Heterogeneous expression of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase genes SAD1 and SAD2 from Linum usitatissimum enhances seed oleic acid accumulation and seedling cold and drought tolerance in Brassica napus

Flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)is a versatile crop and its seeds are a major source of unsaturated fatty acids.Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase(SAD)is a dehydrogenase enzyme that plays a key role in oleic acid biosynthesis as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.However,the function of SAD orthologs from L.usitatissimum has not been assessed.Here,we found that two LuSAD genes,LuSAD1 and LuSAD2,are present in the genome of L.usitatissimum cultivar‘Longya 10’.Heterogeneous expression of either LuSAD1 or LuSAD2 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in higher contents of total fatty acids and oleic acid in the seeds.Interestingly,ectopic expression of LuSAD2 in A.thaliana caused altered plant architecture.Similarly,the overexpression of either LuSAD1 or LuSAD2 in Brassica napus also resulted in increased contents of total fatty acids and oleic acid in the seeds.Furthermore,we demonstrated that either LuSAD1 or LuSAD2 enhances seedling resistance to cold and drought stresses by improving antioxidant enzyme activity and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels,as well as reducing membrane damage.These findings not only broaden our knowledge of the LuSAD functions in plants,but also offer promising targets for improving the quantity and quality of oil,and the abiotic stress tolerance of oil-producing crops,through molecular manipulation.

Protective effects of oleic acid and polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil on cardiovascular diseases

The Mediterranean diet has long been recognized as one of the most effective ways to prevent and improve cardiovascular disease.Extra virgin olive oil(EVOO)is the typical sources of fat in the Mediterranean diet which have been shown to have noteworthy nutritional value and positive impact on human health.It is worth noting that EVOO owes its superior nutritional value to its bioactive composition.The main component of EVOO is monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFAs)in the form of oleic acid.Oleic acid accounts for up to 70%-80%of EVOO.Secondly,EVOO contains approximately more than 30 phenolic compounds,of which HT is essential for the protection against cardiovascular diseases.In this review,we focused on the potential mechanisms of oleic acid and polyphenols combat cardiovascular diseases risk in terms of oxidative stress,inflammation,blood pressure,endothelial function and cholesterol.This review might provide a reference for the studies on cardiovascular protective effects of EVOO.

Bioinformatics and Functional Analysis of High Oleic Acid-Related Gene GmSAM22 in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

High yield,high quality,stable yield,adaptability to growth period,and modern mechanization are the basic requirements for crops in the 21st century.Soybean oleic acid is a natural unsaturated fatty acid with strong antioxidant properties and stability.Known as a safe fatty acid,it has the ability to successfully prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders.Improving the fatty acid composition of soybean seeds,can not only speed up the breeding process of high-quality high-oil and high-oleic soybeans,but also have important significance in human health,and provide the possibility for the development of soybean oil as a new energy source.Hence,the aim of this study was to analyze the high oleic acid elated gene GmSAM22 in soybean.In this research the soybean oleic acid-related gene GmSAM22 was screened out by Genome-wide association analysis,a 662 bp fragment was acquired by specific PCR amplification,and the pMD18T cloning vector was linked by the use of a seamless cloning technique.Bioinformatics analysis of the signal peptide prediction,subcellular localization,protein hydrophobicity,transmembrane region analysis,a phosphorylation site,protein secondary and tertiary structure and protein interaction analysis of the protein encoded by the SAM22 gene was carried out.The plasmid of the gene editing vector is pBK041.The overexpression vector was transformed from pCAMBIA3301 as the base vector,and overexpression vector were designed.Positive plants were obtained by genetic transformation by the pollen tube channel method.Fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed on the T2 generation plants to detect the relative expression levels in different tissues.Southern Blot was used to detect the presence of hybridization signal.Screening genes BAR,35S,and NOS in plants were identified by conventional PCR.10 seeds with high and low oleic acid content were chosen for quantitative PCR identification,and finally,the concentration and morphology of soybean fatty acids were identified by nearfar infrared spectroscopy.On 10 seeds with an upper and lower oleic acid content,a quantitative fluorescence analysis was done.In Southern blot hybridization,the SAM22 gene was integrated into the recipient soybean plant in hands of a sole copy.Fluorescence quantitative PCR appeared that the average relative expression of the SAM22 gene in roots,stems,leaves,and seeds was 1.70,1.67,3.83,and 4.41,respectively.Positive expression seeds had a 4.77%increase in oleic acid content.The level of oleic acid in the altered seeds was reduced by 4.13%when compared to CK,and it was discovered that the GmSAM22 gene could be a regulatory and secondary gene that promotes the conversion of stearic acid to oleic acid in soybean.There has not been a discussion of gene cloning or functional verification.The cloning and genetic transformation of the soybean SAM22 gene can effectively increase the content of oleic acid,which lays a foundation for the study of soybean with high oleic acid.

