Development of a KASP Marker on Chromosome A05 for Seed Oil Content of Brassica napus

In order to identify the molecular markers that can be widely used in the breeding of Brassica napus L.varieties with high seed oil content under different genetic backgrounds,we developed a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)marker for seed oil content on the basis of the results from available studies.The verification in the F_(2) population showed that the marker was closely linked to the quantitative trait locus(QTL)for oil content on chromosome A05.The findings helped to breed the‘Fengyou’varieties with high seed oil content in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Occurrence state and oil content evaluation of Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Hashan area as constrained by NMR and multistage Rock-Eval

The Hashan area,neighboring the Mahu Sag that is rich in the shale oil resources,showed commercial oil flow in the corresponding lacustrine shales of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation(P)with reserve scale approximately 789 million tons,presenting great potential for oil exploration.Despite their geographical proximity,the hydrocarbon occurrence and oil-bearing capacity of shale in the Hashan area and Mahu Sag greatly differ owing to the complex tectonic evolution.Therefore,understanding the occurrence state and oil content of the Pif in the Hashan area is crucial for ongoing shale oil exploration activities and the development of the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin.In this study,an in-tegrated investigation,including petrological observations,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)obser-vation,analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)Ti-T2 spectra,and conventional and multistage Rock-Eval pyrolysis methods were conducted to evaluate the occurrence state and oil content of the Pif shale in the Hashan area.The results indicate that plagioclase(average 30.7%)and quartz(24.1%)dominate the mineral compositions of the Pf shale samples.A method involving quartz-plagioclase-carbonate minerals is proposed to conduct lithofacies classification.In the Hashan area,the organic matter abundance in the Pf shale is scaled in fair to good range,the thermal maturity ranges from immature to early mature stage,and the primary organic matter types are Types I and Ilj.Intergranular and dissolution pores are the two most common pore types.The free oil is mostly found in the pores and microfractures of the mineral matrix,whereas the adsorbed oil is mostly adsorbed on the surfaces of kerogen and clay minerals.The high organic matter abundance,quartz content,and porosity account for substantial increase in the oil content,the area rich in shale oil resources coincides with that rich in free oil.The most favorable lithofacies in the Hashan area is the calcareous mudstone/shale,which hosts the highest free oil content(average 2.49 mg),total oil content(15.02 mg/g),organic matter abundance CTOC:1.88% and S_(1)+S_(2)=20.54mg/g and orositv(5.97%)

Profiling and geographical distribution of seed oil content of sunflower in Ukraine

The sunflower has the potential to be a highly competitive crop owing to its diversity market and the valuable oil it produces.Nevertheless,the amount of sunflower seed oil-a key factor for the crushing industry-is affected by genotype and environment,which sometimes is difficult to predict.The paper analyzes the theoretical principles of sunflower growth in Ukraine,highlights the current trends in the sowing of this crop,the influence of climatic factors of the environment on the prospects of the oilseed sunflower yield.The results of the research are presented for 3 years(2014-2016),during the authors conducted a grain quality observatory at the regional level,taking into account the climatic conditions of sunflower growth in different natural zones of Ukraine(from 45
to 51
north latitude and from 22
to 37
east longitude).Additionally,the research includes the coefficient of significance of the deviation from long-term climatic indicators,which makes it possible to forecast sunflower yield in the future.The analyzed data was obtained from the commercial fields with a minimum area of 40 ha in all Ukrainian regions except Crimea peninsula,Donetsk and Luhansk regions.The results obtained in research show the great diversity of oil content index as per both latitude and longitude meaning.If we consider the entire country,this survey shows that the seed oil content can change dramatically from year to year:e.g.47.5%in one year versus 45.7%in another year.Regionally,these changes have a completely different dynamic with a gradual decrease in seed oil content in the southern part of the country.The main goal of the research was to identify the best sunflower growing areas in Ukraine according to the oil content index.

Evaluation of Seed Oil Content in Cucumber Germplasm

With 35 different ecological types of cucumber germplasm resources as test materials, the soxhlet extraction was used to extract the crude fat from the cu- cumber seeds to analyze the seed oil content, with the aim to lay foundations for the application and new variety breeding related with cucumber seed oil. The results showed that there were significant differences in seed oil content between different cucumber varieties with the amplitude of variation rangeing from 31.03% to 40.59%, among which the seed oil content of south China cucumber was the highest of 40.59%, while the seed oil content of north China cucumber was the lowest of 31.03%. Four va.rieties with oil content of greater than 38.50% and four varieties with oil content of less than 32.01% werescreened out.

