Effects of anions on the structural regulation of Zn‑salen‑modified metal‑organic cage

By virtue of a 3∶1 complementary coordination strategy,a chiral heteroleptic metal-organic cage that con-tains divergent functional units,Pd‑R(Zn),was precisely constructed via self-assembly of monodentate variational Zn-salen ligands RZn and NADH(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)mimic modified tridentate ligands with square-planar Pd ions.UV-Vis and luminescence spectra experiments reveal that different anions could selec-tively interact with different sites of Zn-salen modified metal-organic cages to achieve the structural regulation of cage compound,by using the differentiated host-guest electrostatic interactions of counter ions with metal-organic hosts.Compared to other anions,the presence of chloride ions caused the most significant fluorescence emission enhancement of Pd‑R(Zn),meanwhile,the UV-Vis absorption band attributed to the salen aromatic backbone showed an absorption decrease,and the metal-to-ligand induced peak displayed a blue shift effect.Circular dichro-ism and ^(1)H NMR spectra further demonstrate that the introduction of chloride anions is beneficial to keeping a more rigid scaffold.

THE BI DIRECTIONAL REGULATION OF FILAMIN ON THE ATPase ACTIVITY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE MYOSIN

The aim of this study is to investigate the functional relationship between filamin, a known actin binding protein, and myosin and the effects of filamin on the interaction between myosin and actin. Methods.Ultra centrifugation method was used to investigate the binding of filamin to both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated myosins. Mg ATPase activities of both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated myosins in the presence and absence of actin were measured to observe the effects resulted from filamin actin and filamin myosin interactions. Results. It was found that filamin is also a myosin binding protein. Filamin inhibited the actin activated Mg ATPase activity of phosphorylated myosin and stimulated Mg ATPase of phosphorylated myosin in the absence of actin; in addition, filamin stimulated Mg ATPase activity of unphosphorylated myosin in both the presence or absence of actin. Conclusion. The results suggest that the effects of filamin on the myosin Mg ATPase activities are bi directional, i.e., stimulatory via binding to myosin and inhibitory via binding to actin.

Polyploid Gene Expression and Regulation in Polysomic Polyploids

Polyploidization is one of the most crucial pathways in introducing speciation and broadening biodiversity, especially in the Plant Kingdom. Although the majority of studies have focused only on allopolyploid or disomic polyploids, polysomic polyploid species have occurred frequently in higher plants. Due to the occurrence of the capabilities of more copies of alleles in a locus which can have additive dosage effects and/or allelic interactions, polysomic polyploids can lead to unique gene regulations to silence or adjust the expression level to create variations in organ size, metabolic products, and abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance, etc. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the contemporary understanding and findings concerning the molecular mechanisms of gene expression as well as gene regulation in natural typed and resynthesized polysomic polyploid plants. The review investigates the molecular level of phenomena in polysomic polyploid plants such as 1) typically enlarging organ size and stabilizing meiosis, 2) increasing phytochemical content and metabolic products, 3) enhancing the ability to adapt with biotic and abiotic stress, and 4) changing in gene regulation to silence or adjust the expression levels involve in sequence elimination, methylation, gene suppression, subfunctionalization, neo-functionalization, and transposon activation.

The soybean PLATZ transcription factor GmPLATZ17 suppresses drought tolerance by interfering with stress-associated gene regulation of GmDREB5

Plant AT-rich sequence and zinc binding(PLATZ)transcription factors are a class of plant specific zincdependent DNA-binding proteins that function in abiotic stress response and plant development.In this study,31 GmPLATZ genes were identified in soybean.GmPLATZ17 was down-regulated by drought and exogenous abscisic acid.Transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots overexpressing GmPLATZ17 showed drought sensitivity and inhibition of stress-associated gene transcription.In contrast,suppressed expression of GmPLATZ17 led to increased drought tolerance in transgenic soybean hairy roots.The GmPLATZ17 protein was verified to interact physically with the GmDREB5 transcription factor,and overexpression of GmDREB5 increased drought tolerance in soybean hairy roots.Interaction of GmPLATZ17 with GmDREB5 was shown to interfere with the DRE-binding activity of GmDREB5,suppressing downstream stress-associated gene expression.These results show that GmPLATZ17 inhibits drought tolerance by interacting with GmDREB5.This study sheds light on PLATZ transcription factors and the function of GmPLATZ17 in regulating drought sensitivity.