Pyramiding of multiple genes generates rapeseed introgression lines with clubroot and herbicide resistance, high oleic acid content, and early maturity

Clubroot and herbicide resistance,high oleic acid(OA)content,and early maturity are targets of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)breeding.The objective of this study was to develop new male-fertility restorer lines by pyramiding favorable genes to improve these traits simultaneously.Seven elite alleles for the four traits were introduced into the restorer line 621R by speed breeding with marker-assisted and phenotypic selection.Six introgression lines(ILs)were developed with four-to seven-gene combinations and crossed with two elite parents to develop hybrids.All ILs and their corresponding hybrids displayed high resistance to both clubroot pathotype 4 and sulfonylurea herbicides.Three ILs and their hybrids showed large increases in OA contents and four showed earlier maturity.These new ILs may be useful in rapeseed hybrid breeding for the target traits.

The protective effect of oleic acid on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum during freeze-drying

Membrane characteristics are determined by the fatty acids composition,which affects survival rates after freeze-drying.However,it is unknown which composition provides the greatest effect.In this study,we found that the addition of Tween 80 and Tween 20 significantly increased survival rates of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum,which reached a maximum of 93.1%.Conversely,Tween 60 caused a significant decrease.We further found that the difference between the effects of adding Tween 80 and Tween 60 was the change in oleic acid contents.To verify the role of oleic acid,we used CRISPR-Cas9 to knock-out the key synthesis gene cla-er.The survival rates of L.plantarum AR113Δcla-er declined to 5.48%.The addition of oleic acid restored the rates to those of wild type strains.Moreover,the membrane integrity and fl uidity of knockout strains markedly decreased.This is the fi rst confi rmation that Tween 80 or Tween 20 increases the survival rate by increasing the content of oleic acid in the cell membrane.These fi ndings also indicated that oleic acid in cell membranes has a substantial protective effect on L.plantarum during freeze-drying.

Synergistic mechanism between SDBS and oleic acid in anionic flotation of rhodochrosite

Pure mineral flotation experiments, zeta potential testing, and infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the interracial reactions of oleic acid （collector）, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate （SDBS, synergist）, and rhodochrosite in an anionic system. The pure mineral test shows that oleic acid has a strong ability to collect products on rhodochrosite. Under neutral to moderately alkaline conditions, low temperature （e.g., 10℃） adversely affects the flotation performance of oleic acid; the addition of SDBS significantly improves the dis- persion and solubility of oleic acid, enhancing its collecting ability and flotation recovery. The zeta potential test shows that rhodochrosite interacts with oleic acid and SDBS, resulting in a more negative zeta potential and the co-adsorption of the collector and synergist at the mineral surface. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that when oleic acid and SDBS are used as a mixed collector, oleates along with -COO- and --COOH functional groups are formed on the mineral surface, indicating chemical adsorption on rhodochrosite. The results demonstrate that oleic acid and SDBS co-adsorb chemically on the surface ofrhodochrosite, thereby improving the flotation performance of the collector.

