Analysis of Nutritional Characteristics of Boletus edulis Mycelium

This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.

Structural Analysis of Water-soluble Polysaccharide PIP_1 Extracted from the Cultured Mycelium of Phellinus igniarius

Water-soluble crude polyseccharide（PIP） was extracted from cultured mycelium of the fungus Phellinus igniarius. After ethanol precipitation and sepharose CL-6B gel filtration, the fraction of PIP1 was obtained, which was shown to be a homogeneous polysaccharide by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of PIPt was determined by using several methods. C.,C analysis indicates that PIP1 is composed of the monosaccharides of glucose, galactose, and mannose. Their malar ratio is 3. 70： 4. 06： 1.00. The molar weight was estimated to be 17 kd via HPLC. IR, GC, partial hydrolysis with acid, pefiedate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation, and GC-MS analysis were used for the structural analyses of PIP1. The results show that PIP1 has a small quantity of branch structure, The main glycosidic linkage of PIP1 has a β-configurafion. The main chain is made up of a large mass of glucose （ 1→3 ） and few mannose （ 1→4 ） ; the side chain is composed of glucose （ 1 →3 ） and galactose （ 1→6 ） ; the nonreduced end is composed of galactose and glucose. The side chains are branched at 6-0 of glucose（ 1→3,6） and mannose（1→4,6）. On an average, there are three branches among 20 residues. It is presumable that the existence of 1,3-linked Glc in the main and side chains is the main reason for its higher antitumor activity.

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Adsorbent from Waste Mycelium Chitin

The adsorption properties of chitin adsorbent from mycelium of fermentation industries for the removal of heavy metal ions were studied. The result shows that the chitin adsorbent has high adsorption capacity for many heavy metal ions and Ni2+ in citric acid. The influence of pH was significant:When pH is higher than 4.0, the high adsorption capacity is obtained,otherwise H+ ion inhibits the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The comparison of the chitin adsorbent with some other commercial adsorbents was made, in which that the adsorption behaviorchitin adsorbent is close to that of commercial cation exchange adsorbents, and its cost is much lower than those commercial adsorbents.

Effects of Neodymium on Growth, Pectinase Activity and Mycelium Permeability of Fusarium oxysporum

The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （0, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 300, and 400 mg·L^-1） were measured. The results indicated that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was stimulated in solid medium when the concentration of Nd^3＋ ranges from 2 to 180 mg·L^-1, whereas it was inhibited when Nd^3 ＋ concentration was greater than 200 mg· L^-1. The colonies were fewer and smaller when Nd^3 ＋ was used in the solid medium. The growth of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited in liquid medium when Nd^3＋ was used. The inhibition rate showed by the dry weight of mycelium ranged from 4.83% to 52.18% and inereased with Nd^3 ＋ concentration. The pectinase activity decreased compared with that of controls. When the concentration of Nd^3 ＋ was 10 and 400 mg· L^- 1, the pectinase activity decreased by 95 % at both concentrations. Mycelium cell membrane permeability increased when Nd^3 ＋ concentrations ranged from 10 to 400 mg· L^-1 but decreased when Nd^3＋ concentration was 2 mg· L^-1.

Study on the Control of Tobacco Black Shank by Using Dry Mycelium of Penicillium Chrysogenum

The water extract of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum （DME） was used to induce resistance in Virginia tobacco plants against Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Results showed that the efficacy of DME in controlling black shank disease depended on both DME solution concentration and its＇ treatment methodology. Soil application of 1.5-5% DME 72 hr before inoculation with Phtophthora parasitica vat. nicotianae provided highly significant protection against black shank, relative to the control without DME treatment. Optimized tobacco plant treatment with 2.5% DME significantly increased peroxidase （POD） and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity levels in the upper leaf sections of the tobacco plants. DME had no direct antifungal activity on the growth of Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DME treatment resulted from the induced propagation of natural defense mechanisms in the tobacco plants.

