Role of bitter contributors and bitter taste receptors:a comprehensive review of their sources,functions and future development

Bitterness,one of the 5“basic tastes”,is usually undesired by humans.However,abundant literature reported that bitter fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects due to their bitter contributors.This review provided an updated overview of the main bitter contributors of typical bitter fruits and vegetables and their health benefits.The main bitter contributors,including phenolics,terpenoids,alkaloids,amino acids,nucleosides and purines,were summarized.The bioactivities and wide range of beneficial effects of them on anti-cancers,anti-inflammations,anti-microbes,neuroprotection,inhibiting chronic and acute injury in organs,as well as regulating behavior performance and metabolism were reported.Furthermore,not only did the bitter taste receptors(taste receptor type 2 family,T2Rs)show taste effects,but extra-oral T2Rs could also be activated by binding with bitter components,regulating physiological activities via modulating hormone secretion,immunity,metabolism,and cell proliferation.This review provided a new perspective on exploring and explaining the nutrition of bitter foods,revealing the relationship between the functions of bitter contributors from food and T2Rs.Future trends may focus on revealing the possibility of T2Rs being targets for the treatment of diseases,exploring the mechanism of T2Rs mediating the bioactivities,and making bitter foods more acceptable without getting rid of bitter contributors.

Open-Source Codes of Topology Optimization: A Summary for Beginners to Start Their Research

Topology optimization(TO),a numerical technique to find the optimalmaterial layoutwith a given design domain,has attracted interest from researchers in the field of structural optimization in recent years.For beginners,opensource codes are undoubtedly the best alternative to learning TO,which can elaborate the implementation of a method in detail and easily engage more people to employ and extend the method.In this paper,we present a summary of various open-source codes and related literature on TO methods,including solid isotropic material with penalization(SIMP),evolutionary method,level set method(LSM),moving morphable components/voids(MMC/MMV)methods,multiscale topology optimization method,etc.Simultaneously,we classify the codes into five levels,fromeasy to difficult,depending on their difficulty,so that beginners can get started and understand the form of code implementation more quickly.

Analysis and Simulations of Open-Source Intelligence Process System Dynamics from User’s Perspective

In today’s society with advanced Internet,the amount of information increases dramatically with each passing day,which leads to increasingly complex processes of open-source intelligence.Therefore,it is more important to rationalize the operation mode and improve the operation efficiency of open-source intelligence under the premise of satisfying users’needs.This paper focuses on the simulation study of the process system of opensource intelligence from the user’s perspective.First,the basic concept and development status of open-source intelligence are introduced in details.Second,six existing intelligence operation process models are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages are compared in focus.Based on users’preference,the open-source intelligence system simulation theory model is constructed from four aspects:intelligence collection,intelligence processing,intelligence analysis,and intelligence delivery.Meanwhile,the dynamics model of the open-source intelligence process system is constructed based on the open-source intelligence system simulation theoretical model,which specifically includes five parts:determination of system boundary,construction of causal loop diagram,construction of stock flow diagram,writing ofmathematical equations,and system sensitivity test.Finally,the system simulation results were analyzed.It was found that improving the system of intelligence agencies,opening up government affairs,improving the professional level of intelligence personnel,strengthening the communication and cooperation among personnel of various intelligence departments,and expressing intelligence products through diverse forms can effectively improve the operational efficiency of the open-source intelligence process system.

HSPM:A Better Model to Effectively Preventing Open-Source Projects from Dying

With the rapid development of Open-Source(OS),more and more software projects are maintained and developed in the form of OS.These Open-Source projects depend on and influence each other,gradually forming a huge OS project network,namely an Open-Source Software ECOsystem(OSSECO).Unfortunately,not all OS projects in the open-source ecosystem can be healthy and stable in the long term,and more projects will go from active to inactive and gradually die.In a tightly connected ecosystem,the death of one project can potentially cause the collapse of the entire ecosystem network.How can we effectively prevent such situations from happening?In this paper,we first identify the basic project characteristics that affect the survival of OS projects at both project and ecosystem levels through the proportional hazards model.Then,we utilize graph convolutional networks based on the ecosystem network to extract the ecosystem environment characteristics of OS projects.Finally,we fuse basic project characteristics and environmental project characteristics and construct a Hybrid Structured Prediction Model(HSPM)to predict the OS project survival state.The experimental results show that HSPM significantly improved compared to the traditional prediction model.Our work can substantially assist OS project managers in maintaining their projects’health.It can also provide an essential reference for developers when choosing the right open-source project for their production activities.

