Geological Characteristics and Ore-controlling Factors of the Beiya Gold–Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Northwestern Yunnan Province

Based on comprehensive petrological, geochronological, and geochemical studies, this study analyzed the relationships between the Beiya gold-polymetallic skarn deposit and quartz syenite porphyries, and discussed the source（s） and evolution of magmas. Our results suggest that syenite porphyries（i.e. the Wandongshan, the Dashadi, and the Hongnitang porphyries）, which formed between the Eocene and the early Oligocene epochs, are the sources for the gold-polymetallic ores at the Beiya deposit. Carbonate rocks（T2 b） of the Triassic Beiya Formation in the ore district provide favorable host space for deposit formation. Fold and fault structures collectively play an important role in ore formation. The contact zone between the porphyries and carbonates, the structurally fractured zone of carbonate and clastic rocks, and the zone with well-developed fractures are the ideal locations for ore bodies. Four types of mineralization have been recognized： 1） porphyry-style stockwork gold–iron（copper） ore, 2） skarn-style gold-iron（copper and lead） ore in the near contact zone, 3） strata-bound, lense-type lead–silver–gold ore in the outer contact zone, and 4） distal vein-type gold–lead–silver ore. Supergene processes led to the formation of oxide ore, such as the weathered and accumulated gold–iron ore, the strata-bound fracture oxide ore, and the structure-controlled vein-type ore. Most of these ore deposits are distributed along the axis of the depressed basin, with the hypogene ore controlling the shape and characteristics of the oxide ore. This study provides critical geology understanding for mineral prospecting scenarios.

Quantitative analysis of geological ore-controlling factors and stereoscopic quantitative prediction of concealed ore bodies

To address the issues for assessing and prospecting the replaceable resource of crisis mines, a geological ore-controlling field model and a mineralization distribution field model were proposed from the viewpoint of field analysis. By dint of solving the field models through transferring the continuous models into the discrete ones, the relationship between the geological ore-controlling effect field and the mineralization distribution field was analyzed, and the quantitative and located parameters were extracted for describing the geological factors controlling mineralization enrichment. The method was applied to the 3-dimensional localization and quantitative prediction for concealed ore bodies in the depths and margins of the Daehang mine in Guangxi, China, and the 3-dimensional distribution models of mineralization indexes and ore-controlling factors such as magmatic rocks, strata, faults, lithology and folds were built. With the methods of statistical analysis and the non-linear programming, the quantitative index set of the geological ore-controlling factors was obtained. In addition, the stereoscopic located and quantitative prediction models were set up by exploring the relationship between the mineralization indexes and the geological ore-controlling factors. So far, some concealed ore bodies with the resource volume of a medium-sized mineral deposit are found in the deep parts of the Dachang Mine by means of the deep prospecting drills following the prediction results, from which the effectiveness of the predication models and results is proved.

The Characteristics of Ore-Controlling Structure in Baoshan Cu-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit,Hunan Province

The Baoshan Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit is lied in the central Nanling mineralization zone,and belongs to the junction area of the Chenzhou-Linwu fault zone and the Leiyang-Linwu fault zone.It is a significant part of Nanling polymetallic deposit belt.The outcropping stratas consist of upper Devonian Shetianqiao,Xikuangshan Formation,Lower Carboniferous Menggong’ao,Shidengzi,Ceshui,and Zimenqiao Formation.Igneous rocks in the Baoshan ore area mainly comprise granodiorite porphyry.Furthermore,the radio isotopic age ranges from 123 Ma to 183 Ma,belonging to the early to middle Yanshanian.

Mineralization and Ore-controlling Implications of Low-angle Faults

Abstract Low-angle faults include those occurring in thrust-nappe structures in a compressive setting and the detachment of metamorphic core complexes in an extensional setting. All low-angle faults have their own particularities. The low-angle fault plays an important role in controlling over some endogenetic metallic ore deposits. Based on studies of the Xiaoban gold deposit, Xinzhou gold deposit, and Longfengchang polymetallic ore deposit, and comparisons with other mines, the authors conclude the ore-controlling implications of low-angle faults as follows. (1) Because of high temperature and high pressure, as well as strong ductile deformation, the internal energy of the elements rises in the large-scale deep ductile low-angle faults, which causes the elements to activate and differentiate from the source rocks, forming ore-bearing hydrothermal solution, and bring mineralization to happen. (2) When rising from depths and flowing along the low-angle faults, the ore-bearing hydrothermal solution will alter and replace the tectonites in the fault zone. The rocks of the hanging side and the heading side differ in lithology, texture and structure, which results in changes or dissimilarities of the physical-chemical conditions. This destroys the balance of the hydrothermal solution system and causes the dissolved ore-forming elements to precipitate; as a result, a deposit is formed. Therefore, the meso-shallow ductile-brittle low-angle faults play the role of a geochemical interface in the process of mineralization. (3) Low-angle faults are often one of the important host structures.