Breeding of Brassica napus Cultivar Shuangyou 092 with High Oil Content and Its Fine-quality and High-yield Cultural Techniques

Shuangyou 092, a Brassica napus cultivar with high oil content, high quality and high yield, was bred by Institute of Industrial Crops of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences with Zhongshuang 9 as female parent, and the cytoplasmic male sterility maintainer line 32B as male parent. It was registered and released in 2014. The average yield was 2 858.5 kg/hm^2 in Henan province regional test of high quality, 12.43% higher than the check variety Fengyou 9 in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Its yield was 3 478.8 kg/ha in Henan Province productive test of high quality,9.52% higher than the check variety Fengyou 9 in 2012-2013. According to the test results in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, the seeds quality of Shuangyou 092 was very good with near zero erucic acid （0.0%, 0.1%） in fat acid, 17.19 μmol/g and 19.78 μmol/g glucosinolates in its meal, the oil content of 46.60% and 45.76%. The cultivar was resistant （tolerant） to Sclerotinia, virus diseases, cold, and lodging. Its high yield and high quality can be obtained by planting in large scale, sowing at right time, rational close planting, balancing fertilizer and harvesting at right time.

Cloning of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase accD Subunit Gene from Brassica campestris and Effect of Its Expression on Oil Content

[Objective] This study aimed to clone accD gene from Brassica campestris （Yunnan small rapeseed） with different oil content and analyze the effect of accD gene expression level on rapeseed oil content. [Method] The accD gene encoding β-CT Ⅱsubunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase was cloned from Yunnan small rapeseeds with different oil content. Then, sequence alignment and the influence upon seed oil content by the expression of accD gene were analyzed. [Result] There were a few base pair substitutes among the accD genes from different Yunnan small rapeseeds, and their homology was up to 98.6%. The expression of accD gene was increased with reproduction development, and reached peak in late-stage siliques. The seed oil content was positively influenced by the expression of accD gene in middle-stage and late-stage siliques. [Conclusion] This study provides a certain theoretical basis for illustrating the molecular mechanism about rapeseed oil content and breeding new high-oil rapeseed cultivars.

Oil Content Conversion between Ether-based and Ethanol-based Methods and Establishment of Admissible Error for Imported Wool

Due to various reasons, the inspection methods often need to be changed, and the detection reagents often need to be replaced. In this study, a comparative experiment was conducted between the ethanol-based and ether-based determination methods for oil content in imported wool. The determination results obtained from the two methods were treated as abscissa and ordinate respectively,and their linear relationship was analyzed. According to the linear regression analysis, the conversion equation of determination result between the two methods was obtained. In addition, the repeatability admissible error and reproducibility admissible error were established through analyzing the comparative experimental results by scientific software. This study will bring new ideas for further researches in this field, and provide reference for solving the similar problems in actual inspection work.

QTL Analysis of the Oil Content and the Hull Content in Brassica napus L.

The QTLs of the oil content and the hull content were analyzed in Brassica napus L. by constructing the linkage map. The F2：6RIL population with 188 lines, derived from the cross of GH06 × P147, was used as the mapping population. The SRAP, SSR, AFLP, and TRAP markers were used to construct the linkage map, and the composite interval mapping （CIM） to identify the quantitative trait loci associated with the oil content and the hull content. 300 markers were integrated into 19 linkage groups, covering 1 248.5 cM in total. Seven QTLs were found to be responsible for the oil content with the single contribution to phenotypic variance ranging from 3.73 to 10.46%; four QTLs were found for the hull content with the single contribution to phenotypic variance ranging from 4.89 to 6.84%. The yellow-seeded Brassica napus L. has the advantage of higher oil content and the hull content has a significant effect on the oil content. In addition, the SRAP marker is good for detecting QTL.

