Suppressing neuroinflammation using the near-infrared light emitted by (Sr,Ba)Ga_(12)O_(19): Cr^(3+) phosphor

Neurodegenerative diseases,such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases,affect the elderly worldwide and will become more prevalent as the global population ages.Neuroinflammation is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases.By regulating the phenotypes of microglia,it is possible to suppress neuroinflammation and,in turn,help prevent neurodegenerative diseases.We report a noninvasive photonic approach to regulating microglia from overexcited M1/M2 to the resting M0 phenotype using a special near-infrared(NIR)light emitted by the SrGa_(12)O_(19)∶Cr^(3t) phosphor.The absorbance and internal and external quantum efficiencies of the optimal SreGa_(0.99)Cr_(0.01)_(12)O_(19) phosphor synthesized at 1400℃ for 8 h using 1%H_(3)BO_(3) t 1%AlF3 as flux are 53.9%,99.2%,and 53.5%;the output power and energyconversion efficiency of the LED device packaged using the optimal SrGa_(12)O_(19): Cr^(3+) phosphor driven at 20 mA reach unprecedentedly 19.69 mW and 37.58%,respectively.The broadband emission of the NIR LED device covers the absorption peaks of cytochrome c oxidase well,and the NIR light can efficiently promote the proliferation of microglia,produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP),reverse overexcitation,alleviate and inhibit inflammation,and improve cell survival rate and activity,showing great prospects for photomedicine application.

Multi-watt near-infrared light therapy as a neuroregenerative treatment for traumatic brain injury

Infrared light represents a broad spectrum of light with wavelengths from 700 nm to 1 million nm（1,000 microns）.At its shortest wavelengths（referred to as near-infrared）,it merges with the red spectrum of visible light.At the longest end（referred to as far-infrared）,it blends into the range of microwaves.

Low intensity near-infrared light promotes bone regeneration via circadian clock protein cryptochrome 1

Bone regeneration remains a great clinical challenge. Low intensity near-infrared(NIR) light showed strong potential to promote tissue regeneration, offering a promising strategy for bone defect regeneration. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of NIR on bone regeneration remain unclear. We demonstrated that bone regeneration in the rat skull defect model was significantly accelerated with low-intensity NIR stimulation. In vitro studies showed that NIR stimulation could promote the osteoblast differentiation in bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) and MC3T3-E1 cells, which was associated with increased ubiquitination of the core circadian clock protein Cryptochrome 1(CRY1) in the nucleus. We found that the reduction of CRY1 induced by NIR light activated the bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) signaling pathways, promoting SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation and increasing the expression levels of Runx2 and Osterix. NIR light treatment may act through sodium voltage-gated channel Scn4a, which may be a potential responder of NIR light to accelerate bone regeneration. Together, these findings suggest that low-intensity NIR light may promote in situ bone regeneration in a CRY1-dependent manner, providing a novel, efficient and non-invasive strategy to promote bone regeneration for clinical bone defects.

Turbidity analysis using visible and near-infrared light images

The conventional photoelectric detection system requires complex circuitry and spectroscopic systems as well as specialized personnel for its operation.To replace such a system,a method of measuring turbidity using a camera is proposed by combining the imaging characteristics of a digital camera and the high-speed information processing capability of a computer.Two turbidity measurement devices based on visible and near-infrared(NIR)light cameras and a light source driving circuit with constant light intensity were designed.The RGB data in the turbidity images were acquired using a self-developed image processing software and converted to the CIE Lab color space.Based on the relationship between the luminance,chromatic aberration,and turbidity,the turbidity detection models for luminance and chromatic aberration of visible and NIR light devices exhibiting values from 0-1000 NTU,less than 100 NTU,and more than 100 NTU were established.By comparing and analyzing the proposed models,the two measurement models with the best all-around performance were selected and fused to generate new measurement models.The experimental results prove that the correlation between the three models and the commercial turbidity meter measurements exhibite a significance value higher than 0.999.The error of the fusion model is within 1.05%,with a mean square error of 1.14.The visible light device has less error at low turbidity measurements and is less influenced by the color of the image.The NIR light device is more stable and accurate at full range and high turbidity measurements and is therefore more suitable for such measurements.

