Multi-Factor Authentication for Secured Financial Transactions in Cloud Environment

The rise of the digital economy and the comfort of accessing by way of user mobile devices expedite human endeavors in financial transactions over the Virtual Private Network(VPN)backbone.This prominent application of VPN evades the hurdles involved in physical money exchange.The VPN acts as a gateway for the authorized user in accessing the banking server to provide mutual authentication between the user and the server.The security in the cloud authentication server remains vulnerable to the results of threat in JP Morgan Data breach in 2014,Capital One Data Breach in 2019,and manymore cloud server attacks over and over again.These attacks necessitate the demand for a strong framework for authentication to secure from any class of threat.This research paper,propose a framework with a base of EllipticalCurve Cryptography(ECC)to performsecure financial transactions throughVirtual PrivateNetwork(VPN)by implementing strongMulti-Factor Authentication(MFA)using authentication credentials and biometric identity.The research results prove that the proposed model is to be an ideal scheme for real-time implementation.The security analysis reports that the proposed model exhibits high level of security with a minimal response time of 12 s on an average of 1000 users.

The Role of Multi-factor Authentication for Modern Day Security

Multi-factor Authentication(MFA)often referred to as Two-factor Authen­tication(2FA),which is a subset of MFA,is the practice of implementing additional security methods on top of a standard username and password to help authenticate the identity of a user and increase the security of data.This chapter will investigate the problem with username and password log­ins,the different types of authentication,current best practice for multi-fac­tor authentication and interpretations about how the technology will grow in the upcoming years.

A Secure Multi-factor Authentication Protocol for Healthcare Services Using Cloud-based SDN

Cloud-based SDN(Software Defined Network)integration offers new kinds of agility,flexibility,automation,and speed in the network.Enterprises and Cloud providers both leverage the benefits as networks can be configured and optimized based on the application requirement.The integration of cloud and SDN paradigms has played an indispensable role in improving ubiquitous health care services.It has improved the real-time monitoring of patients by medical practitioners.Patients’data get stored at the central server on the cloud from where it is available to medical practitioners in no time.The centralisation of data on the server makes it more vulnerable to malicious attacks and causes a major threat to patients’privacy.In recent days,several schemes have been proposed to ensure the safety of patients’data.But most of the techniques still lack the practical implementation and safety of data.In this paper,a secure multi-factor authentication protocol using a hash function has been proposed.BAN(Body Area Network)logic has been used to formally analyse the proposed scheme and ensure that no unauthenticated user can steal sensitivepatient information.Security Protocol Animator(SPAN)–Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications(AVISPA)tool has been used for simulation.The results prove that the proposed scheme ensures secure access to the database in terms of spoofing and identification.Performance comparisons of the proposed scheme with other related historical schemes regarding time complexity,computation cost which accounts to only 423 ms in proposed,and security parameters such as identification and spoofing prove its efficiency.

Enhancing Multi-Factor Authentication in Modern Computing

Most network service providers like MTN Nigeria, currently use two-factor authentication for their 4G wireless networks. This exposes the network subscribers to identify theft and users data to security threats like snooping, sniffing, spoofing and phishing. There is need to curb these problems with the use of an enhanced multi-factor authentication approach. The objective of this work is to create a multi-factor authentication software for a 4G wireless network. Multi-factor authentication involves user’s knowledge factor, user’s possession factor and user’s inherence factor;that is who the user is to be presented before system access can be granted. The research methodologies used for this work include Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology, SSADM and Prototyping. The result of this work will be a Multi-factor authentications software. This software was designed with programming languages like ASP. NET, C# and Microsoft SQL Server for the database.

A Multi-Factor Authentication-Based Framework for Identity Management in Cloud Applications

User’s data is considered as a vital asset of several organizations.Migrating data to the cloud computing is not an easy decision for any organization due to the privacy and security concerns.Service providers must ensure that both data and applications that will be stored on the cloud should be protected in a secure environment.The data stored on the public cloud will be vulnerable to outside and inside attacks.This paper provides interactive multi-layer authentication frameworks for securing user identities on the cloud.Different access control policies are applied for verifying users on the cloud.A security mechanism is applied to the cloud application that includes user registration,granting user privileges,and generating user authentication factor.An intrusion detection system is embedded to the security mechanism to detect malicious users.The multi factor authentication,intrusion detection,and access control techniques can be used for ensuring the identity of the user.Finally,encryption techniques are used for protecting the data from being disclosed.Experimental results are carried out to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed frameworks and mechanism.The results recorded high detection rate with low false positive alarms.