Oleic Acid (OA), A Potential Dual Contrast Agent for Postmortem MR Angiography (PMMRA): A Pilot Study

Summary:Choosing proper perfusates as contrast agents is an important aspect for postmortem magnetic resonance angiography(PMMRA).However,in this emerging field,the number of suitable kinds of liquid is still very limited.The objective of this research is to compare MR images of oleic acid(OA)with paraffin oil(PO)in vitro and in ex situ animal hearts,in order to evaluate the feasibility to use OA as a novel contrast agent for PMMRA.In vitro,OA,PO and water(control)were introduced into three tubes separately and T,weighted-spin echo(Tw SE)and T2w-SE images were acquired on a 1.5T MR scanner.In the second experiment,0A and PO were injected into left coronary artery(LCA)and left ventricle(LV)of ex situ bovine hearts and their Tw-SE,Tzw-SE,Tw-multipoint Dixon(Tjw-mDixon)and 3DT2w-mDixon images were acquired.The overall results indicate that OA may have a potential to be used as a dual(T and T2 based)contrast agent for PMMRA when proper sequence parameters are utilized.However,as the pilot study was based on limited number of animal hearts,more researches using OA in cadavers are needed to validate our findings.

The Influence of Oleic Acid on the Hydration and Mechanical Properties of Portland Cement

To investigate the effects of OA on the portland cement using oleic acid （OA） as grinding aid and the effects of OA on the portland cement, we characterized the different perfermances of the cement, discussed the characteristics of properties. The results reveal that the OA can reduce the water requirement of normal consistency. With the content of OA added, setting time was extended. The OA can significantly improve the rheological properties of cement-based materials, while the compressive strength decreases.

Oleic acid reduces steroidogenesis by changing the lipid type stored in lipid droplets of ovarian granulosa cells

Background:Oleic acid is an abundant free fatty acid present in livestock that are in a negative energy-balance state,and it may have detrimental effects on female reproduction and fertility.Oleic acid induces lipid accumulation in bovine granulosa cells,which leads to a foam cell-like morphology and reduced steroidogenesis.However,why oleic acid increases lipid accumulation but decreases steroidogenesis remains unclear.This study focused on oleic acid’s effects on lipid type and steroidogenesis.Results:Oleic acid increased the lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner and mainly increased the triglyceride level and decreased the cholesterol ester level.Oleic acid also led to a decline in estradiol and progesterone production in porcine granulosa cells in vitro.In addition,oleic acid up-regulated the expression of CD36 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2,but down-regulated the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase,scavenger receptor class B member 1 and acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2,as well as steroidogenesis-related genes,including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1,cytochrome P450family 19 subfamily A member 1 and 3 as well as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein at the mRNA and protein levels.An oleic acid-rich diet also enhanced the triglyceride levels and reduced the cholesterol levels in ovarian tissues of female mice,which resulted in lower estradiol levels than in control-fed mice.Compared with the control,decreases in estrus days and the numbers of antral follicles and corpora lutea,as well as an increase in the numbers of the atretic follicles,were found in the oleic acid-fed female mice.Conclusions:Oleic acid changed the lipid type stored in lipid droplets of ovarian granulosa cells,and led to a decrease in steroidogenesis.These results improve our understanding of fertility decline in livestock that are in a negative energy-balance state.

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.

Inheritance of Erucic Acid,Glucosinolate,and Oleic Acid Contents in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

This study was conducted to verify the inheritance of certain characters of rapeseed including erucic acid, glucosinolate and oleic acid contents by using generation mean analysis. The cross of lines Ⅲ174×Zi20 （F1）, F2, BC1 （F1×P1）, BC2 （F1×P2）, and parents （P1 and P2） were evaluated in the field. Data were measured on individual plants for oleic acid, erucic acid, and glucosinolate contents. Transgressive variations in F2 population were observed for oleic acid content, indicating that dominance and recessive genes distributed in both parents. Scaling test indicated that the effects of genes controlling these characters did not follow the additivedominance model. The data for three characters were analyzed using six parameter models and found that one or more types of epistatic gene effects were important for glucosinolate content. High broad sense heritabilities were obtained for erucic acid, oleic acid, and glucosinolate contents with the values of 98.97%, 93.68%, and 86.17%, respectively. Two major gene pairs were found to control the expression of erucic acid and oleic acid contents, while three major gene pairs were detected to control glucosinolate content.