Highly efficient visible/near-infrared light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater over 3D yolk-shell ZnFe_(2)O_(4)supported 0D carbon dots with up-conversion property

The development of effective visible and near-infrared photocatalysts is highly promising in the current field of photocatalysis.Herein,carbon dots/ZnFe_(2)O_(4)(CDs/ZFO)with coating zero dimensional(0D)CDs on the surface of three dimensional(3D)yolk-shell ZFO spheres was designed and synthesized via a selftemplated solvothermal method.The as-prepared CDs/ZFO composites displayed outstanding visible and near-infrared photocatalytic degradation activity of tetracycline(TC),and the optimal 3%CDs/ZFO sample with loading 3%(mass)CDs displayed the highest photocatalytic TC degradation ability under visible light(79.5%within 120 min)and near-infrared light(41%within 120 min).The enhancement of photocatalytic activity for CDs/ZFO composite is mainly ascribed to the fact that 0D/3D yolk-shell CDs/ZFO structure not only effectively reflect the incident light to increase the utilization efficiency of solar light,but also utilize the up-conversion photoluminescence and electronic conductivity properties of CDs to broaden sunlight absorption range and promote separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs.

NONINVASIVE PROBING OF THE NEUROVASCULAR SYSTEM IN HUMAN BONE/BONE MARROW USING NEAR-INFRARED LIGHT

Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between bone/bone marrow,circulatory system and nervous system is of great interest due to the potential clinical impact.In humans,the amount of knowledge in this domain remains relatively limited due to the extreme difficulty to monitor these tissues continuously,noninvasively and for long or repeated periods of time.A typical difficult task would be,for example,to continuously monitor bone/bone marrow blood perfusion,hemoglobin oxygen saturation or blood volume and study their dependence on the activity of the autonomic nervous system.In this review article,we want to show that nearinfrared light might be utilized to solve these problems in part.We hope that the present analysis will stimulate future studies in this domain,for which near-infrared light appears as the best available technology today.

Dynamic aggregation of carbon dots self-stabilizes symmetry breaking for exceptional hydrogen production with near-infrared light

Developing new photosystems that integrate broad-band near-infrared(NIR)light harvesting and efficient charge separation is a long-sought goal in the photocatalytic community.In this work,we develop a novel photochemical strategy to prepare light-active carbon dots(CDs)under room temperature and discover that the aggregation of CDs can broaden the light absorption to the NIR region due to the electronic couplings between neighboring CDs.Importantly,the dynamic noncovalent interactions within CD aggregates can stabilize symmetry breaking and thus induce large dipole moments for charge separation and transfer.Furthermore,the weak non-covalent interactions allow for flexible design of the aggregated degrees and the local electronic structures of CD aggregates,further strengthening NIR-light harvesting and charge separation efficiency.As a result,the CD aggregates achieve a record apparent quantum yield of 13.5%at 800 nm,which is one of the best-reported values for NIR-light-driven hydrogen photosynthesis to date.Moreover,we have prepared a series of different CDs and also observed that these CDs after aggregation all exhibit outstanding NIR-responsive photocatalytic hydrogen production activity,suggesting the universality of aggregation-enhanced photocatalysis.This discovery opens a new promising platform for using CD aggregates as efficient light absorbers for solar conversion.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles with catalase-like nanozyme activity and near-infrared light response:A combination of effective photodynamic therapy,autophagy,ferroptosis,and antitumor immunity

We prepared biocompatible and environment-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)with upconversion properties and catalase-like nanozyme activity.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)application is severely limited by the poor penetration of UV-Visible light and a hypoxic tumor environment.Here,we used ZnO NPs as a carrier for the photosensitizer chlorin e6(Ce6)to construct zinc oxide-chlorin e6 nanoparticles(ZnO-Ce6 NPs),simultaneously addressing both problems.In terms of penetration,ZnO NPs convert 808 nm near-infrared light into 401 nm visible light to excite Ce6,achieving deep-penetrating photodynamic therapy under long-wavelength light.Interestingly,the ability to emit short-wavelength light under long-wavelength light is usually observed in upconversion nanoparticles.As nanozymes,ZnO NPs can catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in tumors,providing oxygen for photodynamic action and relieving hypoxia.The enhanced photodynamic action produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species,which overactivate autophagy and trigger immunogenic cell death(ICD),leading to antitumor immunotherapy.In addition,even in the absence of light,ZnO and ZnO-Ce6 NPs can induce ferroptosis of tumor cells and exert antitumor effects.

