Effects of sliding velocity and normal load on tribological behavior of aged Al-Sn-Cu alloy

The tribological behavior of aged Al-Sn-Cu alloy rubbed in the presence of lubricant over a range of sliding velocities and normal loads was investigated. The results showed that peak-aged （PA） alloy had a better tribological behavior than under-aged （UA） and over-aged （OA） alloys, which could be attributed to the optimized strength-ductility matching and a better hardness under PA condition. Wear rate and friction coefficient showed great sensitivity to applied sliding velocity and normal load. The wear rate and friction coefficient of the alloy exhibited a reduction trend with the increase in sliding velocity. The low wear rate and friction coefficient of alloy at high velocities were due to the effectively protected film and homogeneous Sn on surface. However, an increase in normal load led to an obvious increment in wear rate. The friction coefficient exhibited a fluctuant trend with the increase of normal loads. The seriously destroyed film and abraded Sn resulted in poor tribological behavior at high normal loads. The Sn particles and lubricant film which includes low shear interfacial lubricating layer and oxide tribolayer are the key to the tribological behavior of Al-Sn-Cu alloy.

The Influence of Normal Load and Sliding Speed on Frictional Properties of Skin

The study of frictional properties of human skin is important for medical research, skin care products and textile exploi- tation. In order to investigate the influence of normal load and sliding speed on the frictional properties of skin and its possible mechanism, tests were carded out on a multi-specimen friction tester. When the normal load increases from 0.1 N to 0.9 N, normal displacement and the friction coefficient of skin increase. The friction coefficient is dependent on the load, indicating that both adhesion and deformation contribute to the friction behaviour. The deformation friction was interpreted using the plough model of friction. When sliding speed increases from 0.5 mm·s^-1 to 4 mm·s^-1, the friction coefficient increases and ＂stick-slip＂ phenomena increase, indicating that hysteretic friction contributes to the friction. The hysteretic friction was in- terpreted using schematic of energy translation during the rigid spherical probe sliding on the soft skin surface, which provides an explanation for the influence of the sliding speed on the frictional characteristics of the skin.

Frictional behavior of planar and rough granite fractures subjected to normal load oscillations of different amplitudes

The dynamic frictional behaviors of natural discontinuities(joints,fractures,faults)play an important role in geohazards assessment;however,the mechanisms of the dynamic fault weakening/strengthening are still unclear.In this paper,a dynamic shear box was used to perform direct shear tests on saw-cut(planar)and natural(rough)granite fractures,with different normal load oscillation amplitudes.Based on the recorded shear forces and normal displacements,the shear forces,apparent friction coefficients and normal displacements are found to change periodically with oscillated normal loads and are characterized by a series of time shifts.The observed changing patterns are similar for the rough and planar fractures.Compared with the test data under constant normal load(CNL),small/large normal load oscillation amplitude enhances/reduces the peak shear strength,with a critical point.The magnitude of critical normal load oscillation for the rough fractures is smaller than the planer fractures.The results imply that dynamic fault weakening/strengthening can be achieved by both normal load oscillation amplitudes and slip surface topography.The rough fractures with larger normal oscillation amplitude can easily cause frictional weakening under stress disturbance.

Experimental Studies on Cyclic Shear Behavior of Steel-Clay Interface Under Constant Normal Load

The degradation of the shear stress between pile-clay interface caused by undrained cyclic jacking affects the jacking force.A series of large displacement monotonic shear,cyclic shear and post-cyclic monotonic steel plate-clay interface shear te sts were performed under the constant normal load(CNL)condition to inve stigate the effects of normal stre ss,cyclic amplitude,and number of cycles on a steel plate-clay interface using the GDS multi-function interface shear tester.Based on the experimental results,in monotonic shear tests,change of shear stress took place in the specimen,the shear stress rapidly reached the peak value at shear displacement of 1 mm,and then abruptly decreased to the residual value.In cyclic shear te sts,accumulated displacement was a better parameter to describe the soil degradation characteristics,and the degradation degree of shear stress became greater with the increasing of normal stress and accumulated displacement.Shear stress in post-cyclic monotonic shear tests did not generate a peak value and was lower than that in monotonic shear tests under the same normal stress.The soil was completely disturbed and reached the residual strength when the cumulative displacement approached 6 m.An empirical equation to evaluate shear stress degradation mechanism was formulated and the procedure of parameter identification was presented.

