Negation scope detection with a conditional random field model

Identifying negation cues and their scope in a text is an important subtask of information extraction that can benefit other natural language processing tasks,including but not limited to medical data mining,relation extraction,question answering and sentiment analysis.The tasks of negation cue and negation scope detection can be treated as sequence labelling problems.In this paper,a system is presented having two components:negation cue detection and negation scope detection.In the first phase,a conditional random field(CRF) model is trained to detect the negation cues using a lexicon of negation words and some lexical and contextual features.Then,another CRF model is trained to detect the scope of each negation cue identified in the first phase,using basic lexical and contextual features.These two models are trained and tested using the dataset distributed within the* Sem Shared Task 2012 on resolving the scope and focus of negation.Experimental results show that the system outperformed all the systems submitted to this shared task.

On the Analysis of Negation in English Teaching

The negation in English is very complicated.It cannot be separated from the other parts of the whole sentence.We have to take all the factors of the whole sentence into account to understand the negation in English.This paper probes into the classification and the construction of the negation.It aims at providing a detailed analysis of negation in English teaching.

Negation and Semantic Interpretation of Wh-phrases

Chinesewh-phrasesareintriguingbecausetheirsemanticinterpretationsvaryaccordingtotheenvironmentsinwhichtheyappear.TheseaffectivecontextswhichlicenseanindefinitereadingofawhphrasehavebeeninvestigatedbyHuang(1982),Cheng(1991),Li(1992),Lin(1996,1998)amon...

God, Intensional Negation, and the Devil（s）

In this paper an intensional concept theory based on an intensional containment relation is presented, which, in turn, is then generalized in order to define the complete concept of God. We are following Leibniz＇s definition of God as a most perfect Being, by which he meant a subject of all perfections. As a consequence of this definition of God, two different complete concepts of the Devil（s） can be defined. However, these two complete concepts of the Devil（s） are not only incoherent with Leibniz＇s philosophy, but they introduce the problem of the Devil（s） as well, which seems to originate from a problem of an adequate definition of the concept of God on one hand, and the logical problem of the intensional negation of a concept on the other hand.

On Implid Negation

In English negation presents much of a problem,one difficulty lies in the relationship be-tween form and meaning.Negative sentences are usually made by putting fhe negative particle "no"after an auxiliaryverb,if there is one in the sentence (eg, is not,have not, cannot), In an informal style,contractednegatives are usual (eg, isn’ t,haven’t, can’t), For example:The experiment has not succeeded.

Negation of the Object in Sesotho

This article examines constituent negation in Sesotho. It investigates negation of the object argument in clauses with non-copulative verbs. In the case of non-copulative verbs, transitive and di-transitive constructions will be considered. The article argues that Sesotho does not have a direct means of negating clausal constituents but employs clauses such as cleft sentences and clauses with AGRS [ho] as well as contrastive clauses to effect negation. It further examines negation in terms of Haegeman5s (1995) Neg-Criterion, the well-formedness condition that determines the distribution and interpretation of negative elements. It gives a brief overview of grammatical concepts regarding negation and the notion object argument in its focus and post verbal positions, and explains how constituent negation, [the object argument] is realized in Sesotho.

Negation in Amharic and Ezha:A comparative perspective

This article offers a description of negation marking in the two Ethio-Semitic languages:Amharic and Ezha.The description has been made from the perspective of synchronic comparison.The article discloses that both Amharic and Ezha make use of negative prefixes in order to reverse the truth condition of an affirmative expression.The negative morphemes employed by each of the two languages have two allomorphic variants whose alternation is grammatically conditioned.The two allomorphs of the negative marker in Amharic are al-which occurs with perfective and imperative verbs,and a-that surfaces with imperfective and jussive verbal conjugations.Similarly,the Ezha negative prefix appears as an-with perfective verbal bases,and as a-with imperfective,jussive and imperative verb forms.In both languages,the negative prefixes attach to verbs preceding person prefixes and following subordinators in negative subordinate clauses.When it comes to copular and existential verbs,as compared to prototypical verbs,negation in both languages can be expressed in two ways:in some cases,the aforementioned negative prefixes are employed;and in some other cases,completely different verb forms rendering negative readings are introduced,hence,lexical negation via suppletion.

The Application of Negative and Positive Words and Phrases in Chinese Negation Expressions

Negation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all languages.In Chinese,there are a good number of such negative expressions as“fēi(非)”,“bu(不)”,“méi(没)”,“mò(莫)”,“bié(别)”,“wèi(未)”,“wú(无)”,“wù(勿)”,“fiào(覅)”,“béng(甭)”,“fǒu(否)”,and“miǎn(免)”as well as phrases with one of them.This paper is intended to explore the application of negation in Chinese in two ways:(1)People express positive meanings with negative words or phrases;(2)People express negative meanings with positive words or phrases.The linguistic data employed in this paper come from real life,microblogs,variety shows,short videos,and some hǎobùexpressions from three of China’s four classic novels.

