Non-public Economy Survives Two Decades Will It Prosper in the WTO Era?

THE non-public economy has played an important role in China’s economic reforms over the past two decades, bringing about great changes to the economy and soci-

The coordinated evolution of ecological environment,public service,and tourism economy along the Silk Road Economic Belt,using the Dual-Carbon Targets

Carbon peak and carbon neutrality(dual-carbon)are important targets for the international response to climate change.The Silk Road Economic Belt is a strategic resource region and is important for future ecological environment and tourism development.Based on the“dual-carbon”targets,the Single index quantification,Multiple index synthesis,and Poly-criteria integration evaluation model were used in this study to measure the coordinated development index of the ecological environment,public service,and tourism economy along the Silk Road Economic Belt and to analyze its spatial and temporal evolution.Further,it explores the dynamic evolution and development trend of the three systems using the Kernel Density and Grey Markov Prediction Model.The results show that the coordinated development index along this region needs to be improved during the study period.Furthermore,the coordinated development index of the Southwest region is relatively higher than that of the Northwest region.From the development trend of the three systems,all of them develop in a stable manner;however,the tourism economy system is easily affected by external disturbances.The coordinated development index of the three systems changes dynamically and tends to be in a good state of coordination.There is a certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity.The gravity center of the coordinated development index has been in the Southwest region.During the forecast period,the coordinated development index along this region will improve significantly,while insufficient and unbalanced development will continue.

Research on the Digital Economy's Impact on China's Economic Growth:Based on the Variations in Urbanization Levels Across China's Eastern,Central,and Western Regions and Sectoral Heterogeneity

This paper uses inter-provincial panel data from 2011 to 2017,a linear regression model,and a threshold model to conduct empirical analyses of the impact of the digital economy on China's overall economic growth and the three main sectors of industry.The paper then investigates the impact and effects the digital economy has had on the economic growth of the three main sectors of industry in China's eastern,central,and western regions.Finally,the paper investigates the most significant differences among the various regions and the threshold effects of urbanization levels on the relationship between the digital economy and economic growth.The findings indicate a significantly positive correlation between the digital economy and regional economic growth.Moreover,geographical factors notably influence this correlation.The digital economy exerts a positive effect on all sectors of industry.It may not substantially impact industrial development in regions with highly developed infrastructure.Regarding the other regions,the digital economy exhibits varying degrees of impact due to the differences in the specific indicators.The conclusion drawn by the threshold model is that the magnitude of the threshold effect correlates with geographic factors.No threshold effect was observed in the eastern region,while the threshold effect occurred in the central region when the urbanization levels for the provinces were below 0.6645.Similarly,the threshold effect was noted in the western region when the urbanization level was below 0.3931.Considering all of this,the study also offers policy recommendations that will help balance the regional development of digital economies,accelerate the digital transformation of traditional industries,enhance digital infrastructure construction,refine the formulation and implementation of data policy,and establish relevant incentive mechanisms.

When Will Spring Come to the Non-Public Owned Economic Sector?

IN order to keep to promisesmade during negotiations to jointhe WTO, as from April 1,2002, the Chinese governmentbegan implementing the revised"Catalogue of Industries for ForeignInvestment" and its appendix.

Economy、Economics中译考——以“富国策”“理财学”“计学”“经济学”为中心的考察

尽管中国近代Economy、Economics中译名五花八门,数以十计,但最主要的有"富国策""理财学""计学""经济学"四个,而且它们之间呈现出前后递进的比较清晰的演进路线。其演进过程既受到西方"经济学"含义演变的"外因"的影响,也与当时中国移植西方经济学的"内因"相关。

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.

Event-Based Anomaly Detection for Non-Public Industrial Communication Protocols in SDN-Based Control Systems

As the main communication mediums in industrial control networks,industrial communication protocols are always vulnerable to extreme exploitations,and it is very difficult to take protective measures due to their serious privacy.Based on the SDN(Software Defined Network)technology,this paper proposes a novel event-based anomaly detection approach to identify misbehaviors using non-public industrial communication protocols,and this approach can be installed in SDN switches as a security software appliance in SDN-based control systems.Furthermore,aiming at the unknown protocol specification and message format,this approach first restructures the industrial communication sessions and merges the payloads from industrial communication packets.After that,the feature selection and event sequence extraction can be carried out by using the N-gram model and K-means algorithm.Based on the obtained event sequences,this approach finally trains an event-based HMM(Hidden Markov Model)to identify aberrant industrial communication behaviors.Experimental results clearly show that the proposed approach has obvious advantages of classification accuracy and detection efficiency.

