outputs.Online fault detection can be realized by analyzing the residuals.Finally,an application of the proposed fault detection method to a brushless DC motor drive system is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.Simulation results indicate the impressive fault detection capability of the presented method for driving control systems of industrial robots.

A Review of Gallium Nitride Power Device and Its Applications in Motor Drive

Wide band-gap gallium nitride(GaN)device has the advantages of large band-gap,high electron mobility and low dielectric constant.Compared with traditional Si devices,these advantages make it suitable for fast-switching and high-power-density power electronics converters,thus reducing the overall weight,volume and power consumption of power electronic systems.As a review paper,this paper summarizes the characteristics and development of the state-of-art GaN power devices with different structures,analyzes the research status,and forecasts the application prospect of GaN devices.In addition,the problems and challenges of GaN devices were discussed.And thanks to the advantages of GaN devices,both the power density and efficiency of motor drive system are improved,which also have been presented in this paper.

A Review of Nonlinear Kalman Filter Appling to Sensorless Control for AC Motor Drives

Sensorless control of AC motor drives,which takes the advantages of cost saving,higher reliability,and less hardware,has been developed for several decades.Among the existing speed sensorless control methods,nonlinear Kalman filter-based one has attached widespread attention due to its superb estimation accuracy and inherent resistibility to noise.However,the determination of noise covariance matrix and robustness of model uncertainties are still open issues in practice.A great number of studies try to solve these problems in resent years.This paper reviews the application of extended Kalman filter(EKF),unscented Kalman filter(UKF),and cubature Kalman filter(CKF)in speed sensorless control for AC motor drives.As an iterative algorithm,EKF has advantages in processor implementation.However,EKF suffers from the linearization error and model uncertainties when applying to sensorless control system.This paper presents the predominant improvements of EKF which is also applicative in UKF and CKF mostly.

Study on Rotor IGBT Chopper Control for Induction Motor Drive

Rotor chopper control is a simple and effective drive method for induction motor. This paper presents a novel IGBT chopper topology,which can both adjust rotor resistance and protect IGBT efficiently. Investigation on the quasi transient state of the rotor rectifying circuit is made, and a nonlinear mapping between the equivalent resistance and the duty cycle is deduced. Furthermore, the method for determining the magnitude of the external resistor is introduced.

Starting Characteristics of Motor in Inverter-Motor Drive System

When the induction motor is fed from the PWM VSI inverter, with and without torque enhancing function, the variations of the starting torque and the starting current versus the starting frequency are analyzed, based on the steady state equivalent circuit of the induction motor.The corresponding expressions are derived, and the corresponding curves are also drawn, from which the initial starting frequency range can be determined properly and easily. The initial starting frequency range is the common range, in which the starting torque should be high enough and the starting current low enough.Some other useful formulas are also derived.These results are significant for electrical drive designers to make the starting schemes. The effects of the increase of the stator and the rotor resistances on the starting torque and the initial starting frequency range are also discussed, which is caused by the skin effects of the high order harmonics present in the PWM inverter output voltage.

A Review of Sensorless Control Methods for AC Motor Drives

In recent years,the application of sensorless AC motor drives is expanding in areas ranging from industrial applications to household electrical appliances.As is well known,the advantages of sensorless motor drives include lower cost,increased reliability,reduced hardware complexity,better noise immunity,and less maintenance requirements.With the development of modern industrial automation,more advanced sensorless control strategies are needed to meet the requirements of applications.For sensorless motor drives at low-and zero-speed operation,inverter nonlinearities and motor parameter variation have significant impact on the stability of control system.Meanwhile,high observer’s bandwidth is required in high-speed region.This paper introduces the state of art of recent progress in sensorless AC motor drives.In addition,this paper presents the sensorless control strategies we investigated for practical industrial and household applications.Both advanced sensorless drives of induction motor(IM)and permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)are presented in this paper.

An Experimental Investigation on the Dynamic Behavior of Step Motor Drives

Step motors, compared to other drive systems, are low-cost and easy to use devices. However, despite these undeniable advantages, they are characterized by some critical running conditions, due to the loss of synchronization between the stator＇s magnetic field and the rotor. In order to theoretically investigate such a behavior, several complex mathematical models have been developed, which require several parameters to be defined. For most step motors, such parameters cannot be easily drawn from their data-sheets; on the contrary, in this paper the authors refer to a simplified electro-mechanical model where the most of the parameters are known from data-sheets. The dependence between electrical and mechanical quantities can be investigated by an experimental point of view. At this aim, a specific novel test rig has been designed and developed for either static or dynamic characteristics measurement of small size step motors. In particular, the test rig allow to measure rotor＇s angular position, motor＇s torque, currents flowing in the motor＇s phases. The paper ends with the report of the results of several experimental tests, carried-out on a small-size motor in different running conditions, and with some preliminary remarks on the basis of the measures analysis.