On the Scope of Negation in English

This paper deals with the scope of two types of English negation： the modal negation and the non-modal negation. It points out the possibility of ambiguity by reflecting the negative scope through word order in some structures and discusses the special features of these structures.

Negation Scope Detection with Recurrent Neural Networks Models in Review Texts

Identifying negation scopes in a text is an important subtask of information extraction, that can benefit other natural language processing tasks, like relation extraction, question answering and sentiment analysis. And serves the task of social media text understanding. The task of negation scope detection can be regarded as a token-level sequence labeling problem. In this paper, we propose different models based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and word embedding that can be successfully applied to such tasks without any task-specific feature engineering efforts. Our experimental results show that RNNs, without using any hand-crafted features, outperform feature-rich CRF-based model.

Negation in English

Every language has its own unique ways of negation and English is no exception. More importance should be attached to when a negative English sentence is translated into its Chinese equivalent. Negation in English can be realized in many different ways. In the first place, the different types of negation in English will be analyzed. In addition, the affixes and lexicons used to denote negation will be investigated. The last part is mainly concerning the idioms and other expressions which denote negative meanings. In order to make the views much more clearly, some Chinese equivalents of the English sentences will be offered here.

The Influence of the Interaction Between Negation and Politeness on the Negation Structure

Negation is a grammatical phenomenon and often explored and explained from the formal perspective. In this thesis,negation itself can constitute sort of force, which is closely linked to politeness in communication. It is the interaction between negation and politeness that determines the negation structure, that is, the meaning of negation is expressed in other structures such as interrogative sentences than the mere negation structure. Here it is argued that these interrogatives are functionally equivalent to the negation structures, resulting from the interaction between the grammatical force and the pragmatic principles.

A Corpus-based Study on the Use of Affixal Negation in Chinese EFL Learners' Writing

This paper reports a comparative study on the use of affixal negation in the writing of Chinese EFL learners based on data collected from a learner corpus,WECCL and a native-speaker corpus,LOCNESS.The findings revealed that the overall frequency of affixal negation used by Chinese students was nearly the same as that of native speakers.And the top three most frequently used negative affixes of the two groups were the same in terms of their rankings and proportion.However,when it comes to individual negative affixes,some were underused while others overused.The reasons behind were explored in the analysis of un-,dis-and in-,the top three most frequently used negative affixes by Chinese EFL learners and native speakers.Pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research were presented at the end of the paper.

Chinese Negation Marker Bu and Its Association with Focus

TheChinesenegationmarkerbu'not'isanalyzedasaclitic-likeelementintheliterature(Huang,1988;Ernst,1995,etc.)inordertoexplainwhyitcannotco-occurwith(i)perfectivemarker-leor(ii)mannerphrases(cf.sentences(1)and(2)).(1)*Wobu-chi-lemuguaInot-eatPerfpapaya(Hu...

A syntactic path-based hybrid neural network for negation scope detection

The automatic detection of negation is a crucial task in a wide-range of natural language processing(NLP)applications,including medical data mining,relation extraction,question answering,and sentiment analysis.In this paper,we present a syntactic path-based hybrid neural network architecture,a novel approach to identify the scope of negation in a sentence.Our hybrid architecture has the particularity to capture salient information to determine whether a token is in the scope or not,without relying on any human intervention.This approach combines a bidirectional long shortterm memory(Bi-LSTM)network and a convolutional neural network(CNN).The CNN model captures relevant syntactic features between the token and the cue within the shortest syntactic path in both constituency and dependency parse trees.The Bi-LSTM learns the context representation along the sentence in both forward and backward directions.We evaluate our model on the Bioscope corpus,and get 90.82%F-score(78.31%PCS)on the abstract sub-corpus,outperforming features-dependent approaches.

Research on Chinese negation and speculation： corpus annotation and identification

Identifying negative or speculative narrative frag- ments from facts is crucial for deep understanding on natu- ral language processing （NLP）. In this paper, we firstly con- struct a Chinese corpus which consists of three sub-corpora from different resources. We also present a general framework for Chinese negation and speculation identification. In our method, first, we propose a feature-based sequence labeling model to detect the negative or speculative cues. In addition, a cross-lingual cue expansion strategy is proposed to increase the coverage in cue detection. On this basis, this paper presents a new syntactic structure-based framework to identify the linguistic scope of a negative or speculative cue, instead of the traditional chunking-based framework. Experimental results justify the usefulness of our Chinese corpus and the appropriateness of our syntactic structure-based framework which has showed significant improvement over the state-of-the-art on Chinese negation and speculation identification.

