Since the 1970s, the studies on the geography of enterprise have become increasingly concerned with the spatial evolution of an enterprises in the West developed countries. However, little attention has so far been g...Since the 1970s, the studies on the geography of enterprise have become increasingly concerned with the spatial evolution of an enterprises in the West developed countries. However, little attention has so far been given to the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. With China's ongoing economy and political reforms, a number of fundamental changes of enterprise behavior have occurred. These changes have certainly important influences on the evolution of industrial location. Therefore, there is a need for examining the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. The purpose of the paper is to review the mapjor models of both the growth,and associated spatial evolution of an enterprise, with an illustrative case study of the HeaVy Automobile Enterprise Group of China. The paper is organized by three parts. The first examines the spoilal groWth and location adjustment of multi-plant enterprise. The second reviews mapjor models of the spatial evolution of an enterprise. And the third analyzes the spatial evolution, over a period of time, of a representative sample of the Heavy Automobile Enterprise Group of China, and illustrates the findings with case studies. It is suggested that the models of spatial evolution of an enterprise would provide more evidence about micro-mechanism for evolution of micro- regional economic systems.展开更多
Heat exchanger networks(HENs)in separated plants can be simultaneously synthesized through process streams directly or intermediate fluids indirectly.However,the direct and indirect methods are studied separately in m...Heat exchanger networks(HENs)in separated plants can be simultaneously synthesized through process streams directly or intermediate fluids indirectly.However,the direct and indirect methods are studied separately in most existing researches.As the result,conventional designs are probably suboptimal,because optimal solutions may call for hybrid approach wherein direct and indirect integration methods are used synchronously.To circumvent this drawback aforementioned,we propose in this research a novel methodology to synthesize multi-plant HENs considering both direct and indirect approaches.The methodology employs a novel superstructure covering most potential topologies for both interplant and intra-plant heat integration.We also take into account multiple kinds of intermediate fluids for indirect integration and this has not been fully addressed in previous research.A mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)is formulated to optimize multi-plant HENs involving indirect and direct methods.One example from existing literature and one industrial problem are solved to demonstrate the methodology’s capability.展开更多
Hester-Dendy (HD) multi-plate samplers have been widely used by state and federal government agencies for bioassessment of water quality through use of macroinvertebrate community data. To help guide remediation and r...Hester-Dendy (HD) multi-plate samplers have been widely used by state and federal government agencies for bioassessment of water quality through use of macroinvertebrate community data. To help guide remediation and restoration efforts at the Niagara River Great Lakes Area of Concern site, a multi-agency study was conducted in 2014 to assess the contribution of seven major urban tributaries on the US side of the river toward the impairment of the Niagara River. As part of this study, macroinvertebrate communities were sampled using two co-located versions of HD samplers: one version used by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and another by the US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. Samplers were deployed in tributaries in highly developed watersheds with high percent impervious surface. The two sampling methods varied in terms of number and size of plates, between-plate spacing, and deployment method. Comparison of the similarity/grouping of communities with multivariate ordination techniques, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling and Multi-Response Permutation Procedure, showed that both methods were able to detect differences in communities at stations, despite some grouping by month and method. The indices and metrics derived from the two HD methods were found to give comparable but not identical assessments of water quality. Despite their differences, the methods were robust with respect to water quality categories derived from indices used nationally (HBI) and by NY state (BAP). For the common richness metrics, total taxa and EPT richness, there was no statistical difference between means from 3 samplings. Some metrics, especially percent tolerant collector-gatherer individuals, did show significant differences at certain stations. Indicator Species Analysis showed some taxa associated with each method. The observed community differences were thought mostly due to the difference in sampler deployment position. .展开更多