Software Metric Analysis of Open-Source Business Software

Over the past decade, open-source software use has grown. Today, many companies including Google, Microsoft, Meta, RedHat, MongoDB, and Apache are major participants of open-source contributions. With the increased use of open-source software or integration of open-source software into custom-developed software, the quality of this software component increases in importance. This study examined a sample of open-source applications from GitHub. Static software analytics were conducted, and each application was classified for its risk level. In the analyzed applications, it was found that 90% of the applications were classified as low risk or moderate low risk indicating a high level of quality for open-source applications.

OpenIFEM:A High Performance Modular Open-Source Software of the Immersed Finite Element Method for Fluid-Structure Interactions

We present a high performance modularly-built open-source software-OpenIFEM.OpenIFEM is a C++implementation of the modified immersed finite element method(mIFEM)to solve fluid-structure interaction(FSI)problems.This software is modularly built to perform multiple tasks including fluid dynamics(incompressible and slightly compressible fluid models),linear and nonlinear solid mechanics,and fully coupled fluid-structure interactions.Most of open-source software packages are restricted to certain discretization methods;some are under-tested,under-documented,and lack modularity as well as extensibility.OpenIFEM is designed and built to include a set of generic classes for users to adapt so that any fluid and solid solvers can be coupled through the FSI algorithm.In addition,the package utilizes well-developed and tested libraries.It also comes with standard test cases that serve as software and algorithm validation.The software can be built on cross-platform,i.e.,Linux,Windows,and Mac OS,using CMake.Efficient parallelization is also implemented for high-performance computing for large-sized problems.OpenIFEM is documented using Doxygen and publicly available to download on GitHub.It is expected to benefit the future development of FSI algorithms and be applied to a variety of FSI applications.

Open-Source Hardware Is a Low-Cost Alternative for Scientific Instrumentation and Research

Scientific research requires the collection of data in order to study, monitor, analyze, describe, or understand a particular process or event. Data collection efforts are often a compromise: manual measurements can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, resulting in data being collected at a low frequency, while automating the data-collection process can reduce labor requirements and increase the frequency of measurements, but at the cost of added expense of electronic data-collecting instrumentation. Rapid advances in electronic technologies have resulted in a variety of new and inexpensive sensing, monitoring, and control capabilities which offer opportunities for implementation in agricultural and natural-resource research applications. An Open Source Hardware project called Arduino consists of a programmable microcontroller development platform, expansion capability through add-on boards, and a programming development environment for creating custom microcontroller software. All circuit-board and electronic component specifications, as well as the programming software, are open-source and freely available for anyone to use or modify. Inexpensive sensors and the Arduino development platform were used to develop several inexpensive, automated sensing and datalogging systems for use in agricultural and natural-resources related research projects. Systems were developed and implemented to monitor soil-moisture status of field crops for irrigation scheduling and crop-water use studies, to measure daily evaporation-pan water levels for quantifying evaporative demand, and to monitor environmental parameters under forested conditions. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of automated measurements, and offer guidance for other researchers in developing inexpensive sensing and monitoring systems to further their research.

From hardware store to hospital:a COVID-19-inspired,cost-effective,open-source,in vivo-validated ventilator for use in resource-scarce regions

Resource-scarce regions with serious COVID-19 outbreaks do not have enough ventilators to support critically ill patients,and these shortages are especially devastating in developing countries.To help alleviate this strain,we have designed and tested the accessible low-barrier in vivo-validated economical ventilator(ALIVE Vent),a COVID-19-inspired,cost-effective,open-source,in vivo-validated solution made from commercially available components.The ALIVE Vent operates using compressed oxygen and air to drive inspiration,while two solenoid valves ensure one-way flow and precise cycle timing.The device was functionally tested and profiled using a variable resistance and compliance artificial lung and validated in anesthetized large animals.Our functional test results revealed its effective operation under a wide variety of ventilation conditions defined by the American Association of Respiratory Care guidelines for ventilator stockpiling.The large animal test showed that our ventilator performed similarly if not better than a standard ventilator in maintaining optimal ventilation status.The FiO2,respiratory rate,inspiratory to expiratory time ratio,positive-end expiratory pressure,and peak inspiratory pressure were successfully maintained within normal,clinically validated ranges,and the animals were recovered without any complications.In regions with limited access to ventilators,the ALIVE Vent can help alleviate shortages,and we have ensured that all used materials are publicly available.While this pandemic has elucidated enormous global inequalities in healthcare,innovative,cost-effective solutions aimed at reducing socio-economic barriers,such as the ALIVE Vent,can help enable access to prompt healthcare and life saving technology on a global scale and beyond COVID-19.