Influence of Normal Load,Sliding Speed and Ambient Temperature on Wear Resistance of ZG42CrMo

To investigate the wear resistance of ZG42CrMo in industrial application,the wear behaviors under different normal loads,sliding speeds and ambient temperatures were simulated by an MMU-5G abrasion tester to acquire the friction coefficients and wear rates,with the morphology of worn surface observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and chemical composition of worn surface and debris analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.Combine with the theory of tribology,finally the regular of environmental factors’ influence on material wear behaviors is determined.The results show that the increase of load decreases wear resistance significantly,when the pressure reaches a certain extent,severe spalling occurs on the worn surface;the changes of speed result in the changes of size of abrasive debris,and then effect the wear behaviors,in the increasing process of speed,the wear rate increases firstly and then decreases;the rise of temperature causes changes in wear mechanism,bring forth oxidation film on the worn surface,which leads to significant improvement of the wear resistance of materials under high temperature compared to that under low temperature

Degradation of joint surface morphology, shear behavior and closure characteristics during cyclic loading

In order to investigate the failure mechanism of rock joint,a series of laboratory tests including cyclic direct shear tests under constant normal load(CNL)conditions were conducted.Morphology parameters of the rock joint surface were precisely calculated by means of a three-dimensional laser scanning machine.All test results were analyzed to investigate the shear behavior and normal displacement behavior of rock joints under CNL conditions.Degradation of rock joint surface during cyclic shear tests was also analyzed.The comparison results of the height parameters and the hybrid parameters of the joint surface during cyclic tests show that the degradation of the surface mostly happens in the first shear and the constant normal loads imposed on the joints have significant promotion effects on the morphology degradation.During cyclic shear tests,joints surfaces evolve from rough state to smooth state but keep an overall undulation.Dilatancy of rock joints degrades with the degradation of joint surface and the increase of normal loads.The closure deformation of joint is larger than that of the intact rock,and the normal stiffness increases with the increase of shearing times.

Frictional behavior of quartz gouge during slide-hold-slide considering normal stress oscillation

Slide-hold-slide(SHS)test is an essential experimental approach for studying the frictional stability of faults.The origin SHS framework was established based on a consistent constant normal stress,which cannot truly reflect the stress disturbance around fault zones.In this paper,we conducted a series of'dynamic SHS tests',which includes normal stress oscillations in the relaxation stage with different oscillation amplitudes and frequencies on synthetic quartz gouge using a double direct shear assembly.The experimental results reveal that the amplitude of the normal load oscillation has a remarkable effect on the frictional relaxation and healing patterns.However,the frequency of the normal load oscillation has a minor effect.Additionally,the shear loading rate is proportional to the normal loading rate during the relaxation stage,and the normal stiffness of the quartz layer remains nearly constant under various loading conditions.The creep rate during the hold phase is not obviously affected by the normal load oscillation,while the precursory slip is also sensitive to the oscillation amplitude.This study provides insights into the evolution of frictional stability in discontinuities and is beneficial for controlling relative disasters in fault zones.

Frictional sliding of infilled planar granite fracture under oscillating normal stress

This paper investigates the frictional behavior of the infilled rock fracture under dynamic normal stress.A series of direct shear tests were conducted on saw-cut granite fractures infilled with quartz using a selfdeveloped dynamic shear apparatus,and the effects of normal load oscillation amplitude,normal load oscillation period and sliding velocity were studied.The test results reveal that the shear response can be divided into three stages over a whole loading-unloading process,characterized by different time spans and stress variations.Generally,a smaller oscillation amplitude,a longer oscillation period and a fast shear velocity promote the stability of the friction system,which is also confirmed by the Coulomb failure criterion calculated based on the observed periodic apparent friction coefficient.The dynamic strengthening/weakening phenomenon is dependent on the oscillation amplitude and product of sliding velocity and oscillation period(vT).Also,the rate and state friction law incorporating the parameter a that characterizes the normal stress variation is employed to describe the dynamic friction coefficient but exhibits an incompetent performance when handling intensive variation in normal stress.Finally,the potential seismicity induced by oscillating normal stress based on the observed stress drop is analyzed.This work helps us understand the sliding process and stability evolution of natural faults,and its benefits for relative hazard mitigation.

