In order to ensure the safety of the non-heating gathering and transportation processes for high water fraction crude oil,the effect of temperature,water fraction,and flow rate on the flow characteristics of crude oil...In order to ensure the safety of the non-heating gathering and transportation processes for high water fraction crude oil,the effect of temperature,water fraction,and flow rate on the flow characteristics of crude oil with high water fraction was studied in a flow experimental system of the X Oilfield.Four distinct flow patterns were identified by the photographic and local sampling techniques.Especially,three new flow patterns were found to occur below the pour point of crude oil,including EW/O&W stratified flow with gel deposition,EW/O&W intermittent flow with gel deposition,and water single-phase flow with gel deposition.Moreover,two characteristic temperatures,at which the change rate of pressure drop had changed obviously,were found during the change of pressure drop.The characteristic temperature of the first congestion of gel deposition in the pipeline was determined to be the safe temperature for the non-heating gathering and transportation of high water cut crude oil,while the pressure drop reached the peak at this temperature.An empirical formula for the safe temperature was established for oil-water flow with high water fraction/low fluid production rate.The results can serve as a guide for the safe operation of the non-heating gathering and transportation of crude oil in high water fraction oilfields.展开更多
48MnV-C non-heat treatment crankshaft steel is specially used for making crankshafts of Cummings C engines.It mainly adopts the technology of V—N micro-alloying,at present,it has been successfully used in making cran...48MnV-C non-heat treatment crankshaft steel is specially used for making crankshafts of Cummings C engines.It mainly adopts the technology of V—N micro-alloying,at present,it has been successfully used in making crankshaft of heavy duty truck engines.BX STEEL made trial production by means of converter→secondary metallurgy(RH + LF)→rectangular slab caster→hot rolling process,and studied the T[O],T[N],[H]and non-metal inclusion in 48MnV - C steel under continuous casting process condition,the actual grain size and the slab quality.All the chemical compositions and test results met the needs of Cummings Crankshaft Steel Standard.In order to ensure the mechanical properties of the non-heat treatment steel,a certain amount of nitrogen is added to it,also a small amount of sulfur is added to improve the cutting property of the steel.This process route can make full use of the de-hydrogen function of RH,and during RH treatment,rough adjustment of alloy elements may be made while the adjustment of Nitride Manganese nitrogen pick up and adjusting Mn,as well as Ca treatment and S content adjustment may be done during LF treatment so as to ensure the requirement of high nitrogen,low hydrogen,low oxygen content in 48MnV-C steel.Magnetic marks are defects shown in magnetic powder testing after the steel was used to make finished crankshafts.The 48MnV - C non-heat treatment crankshaft steel produced by means of the above-mentioned process route has not only relatively high robust performance which meets the needs of truck crankshaft safety,but also high qualification rate and basically no "magnetic marks" are found after being made into finished crankshafts,which meets the crankshaft standard.Therefore,this steel has been widely used in domestic crankshaft industry.展开更多
High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress aro...High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress arouses the deformation of large integrated die-castings.Herein,the development of non-heat treatment Al alloys is becoming the hot topic.In addition,HPDC contains externally solidified crystals(ESCs),which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of castings.To achieve high strength and toughness of non-heat treatment die-casting Al-Si alloy,we used AlSi9Mn alloy as matrix with the introduction of Zr,Ti,Nb,and Ce.Their influences on ESCs and mechanical properties were systematically investigated through three-dimensional reconstruction and thermodynamic simulation.Our results reveal that the addition of Ti increased ESCs'size and porosity,while the introduction of Nb refined ESCs and decreased porosity.Meanwhile,large-sized Al_3(Zr,Ti)phases formed and degraded the mechanical properties.Subsequent introduction of Ce resulted in the poisoning effect and reduced mechanical properties.展开更多
非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料高温性能较低,无法应用于立面、坡屋面等位置,且130℃时黏度高,需加热到160℃以上才可进行施工,消耗大量能源和废气的排放。开发了特种非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料的配方。并分析SBS、SBR、橡胶粉、沥青和软化油、无...非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料高温性能较低,无法应用于立面、坡屋面等位置,且130℃时黏度高,需加热到160℃以上才可进行施工,消耗大量能源和废气的排放。开发了特种非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料的配方。并分析SBS、SBR、橡胶粉、沥青和软化油、无机填料、分散助剂和C5石油树脂等原材料对其性能的影响。结果表明:特种非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料相对普通非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料软化点提高35℃,耐热性提高30℃,130℃黏度降低1810 m Pa·s,90℃时与防水卷材不发生滑移,具有高耐热性、低黏度的特点,可用于立面、坡屋面防水,可在130℃施工,降低能源消耗。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51674281)the Opening Fund of Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil&Gas Storage (Study on low temperature flow characteristics of oil and water in gathering pipeline)the Transportation Safety and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘In order to ensure the safety of the non-heating gathering and transportation processes for high water fraction crude oil,the effect of temperature,water fraction,and flow rate on the flow characteristics of crude oil with high water fraction was studied in a flow experimental system of the X Oilfield.Four distinct flow patterns were identified by the photographic and local sampling techniques.Especially,three new flow patterns were found to occur below the pour point of crude oil,including EW/O&W stratified flow with gel deposition,EW/O&W intermittent flow with gel deposition,and water single-phase flow with gel deposition.Moreover,two characteristic temperatures,at which the change rate of pressure drop had changed obviously,were found during the change of pressure drop.The characteristic temperature of the first congestion of gel deposition in the pipeline was determined to be the safe temperature for the non-heating gathering and transportation of high water cut crude oil,while the pressure drop reached the peak at this temperature.An empirical formula for the safe temperature was established for oil-water flow with high water fraction/low fluid production rate.The results can serve as a guide for the safe operation of the non-heating gathering and transportation of crude oil in high water fraction oilfields.