Notes for Contributors

Global Review is a bilingual(Chinese and English) bimonthly in IR category,the first of the kind in China,published by SIIS and the co-publisher Shanghai Association of International Relations.We invite contributions submitted by Chinese as well

Contributors to this issue

ＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓｔｏｔｈｉｓｉｓｕｅＺＨＩ┐ＱＩＡＮＧＨＡＮ（韩志强）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔｏｆＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ．ＧｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＤｅｐａ...

Instructions to Contributors

Plasma Science and Technology (ISSN 1009-0630, CN 34-1187/TL), an English journal of the Instituteof Plasma Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP), accepts papers about new achievements andphase results of plasma physics. Specific interest areas include: fundamental research, experiment facilityconstruction and applications on high temperature plasma, low temperature plasma, astronomy and spaceplasma and discharge plasma. It also publishes reviews of new development of these areas as well as currentprogress of interdisciplinary and application sciences relating to plasma physics.

Notes for Contributors

The Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering is the official journal of The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China and published by the Chemical Industry Press. The aim of the journal is to develop the international exchange of scientific and technical information in the field of chemical engineering.

Contributors to this issue

ＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓｔｏｔｈｉｓｉｓｕｅＪＩＥＬＩＵ（刘洁）ＡｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｆＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳＳＢ，Ｃｈｉｎａ．ＧｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｐｅｃｉａｌｉｔｙｏｆＧｅｏｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥ...

Instructions to Contributors

Petroleum Science, as a new academic journal in English, sponsored by the China University of Petroleum,

An open-source albedo-wand for the measurement of sea ice albedo

Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of incident and reflected solar irradiance and describes the ability of a surface to reflect, rather than absorb incident solar shortwave radiation. It is thus a crucial parameter in the climate system, particularly in the polar oceans. Sea ice albedo is a main driver for light transmission into the polar oceans and thus has a high impact on ocean warming, ice melting and marine primary production. During spring and summer, sea ice albedo can exhibit a significant spatial variability caused by meltwater accumulations on the ice. While complex and expensive solutions for albedo measurements are already available, we want to present a simple open-source design that allows for affordable mapping of spatially varying surface albedo on sea ice and beyond. Our solution is based on off-the-shelf components, such as an Arduino microcontroller integrating affordable light sensors, a GPS unit, data recording on memory card and data display into a simple field strengthened unit. We provide example data from two Arctic field deployments showing the capabilities and limitations of this system.

Notes for Contributors

The Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering is the official journal of The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China and published by the Chemical Industry Press.The aim of the journal is to develop the international exchange of scientific and technical information in the field of chemical engineering.

Contributors to this issue

ＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓｔｏｔｈｉｓｉｓｕｅＭＥＩ－ＪＩＡＮＡＮ（安美建）ＧｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｌ－ｏｇｙ，ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＣｏｌｅｇｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙｉｎ１９９２，ａｎｄｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｈｉｓＭＳｄｅｇｒ...

Contributors to this issue

ＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓｔｏｔｈｉｓｉｓｕｅＰＩＮＧＪＩＮ（靳平）ＡｓｉｓｔａｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｏｆＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｏｆＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．ＧｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥａｒｔｈａｎｄ...

Notes for Contributors

The Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering is the official journal of The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China and published by the Chemical Industry Press.The aim of the journal is to develop the international exchange of scientific and technical information in the field of chemical engineering.

Notes for Contributors

The Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering is the official journal of The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China and published by the Chemical Industry Press. The aim of the journal is to develop the international exchange of scientific and technical information in the field of chemical engineering.