Effect of Lanthanum on Mycelium Growth and Some Pathogenic Factors

Three soil-transmitted pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Pythium sp. were selected to investigate the effect of lanthanum on their growth and the pathogenic enzymes using liquid culture. Variance analysis shows significant differences among treatments with different concentrations of lanthanum （Rhizoctonia solani F = 6.75 〉 F0.01= 5.99; Fusarium solani F = 18.1 〉 F0.01 = 5.99, Pythium sp. F = 23.29 〉 F0.01 = 5.99）. The inhibitory effect of lanthanum on pathogenic fungi increased with an increase in La concentration. The activities of the three pathogenic enzymes per gram mycelium were promoted remarkably. However, the quantity or the activities of the total enzymes were inhibited because of the strong inhibition of mycelium growth by lanthanum. Meanwhile, the effect of lanthanum on toxins of pathogenic fungi were studied using the seed germination experiment. Toxins of pathogenic fungi are influenced by lanthanum and the virulence decreases significantly with the increase of lanthanum concentration.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR MASS OF SIX WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDE -PROTEIN COMPLEXES FROM GANODERMA TSUGAE MYCELIUM

Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, water at 120℃, 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution at 25 and 65℃, consecutively. Their chemical components wereanalyzed by using IR, GC, HPLC and ^(13)C-NMR, and some new results were obtained. The four samples GM1, GM2, GM3and GM4 are heteropolysaccharide-prote in complexes, in which, α- (1→3) linked D-glucose is the major monosaccharidewhile galactose, mannose and ribose are the secondary ones. GM5 and GM6 are β-(1→3)-D-glucan-protein complexes. Theprotein content increased from 32% to 69% with the progress of isolation. Weight-average molecu1ar mass M_w and theintrinsic viscosity [η] of the GM samples in 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaCl solution at 25℃ were measured systematically by laserlight scartering (LLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with LLS, and viscometry. The M_w of GM1 to GM6are 35.5, 46.8, 58.9, 41.6, 3.3 and 22.0×10~4, respectively. The conformation and molecular mass of the two fractions of sample GM5 were characterized satisfactorily by SEC-LLS without further fractionation.

Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of Lepista sordida Mycelium

[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the fermentation condition of Lepista sordida mycelium. [ Method ] The effects of carbon sources, nitrogen sources ,pH and incubation time on the dry weight of mycelium in L. sordida fermentation were investigated. [ Result] The descending order of the influences on L. sordida mycelium growth was ： carbon sources 〉 incubation time 〉 pH 〉 nitrogen sources. Based on orthogonal experiment, the optimal fermentation condition of L. sordida mycelium was determined as ： fermentation medium of 3% corn powder and 0.2% yeast extract, pH of 6.0, and incubation time of 8 d. [ Conclusion ] This study provides theoretical reference and experimental basis for the development and utilization of L. sordida biological resources.

Dissolution of antibiotics mycelium in ionic liquids:Performance and mechanism

Antibiotics mycelium, byproduct of pharmaceutical industry, contains high percentage of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids, while, the low solubility in traditional solvents limits its utilization. The dissolution process of penicillin mycelium was investigated using ionic liquids （ILs） as solvent. Quantitative correlation of solubility and ILs structure and dissolution mechanism were determined. About 91 45% of penicillin mycelium was dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate （[Bmim]Ac） under the condition of 120.0℃C and [Bmim]Ac/ mycelium （m/m） ratio of 3.90：1. Synergistic effect of ILs and DMSO was confirmed with the DMSO/[Bmim]Ac （v/m） ratio in the range of 0.0-1.0. At 25.0 ℃, the dissolution of penicillin mycelium increased from 69.74% to 94.50%, with the ratio of DMSO to [Bmim]Ac （v/m） as 1：1. The room temperature dissolution of mycelium provides a novel and energy-saving process for its high-valued utilization. The NMR and FT-IR spectra showed that hydrogen bonds are the dominant driving force for the dissolution in ILs. Quantitative study on the effects of anions and cations of lLs on dissolution using Kamlet-Taft model showed that there was a linearly positive correlation between solubility of penicillin mycelium and β parameter of the ILs. The solubility of mycelium increased with increasing hydrogen bond accepting ability of anions and donating ability of cations.