文摘48MnV-C non-heat treatment crankshaft steel is specially used for making crankshafts of Cummings C engines.It mainly adopts the technology of V—N micro-alloying,at present,it has been successfully used in making crankshaft of heavy duty truck engines.BX STEEL made trial production by means of converter→secondary metallurgy(RH + LF)→rectangular slab caster→hot rolling process,and studied the T[O],T[N],[H]and non-metal inclusion in 48MnV - C steel under continuous casting process condition,the actual grain size and the slab quality.All the chemical compositions and test results met the needs of Cummings Crankshaft Steel Standard.In order to ensure the mechanical properties of the non-heat treatment steel,a certain amount of nitrogen is added to it,also a small amount of sulfur is added to improve the cutting property of the steel.This process route can make full use of the de-hydrogen function of RH,and during RH treatment,rough adjustment of alloy elements may be made while the adjustment of Nitride Manganese nitrogen pick up and adjusting Mn,as well as Ca treatment and S content adjustment may be done during LF treatment so as to ensure the requirement of high nitrogen,low hydrogen,low oxygen content in 48MnV-C steel.Magnetic marks are defects shown in magnetic powder testing after the steel was used to make finished crankshafts.The 48MnV - C non-heat treatment crankshaft steel produced by means of the above-mentioned process route has not only relatively high robust performance which meets the needs of truck crankshaft safety,but also high qualification rate and basically no "magnetic marks" are found after being made into finished crankshafts,which meets the crankshaft standard.Therefore,this steel has been widely used in domestic crankshaft industry.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52175284 and 52474396)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3404201)。
文摘High pressure die casting(HPDC)AlSi10Mn Mg alloy castings are widely used in the automobile industry.Mg can optimize the mechanical properties of castings through heat treatment,while the release of thermal stress arouses the deformation of large integrated die-castings.Herein,the development of non-heat treatment Al alloys is becoming the hot topic.In addition,HPDC contains externally solidified crystals(ESCs),which are detrimental to the mechanical properties of castings.To achieve high strength and toughness of non-heat treatment die-casting Al-Si alloy,we used AlSi9Mn alloy as matrix with the introduction of Zr,Ti,Nb,and Ce.Their influences on ESCs and mechanical properties were systematically investigated through three-dimensional reconstruction and thermodynamic simulation.Our results reveal that the addition of Ti increased ESCs'size and porosity,while the introduction of Nb refined ESCs and decreased porosity.Meanwhile,large-sized Al_3(Zr,Ti)phases formed and degraded the mechanical properties.Subsequent introduction of Ce resulted in the poisoning effect and reduced mechanical properties.
文摘非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料高温性能较低,无法应用于立面、坡屋面等位置,且130℃时黏度高,需加热到160℃以上才可进行施工,消耗大量能源和废气的排放。开发了特种非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料的配方。并分析SBS、SBR、橡胶粉、沥青和软化油、无机填料、分散助剂和C5石油树脂等原材料对其性能的影响。结果表明:特种非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料相对普通非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料软化点提高35℃,耐热性提高30℃,130℃黏度降低1810 m Pa·s,90℃时与防水卷材不发生滑移,具有高耐热性、低黏度的特点,可用于立面、坡屋面防水,可在130℃施工,降低能源消耗。