Blockchain-Based Certificateless Cross-Domain Authentication Scheme in the Industrial Internet of Things

The Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)consists of massive devices in different management domains,and the lack of trust among cross-domain entities leads to risks of data security and privacy leakage during information exchange.To address the above challenges,a viable solution that combines Certificateless Public Key Cryptography(CL-PKC)with blockchain technology can be utilized.However,as many existing schemes rely on a single Key Generation Center(KGC),they are prone to problems such as single points of failure and high computational overhead.In this case,this paper proposes a novel blockchain-based certificateless cross-domain authentication scheme,that integrates the threshold secret sharing mechanism without a trusted center,meanwhile,adopts blockchain technology to enable cross-domain entities to authenticate with each other and to negotiate session keys securely.This scheme also supports the dynamic joining and removing of multiple KGCs,ensuring secure and efficient cross-domain authentication and key negotiation.Comparative analysiswith other protocols demonstrates that the proposed cross-domain authentication protocol can achieve high security with relatively lowcomputational overhead.Moreover,this paper evaluates the scheme based on Hyperledger Fabric blockchain environment and simulates the performance of the certificateless scheme under different threshold parameters,and the simulation results show that the scheme has high performance.

A Hybrid and Lightweight Device-to-Server Authentication Technique for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things(IoT)is a smart networking infrastructure of physical devices,i.e.,things,that are embedded with sensors,actuators,software,and other technologies,to connect and share data with the respective server module.Although IoTs are cornerstones in different application domains,the device’s authenticity,i.e.,of server(s)and ordinary devices,is the most crucial issue and must be resolved on a priority basis.Therefore,various field-proven methodologies were presented to streamline the verification process of the communicating devices;however,location-aware authentication has not been reported as per our knowledge,which is a crucial metric,especially in scenarios where devices are mobile.This paper presents a lightweight and location-aware device-to-server authentication technique where the device’s membership with the nearest server is subjected to its location information along with other measures.Initially,Media Access Control(MAC)address and Advance Encryption Scheme(AES)along with a secret shared key,i.e.,λ_(i) of 128 bits,have been utilized by Trusted Authority(TA)to generate MaskIDs,which are used instead of the original ID,for every device,i.e.,server and member,and are shared in the offline phase.Secondly,TA shares a list of authentic devices,i.e.,server S_(j) and members C_(i),with every device in the IoT for the onward verification process,which is required to be executed before the initialization of the actual communication process.Additionally,every device should be located such that it lies within the coverage area of a server,and this location information is used in the authentication process.A thorough analytical analysis was carried out to check the susceptibility of the proposed and existing authentication approaches against well-known intruder attacks,i.e.,man-in-the-middle,masquerading,device,and server impersonations,etc.,especially in the IoT domain.Moreover,proposed authentication and existing state-of-the-art approaches have been simulated in the real environment of IoT to verify their performance,particularly in terms of various evaluation metrics,i.e.,processing,communication,and storage overheads.These results have verified the superiority of the proposed scheme against existing state-of-the-art approaches,preferably in terms of communication,storage,and processing costs.

Internet of Things Authentication Protocols: Comparative Study

Nowadays, devices are connected across all areas, from intelligent buildings and smart cities to Industry 4.0 andsmart healthcare. With the exponential growth of Internet of Things usage in our world, IoT security is still thebiggest challenge for its deployment. The main goal of IoT security is to ensure the accessibility of services providedby an IoT environment, protect privacy, and confidentiality, and guarantee the safety of IoT users, infrastructures,data, and devices. Authentication, as the first line of defense against security threats, becomes the priority ofeveryone. It can either grant or deny users access to resources according to their legitimacy. As a result, studyingand researching authentication issues within IoT is extremely important. As a result, studying and researchingauthentication issues within IoT is extremely important. This article presents a comparative study of recent researchin IoT security;it provides an analysis of recent authentication protocols from2019 to 2023 that cover several areaswithin IoT (such as smart cities, healthcare, and industry). This survey sought to provide an IoT security researchsummary, the biggest susceptibilities, and attacks, the appropriate technologies, and the most used simulators. Itillustrates that the resistance of protocols against attacks, and their computational and communication cost arelinked directly to the cryptography technique used to build it. Furthermore, it discusses the gaps in recent schemesand provides some future research directions.