Evaluation of solvent-mediated phase transformation of glycine using oleic acid: Morphology and characterization study

The polymorphic phase transformation of β-glycine to α-glycine was carried out both in the absence and presence of various concentrations of oleic acid used as additive at 25 ℃ in a water/ethanol medium. The effects of oleic acid and its concentration on phase transformation time were determined by continuously measuring the ultrasonic velocity. The crystals obtained by the completion of the phase transformation were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TG/DTG. The XRD and SEM results indicated that oleic acid significantly impacted phase transformation time and the morphological characteristics of the crystals. In addition to SEM analysis, detailed crystal shape analysis was performed and the circularity, elongation, and convexity parameters were determined quantitatively. TG/DTG analyses were performed to investigate thermal decomposition behavior and to calculate the activation energies based on different kinetic models such as FWO, KAS, Starink, and Tang kinetic models. With the addition of oleic acid to the medium, the calculated activation energy values increased from 89.63–90.63 to153.8–155.4 kJ·mol^（-1）. The activation energy values showed that oleic acid was adsorbed on the crystal surface;this result was supported by FTIR, elemental, and Kjeldahl analyses.

Oleic acid Stimulates the Formation of Adipocyte-Like Cells from Bovine Satellite Cells via <i>G-Protein Coupled Receptor 43</i>and <i>CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Beta</i>

Numerous physiological and pathological processes are controlled by free fatty acids, which act as signaling molecules in mammals. We hypothesized that oleic acid (Ole) might stimulate the formation of satellite-cell-derived intramuscular adipose tissue. The role of Ole as a ligand of G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) was previously identified. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Ole on GPR43 and factors related to the adipogenic differentiation of bovine satellite cells (BSC). Treatments of 100 μM and 500 μM Ole tended to induce greater (P < 0.10) mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) compared to all other doses. The mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was not altered (P > 0.10) by treatment. The addition of 100 μM and 500 μM of Ole upregulated (P < 0.05) GPR43 mRNA expression. Protein level of GPR43 was increased (P < 0.05) by 100 μM of Ole treatments. Addition of Ole to BSC cultures induced transformation of myogenic cells into adipocyte-like cells that formed cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Increased expression of C/EBPβ in response to Ole might suppress myogenic differentiation. After the treatment of cells with Ole, increased expression of GPR43 could lead to phosphorylation of 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Altogether, the results indicated that increased Ole might stimulate adipose tissue accumulation within the skeletal muscle of cattle by promoting adipogenic differentiation and activation of GPR43 in satellite cells.

Preparation and UV-light Absorption Property of Oleic Acid Surface Modified ZnO Nanoparticles

Syntheses of zince oxide（ZnO） nanoparticles by direct precipitation and surface modification with oleic acid were reported. ZnO nanoparticles were characterized via X-ray diffractometry（XRD）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, infrared spectroscopy（IR） and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The prepared ZnO nanoparticles were nearly spherical and highly crystalline with an average size of 29 nm. In addition, high UV-light absorption properties of oleic acid surface modified ZnO nanoparticles were successfully obtained for a dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles in ethanol.

Esterification of Glycerol by Oleic Acid and Selective Hydrogenation of Oieic Acid Methylester Over Acid and Ru-Sn-B Supported Mesoporous AIMCM-41

The AlMCM-41 molecular sieves with two different pore sizes are hydrothermally synthesized in the presence of surfactants with two different chain lengths. H-AlMCM-41 and Ru-Sn-B/H-AlMCM-41 which are prepared by the conventional ion-exchange and incipient wetness techniques of the AlMCM-41 show fair catalytic activity for esterification of glycerol by oleic acid and selective hydrogenation of oleic acid methylester, respectively.