The key parameter of shale oil resource evaluation: Oil content

The United States has become the world's largest oil producer of shale oil. China has abundant shale oil resources, but its resource potential has not yet been exploited. The core of the evaluation is the selection of parameters and their reliability. By combining the parameters of the shale oil resource evaluation, we investigated the key parameters in the evaluation model and reviewed the research results. The adsorption and retention of heavy hydrocarbons, loss of light hydrocarbons, and original oil saturation are key in the evaluation of shale oil resources. The adsorption and retention of heavy hydrocarbons can be determined by the pyrolysis, FID curve, and hydrocarbon generation kinetics of shale before and after extraction. The loss of light hydrocarbons mainly occurs in coring(change in temperature and pressure),sample treatment, which can be evaluated using the GC spectrum, rock pyrolysis, crude oil volume coefficient, mass balance, component hydrocarbon generation kinetics, and other methods. The original oil saturation evaluation includes indirect, direct, logging, and simulation methods. The most reliable parameters can be obtained by using the sealed or pressure-maintained coring immediately after thawing(without crushing), and the recovery of light hydrocarbon loss is critical for the resource evaluation of medium to high mature shale. Therefore, the experimental determination of shale oil content and the study of the influencing factors of the parameters should be strengthened.

Refinement of four major QTL for oil content in Brassica napus by integration of genome resequencing and transcriptomics

Rapeseed(Brassica napus)supplies about half of the vegetable oil in China.Increasing oil production and searching for genes that control oil content in the crop are research goals.In our previous studies,four major QTL for oil content located on A08,A09,C03 and C06 in the Ken C-8×N53-2(KN DH)mapping population were detected.The parental lines were resequenced to identify structural variations and candidate genes affecting oil content in these four major QTL regions.Insertion-deletion(In Del)markers were developed and used to narrow the regions.Differentially expressed genes located in the regions were investigated.GO and KEGG analysis showed that several genes were associated with lipid metabolism.Several transcription factors with higher expression in N53-2 than in Ken C-8 were identified.These results shed light on the genetic control of oil content and may be helpful for the development of highoil-content cultivars.

Heterosis for Seed Yield, Oil Content and Other Characters in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Nine inbred lines of rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） used as male were crossed to five recessive genetic male sterile （RGMS） lines used as female to produce 45 single crosses. The crosses, their parents and a check hybrid were tested at two locations during 2007 to 2008 for testing the performance and heterosis of hybrids for seed yield and other characters. Results showed that variations for seed yield, oil content, days to flowering and days to maturity were significant. Mean squares for hybrids were significant for all characters. High heterosis （-4.5%-88.3%）, heterobeltiosis （-15.6%-81.1%） and standard heterosis G34.8%-33.1%） were found for the seed yield. The highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis were found in the cross QH303-4A× 1190. The highest standard heterosis was found in the cross Qianyou8A×Q034. Both positive and negative heterosis of single crosses were detected for the oil content. Small heterosis was found for days to flowering and days to maturity. Among parents, Ⅲ 188, Ⅲ224, and Q034 were proved to be the superior for seed yield when used as parents in most of the hybrid combinations. 2365, Ⅲ224, and QH303-4AB were good for high oil content breeding, Ⅲ 176, 2313 and Qianyou3AB were good for the early hybrid breeding. Total 11 hybrids yielded higher than 2 500 kg·hm^-2 and also gave significantly positive heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis. Among them, 10 crosses gave higher oil content than that of check. These crosses can be used in the future breeding program for the seed yield and the oil content. Two crosses including Qianyou3A × Ⅲ224 and Qianyou3A×2313 can be used for the early breeding program.

An Integrated Quantitative Trait Locus Map of Oil Content in Soybean,Glycine max(L.) Merr.,Generated Using a Meta-Analysis Method for Mining Genes

Soybean is a major cash crop in the world, and its oil content was one of the very important traits. Therefore, the study of gene mapping for oil content in soybean is very important for breeding application. At present, at least 130 QTL loci for soybean oil content have been published; however, the mapping results of oil content were dispersed and a coalescent public map should be established to integrate the published QTLs, and to more efficiently mine genes based on the meta- analysis method of the bioinformatics tools. This study was to construct an integrated map of QTLs for soybean oil content and accelerate the application of bioinformation resource related to oil content improvement in the practice of soybean breeding. We collected information of 130 QTLs reported over the past 20 yr for soybean oil content and used the Software BioMercator 2.1 to project QTLs from their own maps onto a reference map, which was an early-integrated map constructed by Song （2004） for oil-content quantitative trait loci （QTLs） in soybean. Gene mining was performed based on the meta-analysis by running the local ver. GENSCAN and InterProScan. The confidence interval of QTLs was efficaciously narrowed using the meta-analysis method, and 25 consensus QTLs were mapped on the reference map. Using a local version of GENSCAN, 12 805 sequences in the consensus QTL intervals were predicted. With BLAST, these predicted sequences were aligned to gene sequences from the International Protein Index database using InterProScan locally. Thirteen predicted genes were in the class of the geme ontology （GO） accession （0006631）, which were involved in the fatty acid metabolic process. These genes were analyzed using BLAST at the NCBI website to examine whether they were related to oil content. Six genes were found in the oil-synthesis pathway. Twenty-five consensus QTLs and six genes were found in the oil-synthesis pathway. These results would lay the foundation for marker-assisted selection and mapping QTL precisely, and these genes will facilitate the researches on the gene mining of oil synthesis and molecular breeding in soybean.