Joint Authentication Public Network Cryptographic Key Distribution Protocol Based on Single Exposure Compressive Ghost Imaging

In the existing ghost-imaging-based cryptographic key distribution(GCKD)protocols,the cryptographic keys need to be encoded by using many modulated patterns,which undoubtedly incurs long measurement time and huge memory consumption.Given this,based on snapshot compressive ghost imaging,a public network cryptographic key distribution protocol is proposed,where the cryptographic keys and joint authentication information are encrypted into several color block diagrams to guarantee security.It transforms the previous single-pixel sequential multiple measurements into multi-pixel single exposure measurements,significantly reducing sampling time and memory storage.Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this protocol and its ability to detect illegal attacks.Therefore,it takes GCKD a big step closer to practical applications.

A Blockchain-Based Efficient Cross-Domain Authentication Scheme for Internet of Vehicles

The Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is extensively deployed in outdoor and open environments to effectively address traffic efficiency and safety issues by connecting vehicles to the network.However,due to the open and variable nature of its network topology,vehicles frequently engage in cross-domain interactions.During such processes,directly uploading sensitive information to roadside units for interaction may expose it to malicious tampering or interception by attackers,thus compromising the security of the cross-domain authentication process.Additionally,IoV imposes high real-time requirements,and existing cross-domain authentication schemes for IoV often encounter efficiency issues.To mitigate these challenges,we propose CAIoV,a blockchain-based efficient cross-domain authentication scheme for IoV.This scheme comprehensively integrates technologies such as zero-knowledge proofs,smart contracts,and Merkle hash tree structures.It divides the cross-domain process into anonymous cross-domain authentication and safe cross-domain authentication phases to ensure efficiency while maintaining a balance between efficiency and security.Finally,we evaluate the performance of CAIoV.Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed scheme reduces computational overhead by approximately 20%,communication overhead by around 10%,and storage overhead by nearly 30%.

Privacy Enhanced Mobile User Authentication Method Using Motion Sensors

With the development of hardware devices and the upgrading of smartphones,a large number of users save privacy-related information in mobile devices,mainly smartphones,which puts forward higher demands on the protection of mobile users’privacy information.At present,mobile user authenticationmethods based on humancomputer interaction have been extensively studied due to their advantages of high precision and non-perception,but there are still shortcomings such as low data collection efficiency,untrustworthy participating nodes,and lack of practicability.To this end,this paper proposes a privacy-enhanced mobile user authentication method with motion sensors,which mainly includes:(1)Construct a smart contract-based private chain and federated learning to improve the data collection efficiency of mobile user authentication,reduce the probability of the model being bypassed by attackers,and reduce the overhead of data centralized processing and the risk of privacy leakage;(2)Use certificateless encryption to realize the authentication of the device to ensure the credibility of the client nodes participating in the calculation;(3)Combine Variational Mode Decomposition(VMD)and Long Short-TermMemory(LSTM)to analyze and model the motion sensor data of mobile devices to improve the accuracy of model certification.The experimental results on the real environment dataset of 1513 people show that themethod proposed in this paper can effectively resist poisoning attacks while ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of mobile user authentication.

A Post-Quantum Cross-Domain Authentication Scheme Based on Multi-Chain Architecture

Due to the rapid advancements in network technology,blockchain is being employed for distributed data storage.In the Internet of Things(IoT)scenario,different participants manage multiple blockchains located in different trust domains,which has resulted in the extensive development of cross-domain authentication techniques.However,the emergence of many attackers equipped with quantum computers has the potential to launch quantum computing attacks against cross-domain authentication schemes based on traditional cryptography,posing a significant security threat.In response to the aforementioned challenges,our paper demonstrates a post-quantum cross-domain identity authentication scheme to negotiate the session key used in the cross-chain asset exchange process.Firstly,our paper designs the hiding and recovery process of user identity index based on lattice cryptography and introduces the identity-based signature from lattice to construct a post-quantum cross-domain authentication scheme.Secondly,our paper utilizes the hashed time-locked contract to achieves the cross-chain asset exchange of blockchain nodes in different trust domains.Furthermore,the security analysis reduces the security of the identity index and signature to Learning With Errors(LWE)and Short Integer Solution(SIS)assumption,respectively,indicating that our scheme has post-quantum security.Last but not least,through comparison analysis,we display that our scheme is efficient compared with the cross-domain authentication scheme based on traditional cryptography.