Enzymatic reaction of ethanol and oleic acid by lipase and lignin peroxidase in rhamnolipid(RL) reversed micelles

An environment friendly bio-surfactant of rhamnolipid(RL) was used as a solvent. The enzymatic reaction of oleic acid catalyzed by lipase and lignin peroxidase(lip) was evaluated. The optimum conditions of enzymatic reaction catalyzed by lipase(lip) were water to amphiphile molar ratio of 30(20), RL of 60(60) critical micelle concentration(CMC), pH of 7.0(3.0) and temperature of 40(30) °C, respectively. The change of enzyme conformation indicates that, for catalytic of lipase, water content is the most important factor of the enzymatic reaction of oleic acid, and p H for lip. With individual optimum conditions, the enzymatic efficiency of oleic acid catalyzed by lipase is higher than that by lip. In the presence of ethanol, the enzymatic reaction of oleic acid catalyzed by lipase suits Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism. As an alternative to chemical reversed micelles, the RL reversed micelles are promising methods to enzymatic reaction of oleic acid.

Variation and Correlation of Erucic Acid,Oleic Acid and Glucosinolate Contents in Brassica rapa Seeds

In order to screen and identify excellent breeding resources and provide basic materials for Brassica rapa breeding,the contents of erucic acid,oleic acid and glucosinolate in 84 kinds of B. rapa were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy,and the correlations among them were also analyzed. The results showed that the content of erucic acid and oleic acid were significantly negatively correlated,the contents of erucic acid and glucosinolate were significantly positively correlated,while the contents of oleic acid and glucosinolate were significantly negatively correlated; principal component analysis( PCA) were performed on the population materials,factors 1 and 2 were extracted for plotting,factor 1 and factor 2 could explain 73. 7% and 23. 2% of the phenotypic variation,respectively; through cluster analysis,79 materials aggregated to form group I,and five special variants deviated from the population. The variation of erucic acid,oleic acid and glucosinolates in B. rapa populations was rich and there was significant correlation. Through cluster analysis,five excellent B. rapa breeding materials( No. 32,No. 45,No. 46,No. 50,and No. 59) were screened.

Development Prospect and Strategies of High Oleic Acid Rapeseed in Hengyang City

On basis of characteristics and use way of high oleic acid rapeseeds, the research detailed significance in developing high oleic acid industry and performed analysis on relationship between research progress and development status at home and abroad, as well as natural conditions, industry basis and development potential in Hengyang. The research concluded that Hengyang takes advantages in developing high oleic acid industry and proposed development suggestions and countermeasures in Hengyang.

Kinetics of Reaction of Bromo-epoxy Resin with Oleic Acid catalyzed by Dimethyl benzyl amine

The kinetics of reaction of bromo-epoxy resin with oleic acid in the presence of dimethylbenzylamine catalyst was studied. The reaction is a zero order reaction with respect to oleic acid, first order with respect to epoxy group and 0. 74 order with respect to dimethylbenzylamine. The reaction rate constants at various temperatures and activation energy were determined. The mechanism of this reaction was discussed. Keywords Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Bromo-epoxy resin, Oleic acid kinetics, Reaction mechanism

Effect of Oleic Acid-modified Nano-CaCO3 on the Crystallization Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene

Oleic acid (OA)-modified CaCO3 nanoparticles were prepared using surface modification method. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) was used to investigate the structure of the modified CaCO3 nanoparticles, and the result showed that OA attached to the surface of CaCO3 nanoparticles with the ionic bond. Effect of OA concentration on the dispersion stability of CaCO3 in heptane was also studied, and the result indicated that modified CaCO3 nanoparticles dispersed in heptane more stably than unmodified ones. The optimal proportion of OA to CaCO3 was established. The effect of modified CaCO3 nanoparticles on crystallization behavior of polypropylene (PP) was studied by means of DSC. It was found that CaCO3 significantly increased the crystallization temperature, crystallization degree and crystallization rate of PP, and the addition of modified CaCO3 nanoparticles can lead to the formation of β-crystal PP. Effect of the modified CaCO3 content on mechanical properties of PP/CaCO3 nanocomposites was also studied. The results showed that the modified CaCO3 can effectively improve the mechanical properties of PP. In comparison with PP, the impact strength of PP/CaCO3 nanocomposites increased by about 65% and the flexural strength increased by about 20%.