The Government Regulation of Economy Transformations in Terms of the Multinational Entrepreneurship Development and Technological Progress

In this paper, the mechanisms and principles of economic regulation from the classical and modem approaches standpoints were analyzed, the typical for world economic theory trends of the government＇s economic role elaboration, of the government regulatory authority, reducing in favor of market self-organization was argued. The transnationalization as a factor of government regulation mechanisms modernization was estimated and the perspectives of government and MNC interactions development in the modem world were evaluated. The recommendations for improving the government economical regulation infrastructure and mechanisms due to the conditions of economy globalizing, transnational business developing, technologies progressing were presented

Radial glia interact with primary olfactory axons to regulate development of the olfactory bulb

The developing olfactory system - merging of the periph- eral and central nervous systems： The olfactory system is responsible for the sense of smell and is comprised of a complex topographic map that regenerates throughout life. In rodents each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one of N 1,300 odorant receptors with the neurons being distributed mosaically within the epithelium. The axons of the sensory neurons do not maintain near-neighbour relationships and instead project to disparate topographic targets in the olfac- tory bulb within the central nervous system. The develop- ment of the targets relies on the intermingling of the sensory axons with the interneurons, glia and second order neurons of the olfactory bulb. Thus the formation of the olfactory system involves the coordinated integration of the axons of the peripheral olfactory sensory neurons with the cells of the olfactory bulb.

Attachment Styles and Traumatic Responses: Exploring the Impact of Parental Interaction on Child Development and Coping Mechanisms

This article explores the intricate relationship between attachment styles formed during early childhood and the subsequent responses to traumatic events, particularly the death of a parent. Drawing on the theoretical framework of attachment theory and incorporating contemporary research, the paper discusses how parental interactions shape the neural circuitry of infants and children, influencing their ability to form secure or insecure attachments. These attachment styles, in turn, play a critical role in determining the child’s coping mechanisms when faced with trauma. This paper focuses on trying to understand how attachment theory is connected to the reaction to trauma with a highlight on the four major styles of attachments which are secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized to mention but a few, and how they influence stress and adversity in children. Attachment theory holds that human beings’ ability to form affectional bonds in infancy determines their patterns of relatedness across the life cycle. The type of attachment that is secure usually supports healthy adaptation and good coping mechanisms regardless of the trauma in the childhood of the child. While secure attachment mostly facilitates favorable trauma-related outcomes, anxious or avoidant attachment can exacerbate or alter the responses. The caregiving system that is avoidant attachment has implications of autonomous self-functioning which has features of suppression of the emotional response and poor search for emotional support during stress. From the principles of developmental psychology and trauma theory, the paper also focuses on the major significance of the child’s early caregivers’ interactions that define the resilience and vulnerability factor. This knowledge is therefore critical in designing specific interventions based on the improvement of coping behaviors and emotional regulatory systems of children who have been exposed to trauma. Finally, we have the synthesis of new knowledge about the role of secure attachment relationships as its fundamental element in shaping adaptive traumatization and psychological development. The article also delves into the physiological processes involved in emotional regulation and the role of cortisol in disrupting attachment. Finally, the implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions and the challenges of addressing prolonged grief and traumatic responses in clinical settings are considered.

piR-7472影响电压调控钾离子通道促进小鼠成骨细胞分化的机制

背景:现有研究在PIWI相互作用RNA(piRNA)抗骨质疏松方面取得了重大进展,但piRNA发挥功能的具体靶点和相关机制仍有待探索。目的:探讨piR-7472对小鼠成骨细胞(MC3T3-E1细胞)分化的影响及下游机制。方法:①12只C57/BL6J小鼠随机分为假手术组和卵巢切除组,每组6只,术后8周通过Micro-CT检测小鼠的骨量,RT-qPCR检测piR-7472的表达;②将MC3T3-E1细胞分为NC mimics组、piR-7472 mimics组、NC inhibitor组与piR-7472 inhibitor组,转染后成骨诱导7 d采用RT-qPCR检测piR-7472、骨桥蛋白、胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Runt相关转录因子2、钾电压门控通道调节因子亚家族F成员1 mRNA的表达;成骨诱导7 d采用Western blot检测骨桥蛋白、Runt相关转录因子2、骨形态发生蛋白2、钾电压门控通道调节因子亚家族F成员1(KCNF1)蛋白表达;成骨诱导14 d通过碱性磷酸酶染色检测碱性磷酸酶的表达;成骨诱导21 d通过茜素红染色检测矿化结节数量;③双荧光素酶报告基因实验观察piR-7472是否能与钾电压门控通道调节因子亚家族F成员1相结合。结果与结论:①与假手术组相比,卵巢切除组小鼠骨密度、骨体积分数、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁数量明显下降,骨小梁分离度明显升高,并且骨组织中piR-7472 mRNA表达明显下调;②与NC组相比,piR-7472 mimics组骨桥蛋白、胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Runt相关转录因子2的mRNA表达明显升高,骨桥蛋白、Runt相关转录因子2、骨形态发生蛋白2的蛋白表达明显升高,矿化沉积与碱性磷酸酶表达增多;与NC inhibitor组相比,piR-7472 inhibitor组骨桥蛋白、胶原蛋白Ⅰ、Runt相关转录因子2的mRNA表达明显降低,骨桥蛋白、Runt相关转录因子2、骨形态发生蛋白2的蛋白表达明显降低,矿化沉积与碱性磷酸酶表达降低;③通过miRanda数据库预测发现piR-7472能与KCNF1相互作用;双荧光素酶报告基因实验发现piR-7472 mimcis能与钾电压门控通道调节因子亚家族F成员1结合并促进其表达。结果表明:piR-7472能够促进成骨前体细胞MC3T3-E1成骨分化,其发挥作用的机制可能是通过促进KCNF1表达实现的。

Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) in environmental catalysis: Mechanisms, application, regulation strategies, and breakthroughs

The strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)in supported catalysts plays a dominant role in catalytic degradation,upgrading,and remanufacturing of environmental pollutants.Previous studies have shown that SMSI is crucial in supported catalysts'activity and stability.However,for redox reactions catalyzed in environmental catalysis,the enhancement mechanism of SMSI-induced oxygen vacancy and electron transfer needs to be clarified.Additionally,the precise control of SMSI interface sites remains to be fully understood.Here we provide a systematic review of SMSI's catalytic mechanisms and control strategies in purifying gaseous pollutants,treating organic wastewater,and valorizing biomass solid waste.We explore the adsorption and activation mechanisms of SMSI in redox reactions by examining interfacial electron transfer,interfacial oxygen vacancy,and interfacial acidic sites.Furthermore,we develop a precise regulation strategy of SMSI from systematical perspectives of interface effect,crystal facet effect,size effect,guest ion doping,and modification effect.Importantly,we point out the drawbacks and breakthrough directions for SMSI regulation in environmental catalysis,including partial encapsulation strategy,size optimization strategy,interface oxygen vacancy strategy,and multi-component strategy.This review article provides the potential applications of SMSI and offers guidance for its controlled regulation in environmental catalysis.

Analysis of Protein Interactions:Probing the Function of Proteins with Yeast Two-Hybrid System

The yeast two\|hybrid system is a molecular genetic approach for protein interaction and it is widely used to screen for proteins that interact with a protein of interest in recent years.This process includes,construction and testing of the bait plasmid,screening a plasmid library for interacting fusion protein,elimination of false positives and delection analysis of true positives.This procedure is designed to allow investigators to identify proteins and their encoding cDNAs that have a biologically significant interaction with a protein of interest.More and more studies have demonstrated that the two\|hybrid system is a powerful and sensitive technique for the identification of genes that code for proteins that interact in a biologically significant fashion with a protein of interest in higher plants.This method has been used to identify new interaction protein in many laboratories.The recently reported yeast tri\|brid system,should allow the investigation of more complex protein\|protein interactions.The aim of this review is to outline the recent progress made in protein interactions by using yeast two\|hybrid system.

Physiological roles of mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-activated p38-regulated/activated protein kinase

Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)are a family of proteins that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression,cell division, cell survival,apoptosis,metabolism,differentiation and motility.The MAPK pathways can be divided into conventional and atypical MAPK pathways.The first group converts a signal into a cellular response through a relay of three consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases,MAPK kinase,and MAPK.Atypical MAPK pathways are not organized into this three-tiered cascade.MAPK that belongs to both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways can phosphorylate both non-protein kinase substrates and other protein kinases.The latter are referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases.This review focuses on one such MAPK-activated protein kinase,MAPK-activated protein kinase 5(MK5)or p38-regulated/activated protein kinase(PRAK).This protein is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom and seems to be the target of both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways.Recent findings on the regulation of the activity and subcellular localization,bona fide interaction partners and physiological roles of MK5/PRAK are discussed.