Near-infrared light and PIF4 promote plant antiviral defense by enhancing RNA interference

The molecular mechanism underlying phototherapy and light treatment,which utilize various wavelength spectra of light,including near-infrared(NIR),to cure human and plant diseases,is obscure.Here we re-vealed that NIR light confers antiviral immunity by positively regulating PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)-activated RNA interference(RNAi)in plants.PIF4,a central transcription factor involved in light signaling,accumulates to high levels under NIR light in plants.PIF4 directly induces the transcription of two essential components of RNAi,RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6(RDR6)and ARGONAUTE 1(AGO1),which play important roles in resistance to both DNA and RNA viruses.Moreover,the pathogenic determinant bC1 protein,which is evolutionarily conserved and encoded by betasatellites,interacts with PIF4 and inhibits its positive regulation of RNAi by disrupting PIF4 dimerization.Thesefindings shed light on the molecular mechanism of PIF4-mediated plant defense and provide a new perspective for the explo-ration of NIR antiviral treatment.

Development and prospect of near-infrared spectroscopy-assisted schizophrenia diagnosis based on bibliometrics

In this editorial,we comment on the recent article by Fei et al exploring the field of near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)research in schizophrenia from a bibliometrics perspective.In recent years,NIRS has shown unique advantages in the auxiliary diagnosis of schizophrenia,and the introduction of bibliometrics has provided a macro perspective for research in this field.Despite the opportunities brought about by these technological developments,remaining challenges require multidi-sciplinary approach to devise a reliable and accurate diagnosis system for schizo-phrenia.Nonetheless,NIRS-assisted technology is expected to contribute to the division of methods for early intervention and treatment of schizophrenia.

Near-infrared brain functional characteristics of mild cognitive impairment with sleep disorders

BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)has a high risk of progression to Alzheimer’s disease.The disease is often accompanied by sleep disorders,and whether sleep disorders have an effect on brain function in patients with MCI is unclear.AIM To explore the near-infrared brain function characteristics of MCI with sleep disorders.METHODS A total of 120 patients with MCI(MCI group)and 50 healthy subjects(control group)were selected.All subjects underwent the functional near-infrared spec-troscopy test.Collect baseline data,Mini-Mental State Examination,Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale,fatigue severity scale(FSS)score,sleep parameter,and oxyhemoglobin(Oxy-Hb)concentration and peak time of functional near-infrared spectroscopy test during the task period.The relationship between Oxy-RESULTS Compared with the control group,the FSS score of the MCI group was higher(t=11.310),and the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index,sleep time,sleep efficiency,nocturnal sleep disturbance,and daytime dysfunction were higher(Z=-10.518,-10.368,-9.035,-10.661,-10.088).Subjective sleep quality and total sleep time scores were lower(Z=-11.592,-9.924).The sleep efficiency of the MCI group was lower,and the awakening frequency,rem sleep latency period,total sleep time,and oxygen desaturation index were higher(t=5.969,5.829,2.887,3.003,5.937).The Oxy-Hb concentration at T0,T1,and T2 in the MCI group was lower(t=14.940,11.280,5.721),and the peak time was higher(t=18.800,13.350,9.827).In MCI patients,the concentration of Oxy-Hb during T0 was negatively correlated with the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index,sleep time,total sleep time,and sleep efficiency(r=-0.611,-0.388,-0.563,-0.356).It was positively correlated with sleep efficiency and total sleep time(r=0.754,0.650),and negatively correlated with oxygen desaturation index(r=-0.561)and FSS score(r=-0.526).All comparisons were P<0.05.CONCLUSION Patients with MCI and sleep disorders have lower near-infrared brain function than normal people,which is related to sleep quality.Clinically,a comprehensive assessment of the near-infrared brain function of patients should be carried out to guide targeted treatment and improve curative effect.

pH- and near-infrared light-responsive,biomimetic hydrogels from aqueous dispersions of carbon nanotubes

Owing to their low flexibility,poor processability and a lack of responsiveness,inorganic materials are usually non-ideal for constructing a living organism.Hence,to date,lifelike materials with structural hierarchies and adaptive properties usually rely on light and soft organic molecules,although few exceptions have been acquired using two-dimensional(2D)inorganic nanosheets.Herein,with a systematic study on the gelation behavior of carbon-based 0D quantum dots,1D nanotubes,and 3D fullerenes,we find that acidified 1D carbon nanotubes(CNTs)can serve as an alternative building block for fabricating purely inorganic biomimetic soft materials.The as-prepared CNT gels exhibit not only a pH-or photothermal-triggered mechanical and tribological adaptivity,which allows them to simulate the behavior of sea cucumbers,peacock mantis shrimps,and mammalian muscles or cortical bones,but also a unique damping property that is similar to spider’s cuticular pad.Their high elasticity,effective lubrication,excellent biocompatibility,and controllable friction and wear also allow them to function as a new type of smart lubricants,whose tribological properties can be regulated either by its internal pH changes or spatiotemporally by near-infrared(NIR)light irradiations,free of any toxic and flammable base oils or additives.