Microscratch of copper by a Rockwell C diamond indenter under a constant load

The scratch test is used for quality control mostly in phenomenological ways,and whether fracture toughness can be obtained from this test is still a matter of debate requiring further elucidation.In this paper,values of the fracture toughness of copper obtained by different scratch-based approaches are compared in order to examine the applicability of scratch-based methodologies to characterize the fracture toughness of soft metals.The scratch response of copper to a Rockwell C diamond indenter is studied under a constant normal load condition.The variations of penetration depth,residual depth,and residual scratch width with applied normal load are quantified from spherical to sphero-conical contact regimes by piecewise functions.A newly proposed size effect law is found to be the most suitable for scratch-based approaches to characterizing the fracture toughness of soft metallic materials with significant plasticity.A simple expression relating the nominal stress to the penetration depth is proposed for the spherical contact regime and gives almost the same value of fracture toughness.The residual scratch width provides useful information on pile-up of material and on the spherical tip radius of the indenter.It is found that the values of the fracture toughness obtained from the microscratch test are influenced by the data range for analysis.

Effects of kinetic profiles on neutron wall loading distribution in CFETR

The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor（CFETR） is under design, which aims to bridge the gaps between ITER and the future fusion power plant. The neutron wall loading（NWL） depends on the neutron source distribution, which depends on the density and temperature profiles. In this paper, we calculate the NWL of CFETR and study the effects of density and temperature profiles on the NWL distribution along the first wall. Our calculations show that for a 200 MW fusion power, the maximum NWL is at the outer midplane and the vaule is about 0.4 MW m^-2. The density and temperature profiles have little effect on the NWL distribution. The value of NWL is determined by the total fusion power.

Calculation of foundation pit deformation caused by deep excavation considering influence of loading and unloading

A new analytical solution for ground surface settlement induced by deep excavation is proposed based on the elastic half space Melan’s solution,and the analytical model is related to the physical and mechanical properties of soil with the loading and unloading action during excavation process.The change law of earth pressure of the normal consolidation soil after the foundation pit excavation was analyzed,and elastic displacement calculation methods of analytic solution were further established given the influence of excavation and unloading.According to the change of stress state in the excavation process of foundation pit,the planar mechanical analysis model of the foundation excavation problem was established.By combining this model with the physical equations and geometric equations of plane strain problem with consideration of the loading and unloading modulus of soil,constitutive equation of the plane strain problem was also established.The loading and unloading modulus formula was obtained by using the parameter calculation method in Duncan-Chang curve model.The constitutive equation obtained from the model was used to calculate the soil stress state of each point to determine its loading and unloading modulus.Finally,the foundation pit displacement change after excavation was calculated,and thus the soil pressure distribution after retaining structure deformation.The theoretical results calculated by making corresponding programs were applied to engineering practice.By comparing the conventional calculation results with monitoring results,the practicability and feasibility of the calculation model were verified,which should provide a theoretical basis for similar projects.

不同配对副作用下浸渍石墨的磨损特性

采用球/平面的接触形式,分别使用GCr15钢球、Si_(3)N_(4)和Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷球作为摩擦副,利用TRB 3摩擦试验机探究浸渍石墨的摩擦磨损性能.通过扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜分别对摩擦系数、磨损体积、磨痕轮廓及磨痕表面形貌进行表征分析,探究浸渍石墨在不同法向载荷作用下摩擦划痕和磨损特性,建立能量磨损模型探究磨损过程中接触状态的变化机制,预测磨损进程.结果表明:随着上试样硬度逐渐增大,小载荷时摩擦系数逐渐增大,大载荷时摩擦系数逐渐减小.不同摩擦副作用下,石墨表面磨痕轮廓较浅分别呈现类似“U”形、“V”形和“W”形轮廓,石墨与GCr15、Si_(3)N_(4)和Al_(2)O_(3)配对副之间的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损和轻微的氧化磨损,摩擦副表面间存在材料转移、剥落和犁沟现象.

不同类风场雨滴冲击荷载对输变电塔线体系动力响应的影响研究

输变电塔体系遭受风雨耦合作用破坏时常将原因归于风荷载,忽略了雨荷载耦合激励的放大效应。针对某输电线路“一塔两线”体系模型,以数值方法模拟良态风雨场与湿下击暴流场的风雨时程荷载,分别对塔线体系进行动力响应分析,结果表明:降雨对输电塔线体系的响应,具有显著影响,随着雨强变大,塔线体系响应增大明显;在极值降雨条件下,湿下击暴流场塔顶位移增幅最大,在X向和Y向分别达到31.30%和33.93%;两种风雨场中塔顶位移及加速度功率谱密度均出现明显增幅,体系共振响应增强,塔身关键位置主材应力分别增大了11.64%、37.07%;在不同类风场中,强降雨时雨滴冲击对塔线体系产生的激励增大作用不可忽略。

Space Transformation-Based Interdependency Modelling for Probabilistic Load Flow Analysis of Power Systems