Discovery and characterization of the first non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression,micF RNA:A historical perspective

The first evidence that RNA can function as a regulator of gene expression came from experiments with prokaryotes in the 1980 s. It was shown that Escherichia coli micF isan independent gene,has its own promoter,and encodes a small non-coding RNA that base pairs with and inhibits translation of a target messenger RNA in response to environmental stress conditions. The mic F RNA was isolated,sequenced and shown to be a primary transcript. In vitro experiments showed binding to the target ompF mR NA. Secondary structure probing revealed an imperfect micF RNA/ompF RNA duplex interaction and the presence of a non-canonical base pair. Several transcription factors,including OmpR,regulate micF transcription in response to environmental factors. micF has also been found in other bacterial species,however,recently Gerhart Wagner and J?rg Vogel showed pleiotropic effects and found micF inhibits expression of multiple target mR NAs; importantly,one is the global regulatory gene lrp. In addition,micF RNA was found to interact with its targets in different ways; it either inhibits ribosome binding or induces degradation of the message. Thus the concept and initial experimental evidence that RNA can regulate gene expression was born with prokaryotes.

Emerging role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator- an epithelial chloride channel in gastrointestinal cancers

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR), a glycoprotein with 1480 amino acids, has been well established as a chloride channel mainly expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissues and organs such as lungs, sweat glands, gastrointestinal system, and reproductive organs. Although defective CFTR leads to cystic fibrosis, a common genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, there is accumulating evidence that suggests a novel role of CFTR in various cancers, especially in gastroenterological cancers, such as pancreatic cancer and colon cancer. In this review, we summarize the emerging findings that link CFTR with various cancers, with focus on the association between CFTR defects and gastrointestinal cancers as well as the underlying mechanisms. Further study of CFTR in cancer biology may help pave a new way for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.

Serine protease inhibitors LmSPN2 and LmSPN3 co-regulate embryonic diapause in Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)via the Toll pathway

Female adults of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen),can sense seasonal photoperiod changes,which induces embryonic diapause as a key strategy to overwinter.Serine protease inhibitor genes(SPNs)were thought to play key roles during diapause,while few SPNs were functionally characterized.LmSPN2 was one of those genes differentially expressed between diapause and non-diapause eggs;however,its biological function remained to be explored.So,we conducted RNAi knockdown of LmSPN2,resulting in a significant decrease of the egg diapause rate by 29.7%.Using yeast two-hybrid assays,co-immunoprecipitation,and pull-down methods,we found an interaction between LmSPN2 and LmSPN3,which was proved to be mediated by a glutamate(E331)binding site of LmSPN2.RNAi knockdown of LmSPN3 resulted in a significant increase in diapause rate by 14.6%,indicating an inverse function of LmSPN2 and LmSPN3 on diapause regulation.Double knockdown of two SPN genes resulted in a 26.4%reduction in diapause rate,indicating that LmSPN2 was the dominant regulatory signal.Moreover,we found four Toll pathway genes(easter,spätzle,pelle,and dorsal)upregulated significantly after the knockdown of LmSPN2 while downregulated after the knockdown of LmSPN3.Therefore,we speculate that two SPNs regulate diapause through the Toll pathway.Our results indicated that LmSPN2 positively regulates locust egg entry into diapause,while LmSPN3 is a negative regulator of embryonic commitment to diapause.Their interaction is mediated by the binding site of E331 and influences egg diapause through the Toll pathway.This mechanistic understanding of diapause regulation expands our understanding of insect developmental regulation and provides functional targets for developing locust management strategies.

Interaction Study between Population Mobility and Economic Growth : Evidence from Chongqing

Based on economic convergence model and its derivatives, this paper examines the relationship between popultion mobility and economic growth in Chongqing and its five functional areas by using 2000~2013 panel data. The results show that there exists interactive relationship between population mobility and economic growth, and this interaction is rendered as mutual inhibition. The restrain from economic growth to population mobility shows smaller effect than the reverse. In the sparsely populated areas, economic growth is promoted by population mobility, and in the densely populated areas, economic growth is driven by investment. Therefore, government has to regulate population mobility to achieve sustainable economic growth.

Correlation between receptor-interacting protein 140 expression and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into neural stem cells

Overexpression of receptor-interacting protein 140（RIP140） promotes neuronal differentiation of N2 a cells via extracellular regulated kinase 1/2（ERK1/2） signaling.However,involvement of RIP140 in human neural differentiation remains unclear.We found both RIP140 and ERK1/2 expression increased during neural differentiation of H1 human embryonic stem cells.Moreover,RIP140 negatively correlated with stem cell markers Oct4 and Sox2 during early stages of neural differentiation,and positively correlated with the neural stem cell marker Nestin during later stages.Thus,ERK1/2 signaling may provide the molecular mechanism by which RIP140 takes part in neural differentiation to eventually affect the number of neurons produced.