Tunable near-infrared light emission from layered TiS_(3) nanoribbons

The low-dimensional light source shows promise in photonic integrated circuits.Stable layered van der Waals material that exhibits luminescence in the near-infrared optical communication waveband is an essential component in on-chip light sources.Herein,the tunable near-infrared photoluminescence(PL)of the air-stable layered titanium trisulfide(TiS3)is reported.Compared with iodine particles as a transport agent,TiS3 grown by chemical vapor transport using sulfur powder as a transport agent has fewer sulfur vacancies,which increases the luminescence intensity by an order of magnitude.The PL emission wavelength can be regulated in the near-infrared regime by thickness control.In addition,we observed an interesting anisotropic strain response of PL in layered TiS3 nanoribbon:a blue shift of PL was achieved when the uniaxial tensile strain was applied along the b-axis,while a negligible shift was observed when the strain was applied along the a-axis.Our work reveals the tunable nearinfrared luminescent properties of TiS3 nanoribbons,suggesting their potential applications as near-infrared light sources in photonic integrated circuits.

Translucent ceramic enabling next-generation lasing-driven near-infrared light source

Broadband near-infrared(NIR) light sources demonstrate great potential in quantitative food analysis, material identification,invasive brain imaging diagnosis, and real-time health monitoring fields, etc. [1–3]. Compared with competing technologies based on quantum dots and organic crystals, NIR-emitting phosphor converted light-emitting diodes(pc-LEDs) favor high spectral modulation and physicochemical stability [4].

Efficient tunable visible and near-infrared emission in Sb^(3+)/Sm^(3+)-codoped Cs_(2)NaLuCl_6 for near-infrared light-emitting diode,triple-mode fluorescence anti-counterfeiting and information encryption

Rare earth ions(RE^(3+))-doped double perovskites have attracted tremendous attention for its fascinating optical properties.Nevertheless,RE^(3+)generally exhibits poor photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)for their parity-forbidden 4f-4f transition and the low doping concentration.Herein,we reported Sb^(3+)/Sm^(3+)-codoped rare earth-based double perovskite Cs_(2)Na Lu Cl_(6)that enables efficient visible and nearinfrared(NIR)emission,which stems from self-trapped exciton(STE)and Sm^(3+),respectively.Benefit from up to 72.89%energy transfer efficiency from STE to Sm^(3+)and high doping concentrations due to similar ionic activity between Sm^(3+)and Lu^(3+),thus eruptive PLQY of 74.58%in the visible light region and 23.12%in the NIR light region can be obtained.Moreover,Sb^(3+)/Sm^(3+)-codoped Cs_(2)Na Lu Cl_(6)exhibits tunable emission characteristic in the visible light region under different excitation wavelengths,which can change from blue emission(254 nm excitation)to white emission(365 nm excitation).More particularly,only the NIR emission can be captured by the NIR camera when a 700 nm cutoff filter is added.The excellent stability and unique optical properties of Sb^(3+)/Sm^(3+)-codoped Cs_(2)Na Lu Cl_(6)enable us to demonstrate its applications in NIR light-emitting diode,triple-mode fluorescence anti-counterfeiting and information encryption.These findings provide new inspiration for the application of rare earth-based double perovskite in optoelectronic devices.