Artificial intelligence in physiological characteristics recognition for internet of things authentication

Effective user authentication is key to ensuring equipment security,data privacy,and personalized services in Internet of Things(IoT)systems.However,conventional mode-based authentication methods(e.g.,passwords and smart cards)may be vulnerable to a broad range of attacks(e.g.,eavesdropping and side-channel attacks).Hence,there have been attempts to design biometric-based authentication solutions,which rely on physiological and behavioral characteristics.Behavioral characteristics need continuous monitoring and specific environmental settings,which can be challenging to implement in practice.However,we can also leverage Artificial Intelligence(AI)in the extraction and classification of physiological characteristics from IoT devices processing to facilitate authentication.Thus,we review the literature on the use of AI in physiological characteristics recognition pub-lished after 2015.We use the three-layer architecture of the IoT(i.e.,sensing layer,feature layer,and algorithm layer)to guide the discussion of existing approaches and their limitations.We also identify a number of future research opportunities,which will hopefully guide the design of next generation solutions.

Chaotic Map-Based Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol with Low-Latency for Metasystem

With the rapid advancement in exploring perceptual interactions and digital twins,metaverse technology has emerged to transcend the constraints of space-time and reality,facilitating remote AI-based collaboration.In this dynamic metasystem environment,frequent information exchanges necessitate robust security measures,with Authentication and Key Agreement(AKA)serving as the primary line of defense to ensure communication security.However,traditional AKA protocols fall short in meeting the low-latency requirements essential for synchronous interactions within the metaverse.To address this challenge and enable nearly latency-free interactions,a novel low-latency AKA protocol based on chaotic maps is proposed.This protocol not only ensures mutual authentication of entities within the metasystem but also generates secure session keys.The security of these session keys is rigorously validated through formal proofs,formal verification,and informal proofs.When confronted with the Dolev-Yao(DY)threat model,the session keys are formally demonstrated to be secure under the Real-or-Random(ROR)model.The proposed protocol is further validated through simulations conducted using VMware workstation compiled in HLPSL language and C language.The simulation results affirm the protocol’s effectiveness in resisting well-known attacks while achieving the desired low latency for optimal metaverse interactions.

Recent Developments in Authentication Schemes Used in Machine-Type Communication Devices in Machine-to-Machine Communication: Issues and Challenges

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication plays a fundamental role in autonomous IoT (Internet of Things)-based infrastructure, a vital part of the fourth industrial revolution. Machine-type communication devices(MTCDs) regularly share extensive data without human intervention while making all types of decisions. Thesedecisions may involve controlling sensitive ventilation systems maintaining uniform temperature, live heartbeatmonitoring, and several different alert systems. Many of these devices simultaneously share data to form anautomated system. The data shared between machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) is prone to risk dueto limited computational power, internal memory, and energy capacity. Therefore, securing the data and devicesbecomes challenging due to factors such as dynamic operational environments, remoteness, harsh conditions,and areas where human physical access is difficult. One of the crucial parts of securing MTCDs and data isauthentication, where each devicemust be verified before data transmission. SeveralM2Mauthentication schemeshave been proposed in the literature, however, the literature lacks a comprehensive overview of current M2Mauthentication techniques and the challenges associated with them. To utilize a suitable authentication schemefor specific scenarios, it is important to understand the challenges associated with it. Therefore, this article fillsthis gap by reviewing the state-of-the-art research on authentication schemes in MTCDs specifically concerningapplication categories, security provisions, and performance efficiency.

A blockchain-empowered authentication scheme for worm detection in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a distributed sensor network composed a large number of nodes with low cost,low performance and self-management.The special structure of WSN brings both convenience and vulnerability.For example,a malicious participant can launch attacks by capturing a physical device.Therefore,node authentication that can resist malicious attacks is very important to network security.Recently,blockchain technology has shown the potential to enhance the security of the Internet of Things(IoT).In this paper,we propose a Blockchain-empowered Authentication Scheme(BAS)for WSN.In our scheme,all nodes are managed by utilizing the identity information stored on the blockchain.Besides,the simulation experiment about worm detection is executed on BAS,and the security is evaluated from detection and infection rate.The experiment results indicate that the proposed scheme can effectively inhibit the spread and infection of worms in the network.