Specific effects of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinaseinteracting protein 1 in neuronal axons

c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase（JNK）-interacting protein 3 plays an important role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B（Trk B） anterograde axonal transport. It remains unclear whether JNK-interacting protein 1 mediates similar effects, or whether JNK-interacting protein 1 affects the regulation of Trk B anterograde axonal transport. In this study, we isolated rat embryonic hippocampus and cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. Coimmunoprecipitation results demonstrated that JNK-interacting protein 1 formed Trk B complexes in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemistry results showed that when JNK-interacting protein 1 was highly expressed, the distribution of Trk B gradually increased in axon terminals. However, the distribution of Trk B reduced in axon terminals after knocking out JNK-interacting protein 1. In addition, there were differences in distribution of Trk B after JNK-interacting protein 1 was knocked out compared with not. However, knockout of JNK-interacting protein 1 did not affect the distribution of Trk B in dendrites. These findings confirm that JNK-interacting protein 1 can interact with Trk B in neuronal cells, and can regulate the transport of Trk B in axons, but not in dendrites.

巴西橡胶树大、小橡胶粒子在乙烯调控天然橡胶合成中的作用分析

巴西橡胶树(Heveabrasiliensis)是重要的产胶植物,胶乳中的橡胶粒子(RP)是合成天然橡胶的重要细胞器,但其响应外源乙烯刺激调控天然橡胶合成的具体机制还不清楚。为了明确不同大小RP在此过程中的作用,本研究通过分离外源乙烯刺激后胶乳中不同直径的RP,并与对照组进行差异蛋白质组学分析。结果发现:在直径较大的大橡胶粒子(LRP)中鉴定出响应乙烯刺激差异蛋白37个,分别参与天然橡胶合成、糖酵解/糖异生、碳代谢及氨基酸生物合成等代谢通路,其中包含4个REF/SRPP家族成员;在直径较小的小橡胶粒子(SRP)中鉴定出56个差异蛋白,分别参与内质网中的蛋白质加工、内吞及剪接体等代谢通路,其中包含5个REF/SRPP家族成员。关键差异蛋白REF138具有较多等电点(pI)和分子量不同的蛋白亚型,LRP中低于标准等电点(4.80)的REF138亚型响应乙烯刺激积累减少,高于标准等电点的REF138亚型响应乙烯刺激积累增加;与LRP不同,SRP上有更多的REF138亚型响应乙烯刺激发生变化,具有标准分子量(14.7kDa)的REF138亚型响应乙烯刺激积累增加,高于标准分子量的亚型响应乙烯刺激积累减少。针对关键差异蛋白的互作蛋白功能分析发现,REF/SRPP家族成员REF138、REF175、REF258、SRPP117及SRPP204间存在相互作用,可能形成蛋白复合体结合在RP上。除REF/SRPP家族成员外,REF138的互作蛋白主要参与剪接体及内吞代谢通路,REF258的互作蛋白主要参与脂代谢过程与次生代谢产物合成调控。综上,通过对LRP及SRP上响应乙烯刺激差异蛋白及其互作蛋白的功能分析初步揭示了LRP和SRP响应外源乙烯刺激调控天然橡胶合成的代谢调控机制。

品质导向的粮油食品精准加工分子基础与调控

粮油是国家最重要的战略物资,粮油食品产业在国民经济中起着基础作用,深度关系着国计民生和国民健康。粮食和油料中营养组分丰富及其多尺度结构复杂,且加工方式多变,进而影响粮油食品的感官、安全特性和消化吸收、营养健康效应。本文通过系统梳理粮油食品发展现状及产业战略意义,品质导向的粮油食品加工与制造发展现状及面临的挑战,提出从粮油食品的加工过程控制,营养组分多尺度结构变化与结构重构,多维度品质特性调控3个角度,系统解析基于品质导向的粮油食品精准加工的结构基础与调控机制,重点探讨粮油食品中主要营养组分的加工适应性、互作机制,粮油食品加工对感官品质、健康品质和安全品质等品质特性的影响,多维品质与加工过程构效关系与关联调控机制等制约粮油食品未来发展的研究方向,以期建立品质导向的粮油食品精准加工的理论基础、技术方法和新型绿色加工策略,为创制感官、安全和健康品质协同提升的营养健康粮油食品提供理论支撑,推动我国粮油食品加工产业的高质量发展。