Geophysical Features of the Ore-Controlling Fault in the Chang'an Gold Deposit, Southern Yunnan Province

The Ailao Mountain is one of the most important metallogenic belts ofpolymetallic deposits in the Sanjiang region, southwestern China. Located in the southern segment of this metallogenic belt, the newly-discovered Chang＇an gold deposit is large in scale （Fig. 1A）, and has attracted much attention among geologists. The ore-hosted rocks in the district include the Late Ordovician Xiangyang Fm. sandstone and clastic rocks and the Early Silurian Kanglang Fm. dolomite. Affected by the multistage tectonic activities, stocks and dykes of lamprophyre, dolerite, syenite porphyry and orthoclasite are widely exposed, and the orebodies are in symbiosis with or crosscut the dyke rocks.

Analysis of Ore-controlling Structure in the Qifengcha-Detiangou Gold Deposit,Huairou County,Beijing

The Qifengcha-Detiangou gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit recently found in Huairou County, Beijing. It belongs to the altered mylonite type with superimposed quartz vein type and is related to the early Yanshanian magmatic activity. Characterized by multiperiodic activity, the NE-trending Qifengcha fault is a regional ore-controlling structure in the area, and gold mineralization develops only in its southeastern part. Meanwhile, gold mineralization is controlled by the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex. The nearly N-S- and E-W-trending low-angle detachment faults, reformed by the Qifengcha fault in the northwestern part of the core complex, are the main ore-bearing faults. All discovered gold deposits are located within an area 1.5–4.0 km away from the boundary of the upwelling centre. The N-S- (NNE-) and E-W-trending ore-bearing faults are ductile-brittle structural zones developing in shallow positions and subjected mainly to compressive deformation. The structural ore-controlling effects are as follows. (1) The attitude, shape, and distribution of gold orebodies are controlled by faults. (2) There is a negative correlation between the gold abundance and the magnetic anisotropy (P) of the altered mylonite samples from the deposit, which shows that the gold mineralization is later than the structural deformation. (3) Quartz vein type mineralization is superimposed on altered mylonite type mineralization. (4) In mineralized mylonite, the stronger the ductile shear deformation, the easier the late-stage gold mineralization to occur and the higher the gold abundance. The richest gold mineralization occurs only around the centre of the fault subjected to the strongest deformation.

Ore-controlling Regularitiesof Structureinthe Lehong Lead-zinc Deposit, Northeastern Yunnan

1 Introduction The Lehonglead-zincdeposit is a large-sized Pb-Zn depositnewly found in recent years in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Lead-zinc Poly-metallic Mineralization Area,which occurrenceis strictly

Ore-controlling Characteristics of Synchronous Faults of Dongshengmiao Polymetallic Sulfide Deposits in Inner Mongolia

1 Introduction The Dongshengmiao deposit is a super-large Zn-Pb polymetallic sulfide deposit which occurring in the Langshan-Zhaertaaishan metallogenic belt,and located in the western margin of the North China Platform.The ore-bodies of Dongshengmiao deposits are mainly hosted in the second Formation of Langshan Group.There are some studies on the geological characteristics(Peng et al.,2004),geological and

Analysis of Ore-Controlling Structures of the Xincheng-Hexi Gold Deposit,Shandong Province,China

Based on quantitative and semi-quantitative mathematical and mechanical analysis of the shape, motion, structural factors, stress field and deformation field of the ore-hosting faults in the Xincheng-Hexi gold deposit, the ore-controlling features of faults and mineralization mechanism are discussed. It is concluded that the mineralization is controlled by the main faults, subsidiary fractures, joint density, mechanical features and deformation of the faults. The ore bodies are mainly located in the lower part of the convex crest and upper part of the concave trough of the main undulating fault surface. Mineralization is positively correlated to the development of subsidiary fractures and joints, which correspond to zones of low internal stress and high body strain and shear strain. They are favourable positions for mineralization and alteration.