Mycelium Growth and Yielding of Black Poplar Mushroom-Agrocybe aegerita （Brig.） Sing. on Different Substrates

Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and birch （1：1）） and sawdust substrates （birch, beech, oak, maple, alder） was investigated. Petri dishes （Ф 9 cm） for agar media and biological tubes （18 cm long and Ф 2.5 cm） for sawdust substrates were used. Yield and morphological features were studied on birch, beech and mixture of beech and alder （1：1） sawdust substrates. The temperature of inoculation for agar media and sawdust substrates was 25 ℃. For yielding, when mycelium has completely overgrown the substrate the temperature was decreased to 15-17 ℃ to initiate primordia formation. The cultivation was enlightened 10 h/d with daylight lamps （500 Ix）. One crop was harvested after five weeks. The carpophores of black poplar mushrooms were picked up in clusters. There was no statistically important difference between the mycelial growths of the investigated strains. The best growing agar media were PDA （7.3 cm）, MEA （7.2 cm） and wheat （7.1 cm）, both strains showed the slowest mycelium growth on CYM （5.2 cm）. The mycelial growth on sawdust was the best on the beech （7.1 cm） and birch （6.8 cm） sawdust. The best substrate for cultivation ofA. aegerita was mixture of beech and alder sawdust （39.5 g/100 substrate DM）. The dry yield of carpophores were the highest on beech and alder substrate （3.2 g/100 substrate DM）, but dry matter content was the highest on beech sawdust （15.7%）. The heaviest carpophores were harvested from birch sawdust （3.7 g）; the biggest caps from beech and alder sawdust （3.3 cm）. There were no statistically important differences between the mycelium growth and yielding between both investigated strains.

Propolis: An Enrichment Material for Mycelium Development of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

The effect of propolis, taken from honeybee hives in Tokat (Turkey), on mycelium development of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated. Propolis contains various chemical com- pounds and has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Mushroom spores were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media containing different proportions of propolis. Mycelium development on media containing 0.10%, 0.30%, and 0.50% propolis occured at the first, third, and fifth days, respectively. The fastest and most intense development was seen on medium containing 0.10% propolis. According to our results, propolis can be used as an enriching material in mushroom cultivating.

Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Mycelium-Based Biofoams for Cushioning Materials Using Edible Mushrooms

This study investigated the development of mycelium-based biofoams as sustainable cushioning materials using Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus,combined with different sawdust substrates,and subjected to various pressing methods.The results indicated significant effects of mushroom species,sawdust type,and pressing method on the properties of biofoams.Growth rate,morphology,chemical composition,physical and mechanical properties,water resistance,and cushioning factor were evaluated.The results indicated that Lentinus squarrosulus(LS)exhibited faster growth rates(up to 14.37 mm/day)and produced biofoams with superior properties compared to Pleurotus ostreatus(PO).Core wood(CW)sawdust generally resulted in biofoams with lower density(0.1-0.3 g/cm^(3)),lower shrinkage(7.17%-11.41%),and better shock absorption properties(cushion factor of 4.45-4.73).Hot pressing(HO)consistently produced biofoams with higher density(up to 0.31 g/cm3),improved mechanical strength(compression strength up to 0.53 MPa),and enhanced hydrophobicity(water contact angle up to 102.03°)but slightly reduced the shock absorption performance.Biofoam made from LS cultivated on CW sawdust and pressed using hand-packing(HP)exhibited superior shock absorption properties,achieving a cushion factor of 4.45 comparable to expanded polystyrene(EPS)foam.The findings demonstrated that certain combinations of sawdust types and pressing methods can optimize the performance of mycelium-based biofoams,making them viable for sustainable packaging applications.This study highlighted the potential of mycelium biofoams as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional packaging materials,thereby decreasing environmental impact and promoting a sustainable future.

Development and characterization of mycelium bio-composites by utilization of different agricultural residual byproducts

Mycelium bio-composites was developed by incubating Pleurotus ostreatus fungi on different sub-strates from agricultural residual byproducts,including rice straw,bagasse,coir-pith,sawdust,and corn straw.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)results showed that the hypha of com-posite derived from bagasse was the densest,and the diameter of hypha was the biggest(0.77μm),which was presumably due to the existence of cellulose in bagasse in the form of dextran and xylan.The maximum and minimum compression strength for sawdust substrate and corn straw substrate were 456.70 and 270.31 kPa,respectively.The flexural strength for bagasse sub-strate and rice straw substrate were 0.54 and 0.16 MPa,respectively.The two composites derived from rice straw and bagasse exhibited higher hydrophobic properties than others.In comparison,mycelium bio-composite derived from bagasse showed the best comprehensive properties.Except for a little worse anti-creep ability and waterproof performance,other properties of mycelium bio-composites could be comparable to commercially expanded polystyrene(EPS)packaging mate-rial.Derived from this study,mycelium material provided a good way to use agricultural residual byproducts and could be a good alternative to non-biodegradable materials for packaging appli-cations.