Transient Analysis and Control Strategies for a Quad-lnverter Multiphase Multilevel Motor Drive in Faulty Conditions

In this paper, post-fault-tolerant control strategies for quad-inverter multiphase-multilevel induction motor drives are investigated. More specifically, four standard two-level three-phase VSIs （voltage source inverters） supplying the open-end windings of a dual three-phase induction motor is considered, quadrupling the power capability of a single VSI with given voltage and current ratings. In healthy conditions, the control algorithm is able to generate multi-level voltage waveforms, equivalent to the ones of a three-level inverter and to share the total motor power among the four dc sources in each switching period. This sharing capability is investigated under post-fault operating conditions, when one VSI must be completely insulated due to a severe failure on it. In this case, the conversion power unit can operate with a reduced power rating by a proper modulation of the remaining three VSIs. The whole ac motor drive has been numerically implemented, and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies under healthy and post-fault operating conditions have been proved.

Fault Detection for PMSM Motor Drive Systems by Monitoring Inverter Input Currents

This paper has proposed a fault detecting method for DC supplied permanent magnet synchronize motor(PMSM)drive systems by monitoring the drive DC input current.This method is based on the fault signal propagation from the torque disturbance on the motor shaft to the inverter input currents.The accuracy of this fault signal propagation is verified by the Matlab simulation and experiment tests with the emulated faulty conditions.The feasible of this approach is shown by the experimental test conducted by the Spectra test rig with the real gearbox fault.This detection scheme is also suitable for monitoring other drive components such as the power converter or the motor itself using only one set of current transducers mounted at the DC input side.

A Novel Approach to Practical Matrix Converter Motor Drive System With Reverse Blocking IGBT (To continue)

a Pole voltage waveforms (VA20 and VA40) for modulation index 0.4 (middle trace is A-phase voltage waveform) x-axis: 1 div.=10ms, y-axis: 1 div.= 100V b Normalized harmonic spectrum for pole voltage of Fig. 9a c A-phase current and phase voltage for modulation index 0.4 (reference space vector is in inner layer)

Three-level inverter configuration with common mode voltage elimination for induction motor drive (To continue)

The multiplicity of vector combinations for vectors of combined three-level inverters plays an important role, when deciding on the modulation scheme, to obtain minimum switching per inverter vector change, as described in the next Section. This is not possible with reduced common-mode three-level inverter structure, obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge configuration, as the space vectors locations do not exhibit multiplicity. Moreover, the proposed configuration requires only two power supplies, whereas the scheme with the five-level H-bridge configuration requires six isolated power supplies.

A Novel Approach to Practical Matrix Converter Motor Drive System With Reverse Blocking IGBT

a Pole voltage waveforms (VA20 and VA40) for modulation index 0.4 (middle trace is A-phase voltage waveform) x-axis: 1 div.=10ms, y-axis: 1 div.= 100V b Normalized harmonic spectrum for pole voltage of Fig. 9a c A-phase current and phase voltage for modulation index 0.4 (reference space vector is in inner layer)

Three-level inverter configuration with common mode voltage elimination for induction motor drive

The multiplicity of vector combinations for vectors of combined three-level inverters plays an important role, when deciding on the modulation scheme, to obtain minimum switching per inverter vector change, as described in the next Section. This is not possible with reduced common-mode three-level inverter structure, obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge configuration, as the space vectors locations do not exhibit multiplicity. Moreover, the proposed configuration requires only two power supplies, whereas the scheme with the five-level H-bridge configuration requires six isolated power supplies.

Energy Efficient Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor Drive

Induction motors are extensively used in industrial and household appliances and consume more than 50% of the total generated electrical energy. The need for energy conservation is increasing the requirements for saving the electrical energy. It is therefore important to optimize the efficiency of electrical drive systems under certain operating conditions. This paper proposes a new control scheme based on search method taking advantage of the fact, that at a certain torque and speed (operating point) there is only one value of stator voltage that operates the motor at optimum efficiency. Simulation performed and results are presented.

A Novel Current Sensor Technique for Brushless DC Motor Drives

The torque output in a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (BLDCM) is usually controlled by regulating the motor phase currents. In this paper, three kinds of PWM strategies together with some critical review on traditional current measurements in a BLDCM drive system are discussed. A novel method for assessing the PWM information and measuring the motor phase currents by a dc link current sensor is proposed. An attractive feature of the proposed method is the simplicity with the current sample processing because there is no need to incorporate the conduction information of the power switches or diodes. Only the single sided PWM or the double sided complementary PWM is needed with the proposed technique.

Implementation of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System in Speed Control of Induction Motor Drives

A new speed control approach based on the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to a closed-loop, variable speed induction motor (IM) drive is proposed in this paper. ANFIS provides a nonlinear modeling of motor drive system and the motor speed can accurately track the reference signal. ANFIS has the advantages of employing expert knowledge from the fuzzy inference system and the learning capability of neural networks. The various functional blocks of the system which govern the system behavior for small variations about the operating point are derived, and the transient responses are presented. The proposed (ANFIS) controller is compared with PI controller by computer simulation through the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

A Digital Phase Locked Loop Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor Drive: Performances Analysis

This paper deals with performance analysis and implementation of a three phase inverter fed induction motor (IM) drive system. The closed loop control scheme of the drive utilizes the Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL). The DPLL is safely implemented all around the well known integrated circuit DPLL 4046. An ex-perimental verification is carried out on one kw scalar controlled IM system drives for a wide range of speeds and loads appliance. This presents a simple and high performance solution for industrial applications.