Development Plan for Under- forest Economy of Henan Province Based on Central Plains Economic Region

Firstly,this paper analyzed current situations,major practice and existing problems of under-forest economy in Henan Province.Then,it made an in-depth discussion of guiding thought,principle and objectives,construction task and safeguarding measures of the underforest economic development plan. Besides,it analyzed benefits of the under-forest economic development plan. By 2017,the area of underforest economic land will reach 1. 60 million hm2,create output value of 155. 2 billion yuan( accounting for more than 20% of forest output value),provide 3. 27 million jobs,and will greatly increase ecological carrying capacity of construction and development of the Central Plains Economic Region( CPER).

Sharing Economy: A New Economic Revolution to Step into an Era of Ecological Civilization

The sharing economy based on the "Internet plus" has penetrated into all aspects of the economy and society and ushered in the widest-ranging economic revolution which is sweeping the 21 st century. The "Internet plus," by introducing trans-boundary reallocation of social resources, has radically changed the traditional patterns characterizing the market economy, such as the pattern of resource allocation, consumption, innovation, and wealth creation. It implants an innovative nervous system into the traditional market economy and makes it possible for a modern economy to evolve from a mechanical system into a complex living organism. The future economy, owning a life mechanism, will witness wealth being created through wisdom. The current exploding growth of cloud computing and big data signals a transformation from a knowledge-based economy to a wisdom-based smart economy. What is truly worth noticing is that, as humans step into an era of a sharing economy, China, among all the thriving sharing economies, boasts unique late-mover advantages and shares equal opportunities with the developed countries. This requires China to avoid simply following suit and instead taking an approach of self-innovation for economic development.

Paths for the Coordinated Development of Rural Economy and Environment in Economically Underdeveloped Areas——A Case of Huaian,China

Taking Huaian as an example,the rural economic and environmental problems in economically underdeveloped areas are expounded.The results show that rural areas in economically underdeveloped areas confront with lagged economic development,serious environmental pollutionand scarce shortage of equipments for treating environmental pollution.The causes of problems are analyzed,including inadequate fiscal supportfrom the local government;unscientific system for assessing government officers' performances;backward ideas in environmental protection and im-perfect laws and regulations on environmental protection.Based on these causes,the strategy of employing the circular economy to promote the co-ordinated development of rural environment and economy in economically underdeveloped areas is put forward.The strategy covers transformingthe way of agricultural production;adjusting agricultural production structure;positively collecting funds and increasing the input on handling rural en-vironmental problems;strengthening the efforts on promotion and education,and forming the healthy habits of consumption;enforcing supervisionand establishing a professional administration team for protecting rural environment;laying stress on rural technological innovation and strengtheningthe force of expansion;accelerating the path of industrialization and promoting the industrialization of villages and towns vigorously.

Why Bubble Economy Occurs and Crashes？ Repeated History of Economic Growth and Collapse

This paper shows that there are two different phases in economics. These are the primal and dual problems. In the primal problem phase, capital expenditures of private corporations grow, creating an impetus towards the maximization of profits. In this case, as Adam Smith once wrote, the ＂invisible hand of God＂ works to lead the economy to a significant growth. This paper defines the concept of economic growth, bubble economy and destruction of bubble economy. And this paper describes why bubble economy occurs and crashes. In the process, this paper shows that primal economy exists before bubble economy and dual economy exists after destruction of bubble economy.

Relationship between ecological economics and circular economy,eco-industry,cleaner production,and other relevant categories

Eco-industry, circular economy, cleaner production, industrial ecology or industrial ecosystem and other subjects are all categories related to sustainable developinent. This paper studies the relations and differences between the four categories and sustainable development as well as ecological economics. Circular economy, eco-industry, industrial ecosystem and cleaner production were put forward during the revolution in “end treatment pattern” of traditional industrial society. Industrial ecology, eco-industry and circular economy theory are three content expansions of cleaner production. Ecological economics is of instructive function theoretically and methodologically for circular economy, eco-industrial, cleaner production and industrial ecology. Circular economy theory is easier to be accepted, compared with ecological economics theory. And circular economy in nature is the complete application of ecological economics theory.

The Digital Economy Has Become A New Engine for High-Quality Economic Development in China

In recent years,China’s digital economy has made remarkable progress,with new business forms and models emerging one after another.The digital economy has become a new engine for high-quality economic development in China.On the scale of the digital economy,China has ranked second globally for many years.Especially since the outbreak of COVID-19,the digital economy and digital technologies have played a key role in fighting the pandemic and restoring production and life.China’s digital economy scale will reach RMB50.2 trillion in 2022,with a year-onyear growth of 10.32%,according to the 2022 China Digital Economy Policy and Development Research Report released by the Research Center of E-commerce of 100ec.cn.