Progress on genetic and genomic research for enhanced oil content and quality in peanut

Peanut or groundnut （ Arachis hypogaea L. ） is an important source of vegetable oil in the world. Genetic enhancement for high yield and high oil content has greatly contributed to enhanced pro-ductivity of peanut and increased supply of peanut oil. Further improving oil content and quality of peanut is still crucial for increasing productivity of arable land and market competitiveness of peanut oil. Based on investigation among the peanut germplasm accessions including wild Arachis species, the oil content could be as high as 65%. Heterosis has been observed for oil content in hybrids derived from diverse crossing parents. Segregates with enhanced oil content have been obtained by pyramiding different genes or alleles with major and minor additive effects. Improved testing techniques for oil content in breeding lines with reduced cost have accelerated breeding progress for high oil content. SSR markers associated with oil content have been identified by association and linkage analysis. The stability of oil content in peanut across seasons and locations is highly associated with cold tolerance, high nutrition efficiency and drought tolerance. Recent progress on improving fatty acids in particular marker assisted backcrossing breeding has contributed to higher quality peanut oil and other products. High oil peanut lines with im-proved resistance to aflatoxin production have been developed. The wild Arachis species would be of great value for peanut breeding in increasing oil content.

Effect of Spraying with GA₃on the Quality and Oil Content of Syrian Okra Seeds <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>(L.)

This study aimed to estimate the effect of spraying of okra plants, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) with GA3 on the quality and oil content of the seeds. For this, the local okra variety was selected and used, which was growing widespread in the coastal region of Syria. This study was carried out in Al-Haffa area, Lattakia governorate, Syria (with 105 MSL elevation) for two seasons 2019-2020. The results showed that the effect of spraying with GA3 was more evident in the quality of the seeds as well as oil content at 75 ppm concentration with 68.7 g weight of 1000 seeds and 5.31% seed oil percentage. This study also showed that oil of local okra variety seed was rich in the essential fatty acids namely, linoleic, palmitic, oleic, stearic and linolenic, treatment with 75 ppm concentration of GA3 was more effective in the seed content of essential fatty acids with 42.30%, 32.55%, 9.20%, 6.73% and 5.72%, respectively. Finally, our results were indicated that treatment of okra plants at 75 ppm of GA3 enhanced the quality and oil content of seeds compared to the other concentrations.

Effects of Different Picking Time and Different Geographical Provenances on Oil Content of Camellia oleifera

This paper studied effects of different picking time and different geographical provenances on oil content of Camellia oleifera. The results showed that different picking time had significant effects on the oil content of cold dew seeds and frost's descent seeds. With the delay of picking time,the oil content of cold dew seeds,frost's descent seeds,dry seeds and oil content of seed kernels were significantly increased.There was a significantly positive correlation between the oil content of fresh fruit of cold dew seeds and frost's descent seeds and the dry seed yield of fresh seeds and the oil content of fresh fruit( P < 0. 05),and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0. 85. Besides,the oil content of seed kernels of cold dew seeds was closely correlated with the seed yield of fresh seeds,oil content of fresh fruit,and oil content of fresh seeds. In the process of C. oleifera breeding,the thin coat,high seed yield and high oil content can be taken as the key research directions for future breeding. The oil content of ordinary C. oleifera seeds in 18 counties( cities) was 36. 42%-63. 33%,indicating that there were significant differences in the oil content of C. oleifera in different geographical provenances. In conclusion,according to the study of different picking time,the recommended picking time of cold dew seeds in Hunan area is around October 10,while the best picking time of frost's descent seeds is about October 30. The oil content of C. oleifera fruit in different geographical provenances is quite different. During the development of C. oleifera fruit,the cultivation and management of C. oleifera should be strengthened to increase the oil content of C. oleifera.