Mycelium as a self-growing biobased material for the fabrication of single-layer masks

Disposable face masks are an essential piece of personal protective equipment for workers in medical facilities,laboratories,and the general public to prevent the spread of illnesses and/or contamination.Covid-19 resulted in an uptick in the usage and production of face masks,exacerbating issues related to the waste and recycling of these materials.Traditionally,face masks are derived from petrochemicals,such as melt-blown or spunbound polypropylene.As such,there is a need to find sustainable mask materials that can maintain or improve the performance of petrochemical masks.This paper explores an alternative mask material that utilizes fungal mycelium as self-growing filaments to enhance the efficiency of individual polypropylene mask layers.By engineering the growth pattern and time,breathability and filtration efficiency was optimized such that one layer of the mycelium-modified mask could replace all three layers of the traditional three-layer mask.Additionally,it was found that the mycelium-modified mask exhibits asymmetric hydrophobicity,with super-hydrophobicity at the composite-air interface and lower hydrophobicity at the composite-medium interface.This property can improve the performance of the modified mask by protecting the mask from external liquids without trapping water vapor from the user’s breath.The findings from this study can provide a basis for further development of mycelium to create sustainable filtration materials with enhanced functionality.

菌丝体-杨木颗粒多孔复合材料的制备及保温阻燃性能研究

石油基高分子多孔材料的大量使用导致了严重的塑料污染(“白色污染”)。在这项工作中,采用了一种绿色可持续的合成策略,通过在杨木颗粒上接种培养真菌菌丝体,使其生长贯穿整个颗粒,最终制备出了一种菌丝体-杨木颗粒多孔复合材料。结果表明,多孔复合材料具有较低的密度(0.165 g·cm^(-3))、较高的孔隙率(82.7%)和疏水性(接触角:131.8°),并展示出优异的力学性能(压缩强度2.39 MPa;杨氏模量9.79 MPa)。另外,多孔复合材料还具有较低的导热系数(0.066 W/mK)和优异的阻燃性能(氧指数为28.4%)。这项研究工作展示了一种简捷和清洁环保的菌丝体-杨木颗粒多孔复合材料制备方法,对农林生物质高值化利用具有重要的参考价值。

基于VGG-UNet的食用菌菌丝体表型参数自动测量方法

食用菌菌丝体表型特征是食用菌种质资源评价和科学育种的重要依据。针对传统阈值分割方法提取菌丝体区域易受到光照不均、菌丝体不规则生长和培养皿内产生代谢物等因素干扰的问题,制作食用菌菌丝体图像数据集,并提出一种基于深度学习的食用菌菌丝体表型参数自动测量方法。将U-Net网络编码器部分替换为VGG16的前13个卷积层,引入预训练权重,构建适用于菌丝体分割的VGG-UNet模型。测试集上对比实验表明,该模型的平均交并比达到98.18%,比原始U-Net模型高0.93个百分点。经该模型获取菌丝体分割图像后,利用OpenCV相关函数计算菌丝体的半径、周长、面积、覆盖度、圆整度这5个表型参数。将人工测量方法与本文方法进行线性回归分析,得出菌丝体半径、周长、面积和覆盖度的决定系数分别为0.979 5、0.991 5、0.975 0和0.975 0,均方根误差分别为2.20 mm、4.73 mm、176.74 mm^(2)和3.16%。经测试,本文方法能准确地完成食用菌菌丝体表型参数自动测量任务,为食用菌表型分析研究提供理论基础。