Correlation analyse between thyroid hormone levels and severity of schizophrenia symptoms

BACKGROUND The imbalance of hormone levels in the body is closely related to the occurrence and progression of schizophrenia,especially thyroid hormones.AIM To study the relationship between triiodothyronine(T3),thyroxine(T4),free T3(FT3),free T4(FT4),thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)and schizophrenia.METHODS In this study,100 schizophrenia patients were selected from our hospital between April 2022 and April 2024.Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively.Based on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS)score,patients were divided into mild(1-3 points,n=39),moderate(4 points,n=45),and severe groups(5-7 points,n=16).Additionally,55 healthy individuals served as a control group.Venous blood samples were collected to measure T3,T4,FT3,FT4,TSH,and cortisol concentrations,analyzing their relationship with PANSS scores.RESULTS The serum levels of T3,FT3,FT4,TSH and cortisol in the schizophrenia group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).With the increase of the severity of the disease,the concentrations of T3 and T4 decreased,while the con-centrations of TSH and cortisol increased(P<0.05).The concentrations of TSH and cortisol were positively correlated with the PANSS score,while T3 and T4 were negatively correlated with the PANSS score(P<0.05).The receiver ope-rating characteristic curve results showed that T3,T4,TSH,and cortisol had good efficacy in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.Logistic results showed that decreased T3 level,decreased T4 level,decreased TSH level and increased cortisol level may be independent risk factors for schizophrenia.CONCLUSION Thyroid hormone levels are associated with the severity of schizophrenia symptoms,which can provide new solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.

ON THE COMPLETED DATABASE SEMANTICS FOR NEGATION

As a semantics for negation, the completed datsbase appears to be a little too strong.It makes no sense when it is ineonsistent. However, as has been shown by Shepherdson, the general problem of determining whether the completed database is codaistent is recursively undecidable. In this paper, we present a necessary and sufficient condition for the consistency of the completed database and use it to prove the consistency of the completed database for definite, locally stratified and R-terminable programs, respectively. We then establish a weak version of the completed database semantics for negation. Informally, the semantics says that for any function-free logic program P the results inferred by applying the SLDNF-refutation procedure via the "Latest-first" computation rule are logical consequences of the relevant completed database comp(REL(P)),where comp(REL(P))is always consistent ever if comp(P)is ineonsistent.

Bottom-up Evaluation of Datalog with Negation

Declarative semantics gives the meaning of a logic program in terms of properties,while the procedural semantics gives the meaning in terms of the execution or evalua-tion of the program. From the database point of view, the procedural semantics of theprogram is equally important. This paper focuses on the study of the bottom-up eval-uation of the WFM semantics of datalog- programs. To compute the WFM, first, thestability transformation is revisited, and a new operator Op and its fixpoint are defined.Based on this, a fixpoint semantics, called oscillating fixpoint model semantics, is de-fined. Then, it is shown that for any datalog program the oscillating fixpoint model isidentical to its WFM. So, the oscillating fixpoint model can be viewed as an alternative(constructive) definition of WFM. The underlying operation (or transformation) forreaching the oscillating fixpoint provides a potential of bottom-up evaluation. For thesake of computational feasibility, the strongly range-restricted program is considered,and an algorithm used to compute the oscillating fixpoint is described.

Impact of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cognition and emotion in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection

BACKGROUND Propofol and sevoflurane are commonly used anesthetic agents for maintenance anesthesia during radical resection of gastric cancer.However,there is a debate concerning their differential effects on cognitive function,anxiety,and depression in patients undergoing this procedure.AIM To compare the effects of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function,anxiety,depression,and organ function in patients undergoing radical resection of gastric cancer.METHODS A total of 80 patients were involved in this research.The subjects were divided into two groups:Propofol group and sevoflurane group.The evaluation scale for cognitive function was the Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment(LOTCA),and anxiety and depression were assessed with the aid of the self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)and self-rating depression scale(SDS).Hemodynamic indicators,oxidative stress levels,and pulmonary function were also measured.RESULTS The LOTCA score at 1 d after surgery was significantly lower in the propofol group than in the sevoflurane group.Additionally,the SAS and SDS scores of the sevoflurane group were significantly lower than those of the propofol group.The sevoflurane group showed greater stability in heart rate as well as the mean arterial pressure compared to the propofol group.Moreover,the sevoflurane group displayed better pulmonary function and less lung injury than the propofol group.CONCLUSION Both propofol and sevoflurane could be utilized as maintenance anesthesia during radical resection of gastric cancer.Propofol anesthesia has a minimal effect on patients'pulmonary function,consequently enhancing their postoperative recovery.Sevoflurane anesthesia causes less impairment on patients'cognitive function and mitigates negative emotions,leading to an improved postoperative mental state.Therefore,the selection of anesthetic agents should be based on the individual patient's specific circumstances.