Anti-Spoofing:Integrated Information Authentication of BeiDou-ⅡCivil Navigation Message

The BeiDou-Ⅱcivil navigation message(BDⅡ-CNAV)is transmitted in an open environment and no information integrity protection measures are provided.Hence,the BDⅡ-CNAV faces the threat of spoofing attacks,which can lead to wrong location reports and time indication.In order to deal with this threat,we proposed a scheme of anti-spoofing for BDⅡ-CNAV based on integrated information authentication.This scheme generates two type authentication information,one is authentication code information(ACI),which is applied to confirm the authenticity and reliability of satellite time information,and the other is signature information,which is used to authenticate the integrity of satellite location information and other information.Both authentication information is designed to embed into the reserved bits in BDⅡ-CNAV without changing the frame structure.In order to avoid authentication failure caused by public key error or key error,the key or public key prompt information(KPKPI)are designed to remind the receiver to update both keys in time.Experimental results indicate that the scheme can successfully detect spoofing attacks,and the authentication delay is less than 1%of the transmission delay,which meets the requirements of BDⅡ-CNAV information authentication.

A novel hybrid authentication protocol utilizing lattice-based cryptography for IoT devices in fog networks

The Internet of Things(IoT)has taken the interconnected world by storm.Due to their immense applicability,IoT devices are being scaled at exponential proportions worldwide.But,very little focus has been given to securing such devices.As these devices are constrained in numerous aspects,it leaves network designers and administrators with no choice but to deploy them with minimal or no security at all.We have seen distributed denial-ofservice attacks being raised using such devices during the infamous Mirai botnet attack in 2016.Therefore we propose a lightweight authentication protocol to provide proper access to such devices.We have considered several aspects while designing our authentication protocol,such as scalability,movement,user registration,device registration,etc.To define the architecture we used a three-layered model consisting of cloud,fog,and edge devices.We have also proposed several pre-existing cipher suites based on post-quantum cryptography for evaluation and usage.We also provide a fail-safe mechanism for a situation where an authenticating server might fail,and the deployed IoT devices can self-organize to keep providing services with no human intervention.We find that our protocol works the fastest when using ring learning with errors.We prove the safety of our authentication protocol using the automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications tool.In conclusion,we propose a safe,hybrid,and fast authentication protocol for authenticating IoT devices in a fog computing environment.

Securing the Internet of Health Things with Certificateless Anonymous Authentication Scheme

Internet of Health Things(IoHT)is a subset of Internet of Things(IoT)technology that includes interconnected medical devices and sensors used in medical and healthcare information systems.However,IoHT is susceptible to cybersecurity threats due to its reliance on low-power biomedical devices and the use of open wireless channels for communication.In this article,we intend to address this shortcoming,and as a result,we propose a new scheme called,the certificateless anonymous authentication(CAA)scheme.The proposed scheme is based on hyperelliptic curve cryptography(HECC),an enhanced variant of elliptic curve cryptography(ECC)that employs a smaller key size of 80 bits as compared to 160 bits.The proposed scheme is secure against various attacks in both formal and informal security analyses.The formal study makes use of the Real-or-Random(ROR)model.A thorough comparative study of the proposed scheme is conducted for the security and efficiency of the proposed scheme with the relevant existing schemes.The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only ensures high security for health-related data but also increases efficiency.The proposed scheme’s computation cost is 2.88 ms,and the communication cost is 1440 bits,which shows its better efficiency compared to its counterpart schemes.

Improving Smart Home Security via MQTT: Maximizing Data Privacy and Device Authentication Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography

The rapid adoption of Internet of Things(IoT)technologies has introduced significant security challenges across the physical,network,and application layers,particularly with the widespread use of the Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT)protocol,which,while efficient in bandwidth consumption,lacks inherent security features,making it vulnerable to various cyber threats.This research addresses these challenges by presenting a secure,lightweight communication proxy that enhances the scalability and security of MQTT-based Internet of Things(IoT)networks.The proposed solution builds upon the Dang-Scheme,a mutual authentication protocol designed explicitly for resource-constrained environments and enhances it using Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC).This integration significantly improves device authentication,data confidentiality,and energy efficiency,achieving an 87.68%increase in data confidentiality and up to 77.04%energy savings during publish/subscribe communications in smart homes.The Middleware Broker System dynamically manages transaction keys and session IDs,offering robust defences against common cyber threats like impersonation and brute-force attacks.Penetration testing with tools such as Hydra and Nmap further validated the system’s security,demonstrating its potential to significantly improve the security and efficiency of IoT networks while underscoring the need for ongoing research to combat emerging threats.