Whether Can RCEP Cooperation in Digital Economy Raise New “Tiger Cub” Economies

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)is the world’s largest regional trade agreement,signed by ten ASEAN countries and five regional trade partners.In January 2022,the RCEP officially took effect,which not only marks the triumph of multilateral cooperation,but more importantly,will be significant contributor to global economy.At present,facing the wave of digital globalization,RCEP could put more emphasis on the international cooperation in technology innovation,digital infrastructure,and cross-border e-commerce,making digital economy boost RCEP’s goal to deeper economic integration.Member states can achieve long term success through jointly establishing cooperation mechanism on digital economy,and working to build community with digital sharing for RCEP parties,which also help revive economic strength in the big recession caused by COVID-19 pandemic.Furthermore,this study finds that the former“Tiger Cub”economies which are Indonesia,Thailand,Malaysia,and Philippines stand a credible chance of becoming the new“Tiger Cub”economies in Asia-Pacific,for their rapidly rising digital markets.

200 YEARS AFTER AUGUST BOECKH’S THE PUBLIC ECONOMY OF ATHENS:PERSPECTIVES OF ECONOMIC HISTORY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

The introduction to the papers resulting from a conference at the Zentrum für Inter-disziplinäre Forschung(Center for Interdisciplinary Studies)of the University of Bielefeld(6–8 September 2017)deals with the epoch-making work of August Boeckh on the public finances and economy of ancient Athens,which was published in 1817,and the undergoing review and update by scholars from different disciplines.The papers published here are the first results and a step towards a new public economy of Athens that has still to be written.

A Factor Analytic Model of Economic Growth Basing on Domestic and Foreign Resource and a Positive Study of Korean Economy

The most popular and traditional method to analyze the source of economic growth is created by Robert. M.Solow, but it has some localizations and is not very precise in some sense. In this paper, we will classify all sources of economic growth into domestic part and foreign part. Gross domestic products (GDP) growth is decomposed into labor input, domestic capital formation, imported foreign capital formation, and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. TFP growth is again divided into scale economies, capital utilization, human capital, domestic research and development (R&D)effort, and imported foreign technology. In this way,foreign resources include imported foreign capital formation and foreign technology. By model and demonstration, we analyze the impact of foreign resource to an economy, and the contribution of each factor (especially technological progress) to economic growth.

Analysis on Relation Measuring and Development Innovation Path of Tourism Economy in Shenyang Economic Zone

This article firstly measures the tourism economy relations in Shenyang Economic Zone,and summarizes the spatial structure of tourism economy in Shenyang Economic Zone. The results show that Shenyang is in the central position and its tourism resource has obvious advantages. Finally,this paper provides the development innovation path of tourism economy in Shenyang Economic Zone.

Economic Development Mode and Countermeasure Research on the Nansi Lake Drainage Area Based on Circular Economy

Firstly,it is pointed out that circular economy should be vigorously developed in the Nansi Lake Drainage Area,and the connotation of circular economy is expounded.Then,problems in developing circular economy in Nansi Lake Drainage Area are analyzed from the aspects of agriculture,industrial enterprises,and waste utilization.Finally,combining with the four modes of peasant household,enterprise,region and society in the development of circular economy,corresponding countermeasures are put forward for the circular economy in Nansi Lake Drainage Area,such as establishing the government guidance mechanism for big agriculture circular economy in Nansi Lake Drainage Area,constructing incentive systems for industrial enterprises adopting circular economy in Nansi Lake Drainage Area,adjusting the industrial structure of Nansi Lake Drainage Area,and optimizing the energy consumption structure.

An Analysis of the Influence of Chinese Agriculture on National Economy and the Macroeconomic Effects

As a basic industry,agriculture has a far-reaching impact on national economy. Based on input-output tables of China in 2005 and2010,this paper gives a deep insight into the relationship between agriculture and national economy and its macroeconomic effects by the methods of input-output analysis,industrial correlation and macroeconomic effect analysis. The results show that the agricultural development is highly dependent on the national economy,but makes low contribution; agriculture contributes to promoting employment and improving the structure of national income distribution; despite the government's tax incentive,the agricultural equipments are updated slowly,and the corporate profits are at low level; agricultural export effect is far below the average industry level,but the import effect increases over the years,and final products are often used for domestic consumption. Finally,we set forth recommendations for improving the development of agriculture and national economy.