Dependence among random input variables affects importantly the results of probabilistic load flow(PLF),system economic operation,and system security.To solve this problem,the main objectiveness of the paper is to analyze the performance of several schemes for simulating correlated variables combined with the point estimate method(PEM).Unlike the existing works that considering one single scheme combined with Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) or PEM,by neglecting the correlation among random input variables,four schemes were presented for disposing the dependence of correlated random variables,including Nataf transformation /polynomial normal transformation(PINT) combined with orthogonal transformation(OT) / elementary transformation(ET).Combining with the 2m+1 approach of PEM,a space transformation-based formulation was proposed and adopted for solving the PLF.The proposed approach is applied in the modified IEEE 30-bus system while considering correlated wind generations and load demands.Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with those obtained from the MCS.Results also show that the scheme of combining Nataf transformation and ET with PEM provides the best performance.

长时浸泡红砂岩加/卸荷条件下的剪切特性及细观损伤机理

三峡库区防洪限制水位(145m)以下岸坡岩体在库水升降过程中经历了长期浸泡作用,并且水位变化导致岩体受到切向加载剪切和法向卸荷剪切2种工况作用,而岩石剪切特性的差异直接影响岸坡在不同水库运营阶段的稳定性。文章以典型长石石英砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同浸泡天数下砂岩试样的切向加载、法向卸载剪切试验,得到了2种受力条件下砂岩剪切特性的变化规律,并结合溶液测试、SEM测试、核磁共振试验揭示了不同工况下岩石剪切特性产生差异的细观机理。研究结果表明:(1)与初始试样相比,经过80d的浸泡后,该类试样的黏聚力损失要大于内摩擦角的损失,切向加载剪切所得黏聚力降低了40.5%,内摩擦角最终仅降低了2%,而法向卸荷剪切所得黏聚力降低了31%,内摩擦角最终降低了8%;(2)试样经历长期浸泡导致胶结物矿物被溶解、溶蚀,次生孔隙逐步发育并贯通,孔隙度增大,经过60d浸泡后,试样的含水率、孔隙度、孔隙结构基本达到稳定状态,克服剪切作用的颗粒骨架几乎不再受浸泡水的影响,这是长期饱水试样剪切性质逐渐弱化并趋于平稳的原因;(3)法向卸荷剪切条件下,剪切主裂纹面与理论剪切面之间偏差增大,破裂面更倾向于形成“S型”和“M型”,实际剪切面的增大变相提高了岩石的抗剪强度,而对岩石抗剪强度贡献最大的是骨架颗粒,故岩石内摩擦角更大,而提供黏聚力的充填胶结物质在张剪破坏中的贡献小,所以法向卸荷中岩石的黏聚力更低。研究成果可为库区涉水边坡在水位升降中的稳定性评价以及考虑实际工况进行参数取值的试验方法选择提供参考。

含小水电配电网重要负荷评估及其水光储优化配置方法

为保证含小水电配电网重要负荷的电能质量安全与稳定,发挥水光储系统互补作用,提出一种负荷重要程度评估方法和含小水电配电网重要负荷的水光储优化配置方法。首先,从用户角度出发,基于用电效益指标与用电体验指标2个维度建立负荷重要程度评估体系,采用G1熵权法量化用户节点的重要程度,确定重要负荷节点并将其作为光储接入备选节点,降低光储优化配置求解维度;其次,建立以水光储全寿命周期成本最小、电压偏差平方之和最小为目标的优化配置模型,引入规格化平面约束法求解两目标水光储优化配置问题,得到均匀的Pareto最优解集;然后,计算各解集综合偏移程度函数,得到最优折中解,作为优化配置最佳参考方案;最后,以改进的IEEE 33节点配电网为算例,证明所提的优化配置方法可以改善重要负荷的电压偏差,同时提高投资者的收益。