猴头菌产酚类物质液态培养条件优化及对乳酸菌生长的影响

目的:用猴头菌纯菌株进行液态菌丝培养,优化培养基以提高猴头菌丝体酚类提取物的含量,分析猴头菌丝体酚类提取物的组成,并研究猴头菌丝体酚类提取物对乳酸菌的影响。方法:采用正交试验设计,研究对液态菌丝中总酚含量的影响,并用HPD-826大孔吸附树脂对其进行纯化,再以液质联用(High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS)检测分析其组成。最后,将纯化物添加到乳酸菌培养基中,检测其对乳酸菌活菌数与产酸能力的影响。结果:在碳源马铃薯14%、氮源蛋白胨2%、无机盐MgSO40.3%时,猴头菌丝体总酚含量达到0.783 mg/g;从猴头菌丝体酚类提取物中鉴定出16个单体酚,占比88.27%,主要单体酚为没食子酸-O-葡萄糖苷、对香豆酸-O-没食子酰葡萄糖苷、阿魏酸、儿茶素苄硫醚、没食子酸和咖啡酸。在干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacilluscasei)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、肠膜串珠菌(Streptococcus intestinalis)的MRS培养基中加入猴头菌丝体酚类提取溶液,可以使3种乳酸菌活菌数均增加。结论:猴头菌丝体酚类提取物对乳酸菌的生长具有促生作用,为功能食品提供了新资源原料。

脂肪酸对牛樟芝液态发酵产三萜的影响

为提高牛樟芝菌丝体产三萜类化合物的能力,以5种常见的脂肪酸为外源添加物,筛选出促进牛樟芝菌丝体生长和提高总三萜得率的最优培养基及培养方法,并对比分析空白对照组和添加脂肪酸的实验组所得菌丝体形态、发酵液颜色及黏度的差异。研究结果表明:不同脂肪酸的添加对牛樟芝菌丝体产三萜均有促进作用,其中亚麻酸对三萜生产的促进效果最强,其他脂肪酸的促进效果排序为亚油酸>油酸>硬脂酸>软脂酸;在添加亚麻酸的最优条件下(添加2.0 g/L亚麻酸、培养8 d)获得最大三萜得率为(5.0±0.1)%,是空白对照组的2.1倍。该研究方法操作容易,成本较低,效果显著,是促进牛樟芝菌丝体生长和三萜合成的有效策略,为牛樟芝三萜的规模化发酵提供参考和借鉴。

野生紫芝组培、驯化及其菌丝体富硒液体发酵工艺研究

从野生紫芝子实体5个不同部位分离纯培养获得其菌丝体,测试6种培养基的菌丝体培养效果,通过单因素试验和正交试验对紫芝菌丝体液体发酵工艺条件进行优化,测试菌丝体在系列化添加H_(2)SeO_(3)的培养基中1~6 d的硒含量以考察其富硒动力学。结果表明:紫芝菌盖边缘部位的离体组织无性生殖能力最强;初筛试验显示由1.5%玉米浸提液和2%的蔗糖组合而成的玉米蔗糖培养基最佳;正交试验所得最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度为25℃、振荡速度为140 r/min、培养基装液量为80 mL;复筛试验所得最佳营养素搭配为:玉米蔗糖培养基、0.025%MgSO_(4)、0.15%KH_(2)PO_(4)、0.3%蛋白胨,优化后紫芝菌丝体增产48.96%;菌丝体硒含量随培养基中硒浓度的升高而提高,其富硒动力学过程符合指数增长模型,菌丝体的硒含量≥0.24μg/g。此研究开发了东北寒地黑土区特有的真菌资源和玉米资源,为借助真菌菌丝体生产富硒食品原料提供了一条新途径。

红托竹荪菌丝体多糖饮料的制备及其对小鼠运动耐力的影响

为研制红托竹荪菌丝体多糖饮料,采用单因素和正交试验优化饮料组分的最佳配比,并考察其对小鼠运动耐力的影响。结果表明,红托竹荪菌丝体多糖饮料的最佳配方为:红托竹荪菌丝体多糖添加量10%,蔗糖添加量3%,柠檬酸添加量0.06%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.8%,采用该配方制得的饮料感官评分为(86.2±1.7)分。运动耐力实验结果表明,与空白对照组相比较,红托竹荪菌丝体多糖饮料(中、高剂量)能够明显延长小鼠的爬杆时间与游泳力竭时间,并显著降低运动后血清中乳酸与尿素氮的含量,表明该饮料有助于提高机体的运动耐力,从而可为相关运动食品的开发提供参考。