The purpose of this study is to verify an 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model estimating the temperature distribution on the interface between polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer at cathode in single cell o...The purpose of this study is to verify an 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model estimating the temperature distribution on the interface between polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer at cathode in single cell of polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which is named as reaction surface in this study, with a 3D numerical simulation model solving many governing equations on the coupling phenomena in the cell. The results from both models/simulations agreed well. The effects of initial operation temperature, flow rate, and relative humidity of supply gas on temperature distribution on the reaction surface were also investigated. It was found in both 1D and 3D simulations that, the temperature rise （i.e., Treact-Tini） of the reaction surface from initial operation temperature at 70℃ was higher than that at 80℃ irrespective of flow rate of supply gas. The effect of relative humidity of supply gas on Treact- Tini near the inlet of the cell was small. Compared to the previous studies conducted under the similar operation conditions, the Treact - Tini calculated by 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model in this study as well as numerical simulation using 3D model was reasonable.展开更多
建立一种采用液相色谱法同时测定亚麻荠植株中8种酚酸和黄酮化合物含量的方法,并探讨亚麻荠植株醇提物的体外抗氧化活性。试验确定采用体积分数75%乙醇回流提取样品,选用Angilent Eclipse XDB plus C_(18)柱为色谱柱。结果表明:8种化合...建立一种采用液相色谱法同时测定亚麻荠植株中8种酚酸和黄酮化合物含量的方法,并探讨亚麻荠植株醇提物的体外抗氧化活性。试验确定采用体积分数75%乙醇回流提取样品,选用Angilent Eclipse XDB plus C_(18)柱为色谱柱。结果表明:8种化合物的标准曲线回归方程线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;8种化合物的加标回收率为95.26%~102.61%,建立的方法可以对不同产地的亚麻荠植株样品进行区分。抗氧化试验表明,亚麻荠植株醇提取物对羟基自由基与DPPH自由基具有较好的清除能力。展开更多
基于多目标在区域尺度实现河套灌区秋浇模式的优化对保证灌区粮食安全、用水安全和生态安全具有重要意义。基于率定验证后的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型对2000-2017年河套灌区不同秋浇模式和种植条件下的模拟结果,以作物产量、水分生产力(Wat...基于多目标在区域尺度实现河套灌区秋浇模式的优化对保证灌区粮食安全、用水安全和生态安全具有重要意义。基于率定验证后的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型对2000-2017年河套灌区不同秋浇模式和种植条件下的模拟结果,以作物产量、水分生产力(Water Productivity,WP)、地下水埋深(Groundwater Depth,GWD)、土壤含水量(Soil Water Content,SWC)和土壤含盐量(Soil Salt Content,SSC)为评价指标,通过AHP-CRITIC-熵值法-TOPSIS综合评价法,分别对河套灌区3种主要作物(春小麦、春玉米和向日葵)种植条件下适宜的秋浇模式进行优选和评价,并对3种主要作物在推荐秋浇模式下的种植结构进行初步区划。结果显示:在推荐的秋浇模式下河套灌区3种作物的多年平均产量分别为4945、8332和3496 kg/hm^(2),多年平均WP分别为1.15、1.82和1.04 kg/m^(3),节省秋浇引黄灌溉水量约14.8%~30.7%。基于推荐的秋浇模式区划后春小麦、春玉米和向日葵的种植面积分别占灌区总面积的21.1%、37.8%和41.1%,在此种植结构下可节省约3.04亿m^(3)的秋浇引黄灌溉水量。展开更多
分布式资源(distributed energy resources,DERs)的随机元素会引起多虚拟电厂(multi-virtual power plant,MVPP)系统内虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)策略频繁变化。对于某主体,如何感知其他主体策略突然变化时对自身收益的影响趋势...分布式资源(distributed energy resources,DERs)的随机元素会引起多虚拟电厂(multi-virtual power plant,MVPP)系统内虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)策略频繁变化。对于某主体,如何感知其他主体策略突然变化时对自身收益的影响趋势,并快速调整自身策略,是亟需解决的难点。该文提出基于二阶随机动力学的多虚拟电厂自趋优能量管理策略,旨在提升VPP应对其他主体策略变化时的自治能力。首先,针对DERs异质运行特性,聚焦可调空间构建VPP聚合运行模型;然后,基于随机图描绘VPP策略变化的随机特性;其次,用二阶随机动力学方程(stochastic dynamic equation,SDE)探索VPP收益结构的自发演化信息,修正其他主体策略变化时自身综合收益;再次,将修正收益作为融合软动作-评价(integrated soft actor–critic,ISAC)强化学习算法的奖励搭建多智能体求解框架。最后,设计多算法对比实验,验证了该文策略的自趋优性能。展开更多
文摘Since the 1970s, the studies on the geography of enterprise have become increasingly concerned with the spatial evolution of an enterprises in the West developed countries. However, little attention has so far been given to the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. With China's ongoing economy and political reforms, a number of fundamental changes of enterprise behavior have occurred. These changes have certainly important influences on the evolution of industrial location. Therefore, there is a need for examining the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. The purpose of the paper is to review the mapjor models of both the growth,and associated spatial evolution of an enterprise, with an illustrative case study of the HeaVy Automobile Enterprise Group of China. The paper is organized by three parts. The first examines the spoilal groWth and location adjustment of multi-plant enterprise. The second reviews mapjor models of the spatial evolution of an enterprise. And the third analyzes the spatial evolution, over a period of time, of a representative sample of the Heavy Automobile Enterprise Group of China, and illustrates the findings with case studies. It is suggested that the models of spatial evolution of an enterprise would provide more evidence about micro-mechanism for evolution of micro- regional economic systems.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21476256)Science Foundation of China University of PetroleumBeijing(Nos.2462017BJB03&2462018BJC004)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Heat exchanger networks(HENs)in separated plants can be simultaneously synthesized through process streams directly or intermediate fluids indirectly.However,the direct and indirect methods are studied separately in most existing researches.As the result,conventional designs are probably suboptimal,because optimal solutions may call for hybrid approach wherein direct and indirect integration methods are used synchronously.To circumvent this drawback aforementioned,we propose in this research a novel methodology to synthesize multi-plant HENs considering both direct and indirect approaches.The methodology employs a novel superstructure covering most potential topologies for both interplant and intra-plant heat integration.We also take into account multiple kinds of intermediate fluids for indirect integration and this has not been fully addressed in previous research.A mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)is formulated to optimize multi-plant HENs involving indirect and direct methods.One example from existing literature and one industrial problem are solved to demonstrate the methodology’s capability.