Capacitance Sensor for Nondestructive Determination of Total Oil Content in Peanut Kernels

In this work, attempts were made to estimate the total oil content (TOC) in single peanut kernels, using the CI meter (Chari’s Impedance meter, described below). Mature peanut kernels of selected varieties with a range of oil contents from 47% to 61% were placed one at a time, between the parallel-plate electrodes of the CI meter, and the impedance (Z) and phase angle (q) of the system were measured, and capacitance, C was computed at 1, 5 and 9 MHz. After the measurements, the TOC of each kernel was determined by Soxhlet method. Using the known TOC values, and the corresponding C, Z and q values, initially on a calibration group of kernels, calibration equations were developed. Using the model coefficients from the calibration, the TOCs of kernel samples of 31 diverse peanut genotypes grown in different environments in Australia were determined. The method predicted the TOC values of peanut kernels of 31 peanut genotypes, within 2% of the Soxhlet values, with an R2 of 0.87 (P 0.001).

Geological Model and Oil Content of Upper Jurassic Deposits of Nazimskaya Oil Zone(West Siberia)

Nazimskaya oil zone is situated in Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous district.It covers two oil fields: Srednenazimskoe and Galyanovskoe,and has rather wide stratigraphical range of oil content(Paleozoic -lower Cretaceous deposits).However,it is suggested that the widespread Bazhenovo-Upper Abalak oil subcomplex(upper Jurassic) in Nazimskaya oil zone is the most perspective object.Current goal of research is to identify zones of superior

Cloning and Enzymatic Activity Analysis of the Malonyl-CoA:acyl Carrier Protein Transacylase in <i>Brassica napus</i>Cultivars with Different Oil Content

The full-length genomic DNA of MCAT (Malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase) in Brassica napus was cloned. BnMCAT shares very high identity with AtMCAT in gene sequence and gene structure. A multiple alignment of the protein sequence showed that BnMCAT shares high identity with other MCATs from E. coli and plants. BnMCAT was expressed in all tissues, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds, and no significant differences in the expression level were found in different embryo stages after pollination. According to an in vitro relative activity analysis, purified recombinant BnMCAT expressed in E. coli had transacylase activity. Although the relative activities of BnMCAT in crude extracts isolated from different staged embryos were similar and showed little variation, a higher relative activity was found in a crude extract isolated from embryos in comparison to leaves. Different relative activities of BnMCAT in crude extracts isolated from cultivars with different oil content were also found, suggesting that the activity of BnMCAT might be a decisive factor for a high oil content. Together, these results showed that BnMCAT is an important enzyme in the FAS system and indicate that BnMCAT might be a new target enzyme for future crop improvement through genetic engineering.

Genetic Variation and Correlation Analysis on Seed Oil Content and Protein Content of Brassica campestris L.Germplasm Resources

The content of oil and protein in 84 germplasm materials of Brassica campestris L. from all over the country was tested. In Guiyang environment,the oil content and protein content of these materials showed abundant variation,and were divided into three groups. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between oil content and protein content of B. campestris L. seeds,and the application and formation mechanism of the negative correlation were also discussed.

Natural variation of GmFATA1B regulates seed oil content and composition in soybean

Soybean(Glycine max) produces seeds that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Seed oil content and composition largely determine the economic value of soybean. Due to natural genetic variation, seed oil content varies substantially across soybean cultivars. Although much progress has been made in elucidating the genetic trajectory underlying fatty acid metabolism and oil biosynthesis in plants, the causal genes for many quantitative trait loci(QTLs) regulating seed oil content in soybean remain to be revealed. In this study, we identified Gm FATA1B as the gene underlying a QTL that regulates seed oil content and composition, as well as seed size in soybean. Nine extra amino acids in the conserved region of Gm FATA1B impair its function as a fatty acyl–acyl carrier protein thioesterase, thereby affecting seed oil content and composition. Heterogeneously overexpressing the functional Gm FATA1B allele in Arabidopsis thaliana increased both the total oil content and the oleic acid and linoleic acid contents of seeds. Our findings uncover a previously unknown locus underlying variation in seed oil content in soybean and lay the foundation for improving seed oil content and composition in soybean.