980 nm Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Using All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals Doped with Ytterbium Ions

All-inorganic perovskite(CsPbX3)nanocrystals(NCs)have recently been widely investigated as versatile solution-processable light-emitting materials.Due to its wide-bandgap nature,the all-inorganic perovskite NC Light-Emitting Diode(LED)is limited to the visible region(400-700 nm).A particularly difficult challenge lies in the practical application of perovskite NCs in the infrared-spectrum region.In this work,a 980 nm NIR all-inorganic perovskite NC LED is demonstrated,which is based on an efficient energy transfer from wide-bandgap materials(CsPbCl3 NCs)to ytterbium ions(Yb3+)as an NIR emitter doped in perovskite NCs.The optimized CsPbCl3 NC with 15 mol%Yb3+doping concentration has the strongest 980 nm photoluminescence(PL)peak,with a PL quantum yield of 63%.An inverted perovskite NC LED is fabricated with the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/poly-TPD/CsPbCl3:15 mol%Yb3+NCs/TPBi/LiF/Al.The LED has an External Quantum Efficiency(EQE)of 0.2%,a Full Width at Half Maximum(FWHM)of 47 nm,and a maximum luminescence of 182 cd/m?.The introduction of Yb3+doping in perovskite NCs makes it possible to expand its working wavelength to near-infrared band for next-generation light sources and shows potential applications for optoelectronic integration.

Gold nanoparticles doped metal-organic frameworks as near-infrared light-enhanced cascade nanozyme against hypoxic tumors

We report gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)doped iron-based metal-organic frameworks(GIM)which displays near-infrared light(NIR)-enhanced cascade nanozyme against hypoxic tumors.Due to the strong protein adsorption-induced surface passivation,AuNPs suffer from the loss of glucose oxidase(GOx)activity.However,GIM could protect the GOx-like activity of AuNPs with the satisfactory shield capability.In addition,GIM exhibited excellent photothermal conversion ability and unique NIR light-enhanced GOx-like activity,which could efficiently increase the endogenous H2O2 production.Meanwhile,as the produced H2O2 is converted by GIM into O2 and highly toxic OH.Thus,GIM-catalyzed cascade reactions with NIR light irradiation not only offer the O2 but also promote the reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation at tumor sites.The produced O2 could be further applied to AuNPs catalytic oxidation of glucose and relieve hypoxic condition of tumor microenvironment(TME).As a proof-of-concept study,GIM demonstrates the admirable tumor ablation under NIR irradiation in vivo.

Cu nanoparticle-decorated two-dimensional carbon nanosheets with superior photothermal conversion efficiency of 65 % for highly efficient disinfection under near-infrared light

Low photothermal conversion efficiency restricts the antibacterial application of photothermal materials.In this work,two-dimensional carbon nanosheets(2D C)were prepared and decorated with Cu nanoparticles(2D C/Cu)by using a simple soluble salt template method combined with ultrasonic exfoliation.The photothermal conversion efficiency of 2 D C/Cu system can be optimized by changing the content of Cu nanoparticles,where the 2D C/Cu2 showed the best photothermal conversion efficiency(á)of 65.05%under 808 nm near-infrared light irradiation.In addition,the photothermal performance can affect the release behavior of Cu ions.This superior photothermal property combined with released Cu ions can endow this 2D hybrid material with highly efficient antibacterial efficacy of 99.97%±0.01%,99.96%±0.01%,99.97%±0.01%against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,respectively,because of the synergetic effect of photothermy and ion release.In addition,this 2D hybrid system exhibited good cytocompatibility.Hence,this study provides a novel strategy to enhance the photothermal performance of 2D materials and thus will be beneficial for development of antibiotics-free antibacterial materials with safe and highly efficient bactericidal activity.

Synergetic effects of Bi^(5+)and oxygen vacancies in Bismuth(Ⅴ)-rich Bi_(4)O_(7)nanosheets for enhanced near-infrared light driven photocatalysis

The appropriate energy level position of photocatalysts dominates the photocatalytic redox reaction and utilization efficiency of solar energy for wastewater treatment.Herein,we report a near-infrared(NIR)light driven Bi^(5+)-rich Bi407 photocatalyst,achieving a greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity for pollutant removal compared with Bi3+-replenished Bi2O3.Density functional theory calculations show the formation of an intermediate band in the Bi_(4)O_(7)structure because of the hybridization of O 2p and Bi 4s orbits.The formation of the intermediate band not only narrows the band gap but also improves the optical absorption property and separation efficiency of the photoinduced carriers.The existence of the oxygen vacancies(OVs)in the Bi_(4)O_(7)nanosheets ensures high carriers’concentration,which is verified by the Hall effect test.The synergetic effects of the OVs and Bi^(5+)greatly accelerate the separation efficiency of the photogenerated carriers.Consequently,the Bi_(4)O_(7)nanosheets exhibit enhanced NIR light driven photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B and ciprofloxacin compared with the bulk Bi2O3.This study paves the way to the design of highly efficient NIR light-responsive Bi-based photocatalysts for environmental purification.