文摘Hester-Dendy (HD) multi-plate samplers have been widely used by state and federal government agencies for bioassessment of water quality through use of macroinvertebrate community data. To help guide remediation and restoration efforts at the Niagara River Great Lakes Area of Concern site, a multi-agency study was conducted in 2014 to assess the contribution of seven major urban tributaries on the US side of the river toward the impairment of the Niagara River. As part of this study, macroinvertebrate communities were sampled using two co-located versions of HD samplers: one version used by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and another by the US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. Samplers were deployed in tributaries in highly developed watersheds with high percent impervious surface. The two sampling methods varied in terms of number and size of plates, between-plate spacing, and deployment method. Comparison of the similarity/grouping of communities with multivariate ordination techniques, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling and Multi-Response Permutation Procedure, showed that both methods were able to detect differences in communities at stations, despite some grouping by month and method. The indices and metrics derived from the two HD methods were found to give comparable but not identical assessments of water quality. Despite their differences, the methods were robust with respect to water quality categories derived from indices used nationally (HBI) and by NY state (BAP). For the common richness metrics, total taxa and EPT richness, there was no statistical difference between means from 3 samplings. Some metrics, especially percent tolerant collector-gatherer individuals, did show significant differences at certain stations. Indicator Species Analysis showed some taxa associated with each method. The observed community differences were thought mostly due to the difference in sampler deployment position. .
文摘The purpose of this study is to verify an 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model estimating the temperature distribution on the interface between polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer at cathode in single cell of polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which is named as reaction surface in this study, with a 3D numerical simulation model solving many governing equations on the coupling phenomena in the cell. The results from both models/simulations agreed well. The effects of initial operation temperature, flow rate, and relative humidity of supply gas on temperature distribution on the reaction surface were also investigated. It was found in both 1D and 3D simulations that, the temperature rise （i.e., Treact-Tini） of the reaction surface from initial operation temperature at 70℃ was higher than that at 80℃ irrespective of flow rate of supply gas. The effect of relative humidity of supply gas on Treact- Tini near the inlet of the cell was small. Compared to the previous studies conducted under the similar operation conditions, the Treact - Tini calculated by 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model in this study as well as numerical simulation using 3D model was reasonable.
文摘建立一种采用液相色谱法同时测定亚麻荠植株中8种酚酸和黄酮化合物含量的方法,并探讨亚麻荠植株醇提物的体外抗氧化活性。试验确定采用体积分数75%乙醇回流提取样品,选用Angilent Eclipse XDB plus C_(18)柱为色谱柱。结果表明:8种化合物的标准曲线回归方程线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;8种化合物的加标回收率为95.26%~102.61%,建立的方法可以对不同产地的亚麻荠植株样品进行区分。抗氧化试验表明,亚麻荠植株醇提取物对羟基自由基与DPPH自由基具有较好的清除能力。
文摘基于多目标在区域尺度实现河套灌区秋浇模式的优化对保证灌区粮食安全、用水安全和生态安全具有重要意义。基于率定验证后的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型对2000-2017年河套灌区不同秋浇模式和种植条件下的模拟结果,以作物产量、水分生产力(Water Productivity,WP)、地下水埋深(Groundwater Depth,GWD)、土壤含水量(Soil Water Content,SWC)和土壤含盐量(Soil Salt Content,SSC)为评价指标,通过AHP-CRITIC-熵值法-TOPSIS综合评价法,分别对河套灌区3种主要作物(春小麦、春玉米和向日葵)种植条件下适宜的秋浇模式进行优选和评价,并对3种主要作物在推荐秋浇模式下的种植结构进行初步区划。结果显示:在推荐的秋浇模式下河套灌区3种作物的多年平均产量分别为4945、8332和3496 kg/hm^(2),多年平均WP分别为1.15、1.82和1.04 kg/m^(3),节省秋浇引黄灌溉水量约14.8%~30.7%。基于推荐的秋浇模式区划后春小麦、春玉米和向日葵的种植面积分别占灌区总面积的21.1%、37.8%和41.1%,在此种植结构下可节省约3.04亿m^(3)的秋浇引黄灌溉水量。
文摘分布式资源(distributed energy resources,DERs)的随机元素会引起多虚拟电厂(multi-virtual power plant,MVPP)系统内虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)策略频繁变化。对于某主体,如何感知其他主体策略突然变化时对自身收益的影响趋势,并快速调整自身策略,是亟需解决的难点。该文提出基于二阶随机动力学的多虚拟电厂自趋优能量管理策略,旨在提升VPP应对其他主体策略变化时的自治能力。首先,针对DERs异质运行特性,聚焦可调空间构建VPP聚合运行模型;然后,基于随机图描绘VPP策略变化的随机特性;其次,用二阶随机动力学方程(stochastic dynamic equation,SDE)探索VPP收益结构的自发演化信息,修正其他主体策略变化时自身综合收益;再次,将修正收益作为融合软动作-评价(integrated soft actor–critic,ISAC)强化学习算法的奖励搭建多智能体求解框架。最后,设计多算法对比实验,验证了该文策略的自趋优性能。