仿生侵蚀介质对滚刀/大理岩滚动摩擦磨损行为的影响

目的对比去离子水和仿生侵蚀介质2种工况下,滚刀/大理岩摩擦副在不同法向载荷作用下的滚动摩擦磨损行为,阐明仿生侵蚀介质对大理岩破碎去除和滚刀磨损的影响规律和作用机制,为化学手段辅助提升全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)破岩效率提供参考。方法表征自制仿生侵蚀介质对大理岩和H13钢滚刀的腐蚀性,基于自制滚压破岩模拟试验机研究滚刀/大理岩摩擦副的滚动摩擦磨损行为。结果仿生侵蚀介质对滚刀无明显腐蚀性,但会诱导大理岩表面产生次生裂隙和溶蚀孔,弱化岩石表面的力学性能。在法向载荷为45、75、105N时,相较于去离子水工况,在仿生侵蚀介质工况下大理岩的磨损体积分别提高了25.3%、9.3%、17.5%,滚刀破岩比能分别下降了28.3%、11.4%、20.0%。在法向载荷为45 N时,岩石表面的破坏形式主要为矿物颗粒破碎剥落。在法向载荷为75N时,岩石的去除量明显增大,表面形成了密实核。在法向载荷为105N时,岩石表面发生显著开裂和去除现象。结论仿生侵蚀介质能促进大理岩的破碎和去除,降低滚刀磨损和破岩比能。仿生侵蚀介质的作用受到岩石破坏形式的影响,在法向载荷较低时,岩石表面破坏形式以矿物颗粒剥落和密实核形成为主,仿生侵蚀介质仅作用于岩石表层,其效果有限;在法向载荷较高时,岩石表面会产生裂纹和开裂,有利于仿生侵蚀介质向岩石内部的渗透,刀具的破岩效率显著提高。

基于跨黏度纤维素对磨螺杆表面的实验与仿真研究

采用摩擦学性能测试与EDEM仿真模拟相结合的方法,研究了跨黏度纤维素在不同转速和不同载荷下的摩擦学行为,以及在摩擦过程中对螺杆表面的磨损机制。跨黏度纤维素的摩擦学性能测试采用“球-盘”式摩擦磨损试验机,而对螺杆的磨损机制采用Archard Wear磨粒磨损计算公式及离散元方法构建纤维素及螺杆磨损机制模型。研究结果表明,在高转速60 r/min条件下,跨黏度纤维素的磨损规律受施加载荷大小的影响较大,15 mPa·s的摩擦系数在0.19至0.44之间,100 000 mPa·s的摩擦系数在0.25至0.52之间;在低转速10 r/min条件下,摩擦系数受法向载荷影响波动较大,15 mPa·s的摩擦系数在0.25至0.44之间,100 000 mPa·s的摩擦系数在0.24至0.58之间。通过EDEM仿真模拟发现,随着纤维素黏度增大,纤维素与螺杆表面的接触面积随之减少,螺棱在对纤维素推动的过程中,不易造成纤维素在螺槽中的相对滑动,进而减少螺槽部位的磨损。纤维素的黏度大小对润滑效果有一定影响,但并不是决定性因素;影响纤维素的润滑效果和磨损机理的主要是加载载荷,其中磨损程度随着载荷变大而加深,而磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主。同时,纤维素黏度会对螺杆的磨损位置和磨损程度产生影响。

NC–UHPC组合梁抗冲击性能的数值研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)材料已成为极具前景的高性能材料,并在冲击和爆炸等防护工程领域中取得了良好的效果.对于普通钢筋混凝土(NC)梁在受到冲击荷载时较易发生局部冲剪破坏,而纯UHPC梁虽可改善其冲击性能,但高昂的造价限制了其进一步的应用.为了实现结构抗冲击性能和经济的平衡,提出UHPC局部替换和包裹的方案改善钢筋混凝土梁的抗冲击性能.本文设计了NC梁、UHPC梁和NC–UHPC组合梁等不同的研究工况,然后对比分析各个试件的抗冲击性能.结果表明:相比普通钢筋混凝土梁,UHPC局部替换方案可以有效的避免梁的局部冲剪破坏,而UHPC包裹在冲击荷载下梁的破坏模式由冲剪破坏转变为弯曲破坏,两种方案均可有效的减少梁跨中的峰值位移和残余位移;UHPC局部替换相较于包裹方案,梁的跨中峰值位移和残余位移较小,且具有更高的跨中承载能力,在实际过程中建议UHPC局部替换长度取大于2倍梁高以避免局部冲剪破坏.

大展弦比机翼随动加载方法与装置研究

大展弦比机翼载荷标定实验中,随着载荷的增加,机翼会发生弯曲变形,导致加载点的法向载荷方向发生变化,对载荷标定实验的准确性产生影响。为解决此问题,设计了一套大展弦比随动加载装置,该装置通过电缸控制加载点竖直方向的位移,通过位移台控制电缸水平方向的位移,利用联动控制系统使载荷标定实验中施加在机翼翼面的作用力与翼面始终保持垂直,保证机翼所受载荷始终沿法向。开展随动加载与砝码垂向加载对比实验,结果表明:随动加载获得的数据相关系数达到0.999,相较砝码垂向加载获得的数据相关系数0.976更优,验证了随动加载装置的有效性。该装置不仅具有体积较小、操作简便的优点,还为推动大展弦比机翼性能研究提供了有力支撑。