Ore-controlling Regularities of Thrust-fold structures and features of Tectono-geochemical Anomalies at the Xiaozhuqing Exploration Area in the Huize Zn-Pb District

1 Introduction The huize Zn-Pb ore district in Yunnan province is locatedinthecentralsouthernofthe Sichuan—Yunnan—GuizhouPb-ZnPoly-metallic Mineralization Area in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block,and is strictly controlled by fault structures.It has developed to one of the famous production bases of lead&zinc and germanium in China.

GEOCHEMICAL REASERCH ON ORE-CONTROLLING STRUCTURE IN LIAODONG LUOQUANBEI-BAIYUN GOLD MINERAL BELT

In recent2 0 years,because of the finding ofmany large- superlargegold deposits,we re- new the theories for prospecting and gain many things and conceptions.The current geo- chemical and gold- forming theories underline the importance of the early submarine volcano- sedimentation,metamorphic differention,sedimentation of terrigenous clastics,thermal spring and it’s sedimentation,syngenesis process and other hypergene supplying the source for metallogenic materials.According to the study for source bed(rock) and depsitional for- mation of gold,we find that gold will be gradually enriched and mineralized in source bed (rock) ,because of variousgeologicprocesses,such as regional metamorphism ormigmatiza- tion,geothermal bittern,volcanism. The ore- control of deep and giant fault and ductile shear beltand tectono- flash space is emphasized,especially,we should notice the long- term, succession and multistage of the

The Formation of the Jiaodong Gold Province

Gold deposits in Jiaodong,termed Jiaodong-type,are tectonically located in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton.Their major features are reviewed in this paper to highlight the differences between Jiaodong deposits and other genetic types of gold deposits.The mineralization was synchronized with asthenosphere upwelling indicated by synore OIB-like mafic dike and large-scale crustal thinning suggested by decrease of Sr/Y from pre-ore to syn-ore granites.Asthenosphere upwelling induced by the roll-back of Paleo-Pacific Plate drove partial melting of lithospheric mantle and devolatilization,which induced the release of the ore-forming fluids.In concomitant with magmatic records,mineralization migrated from the western Jiaobei terrane(133–127 Ma)to the eastern Sulu orogenic belt(114–108 Ma),corresponding to the eastward roll-back of Paleo-Pacific Plate.Gold mineralization in Jiaodong formed in the transitions of ductile to brittle deformation,rapid to slow crustal uplift,and regional compression to extension.In the regional-scale,the gold deposits in the Jiaobei terrane are mostly situated at intersections between NE-trending faults and EW-trending basement faults,and gold orebodies dominantly controlled by the lithologic contacts between Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Mesozoic granites.The mineralization was dominated by the disseminated-veinlet ores related to quartz–sericite alteration in strong cataclasite-breccia zone,with subsidiary thick quartz-sulfide veins developed in secondary fault zones.The ore-forming fluids belong to a H_(2)O–CO_(2)–NaCl±CH_(4)system and show minor variations in salinity among different types of ore.Structure-fluid feedback involving fluid-rock reaction and hydrofracturing triggered the fluid phase separation and resultant gold deposition.The Jiaodong gold deposits are distinct from orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits in terms of tectonic setting,origin of ore-forming fluids,and mechanism of gold deposition.

Study on the Metallogenetism of Sub-mantle Plume and Mantle Branches in the Gold Mineralization Concentration Area of Northwest Jiaodong Peninsula

The northwest of Jiaodong peninsula is characterized by its greatest gold concentration area, enormous gold reserves and limited time interval （115±5Ma） of gold mineralization in China. Studies show that the east area of north China began its mantle plume evolution since the Yanshanian movement, and the Laiyang sub-mantle plume and its surrounding mantle branches such as those in Guojiadian, Aishan and Panshidian were formed in the mineralization concentration area of northwestern Jiaodong peninsula. With the development of mantle plume →sub-mantle plume → mantle branch→ favorable expending structures, the deep-derived hydrothermal fluid moved up to the favorable places, such as brittle-ductile or ductile-brittle shearing zones, the internal and external contact zones of intrusions, dense fracturing zones and the contact zones between dikes and countryrocks, and concentrated into deposits. Then the gold mineralization concentration zones that are centralized on mantle branches were formed. This study takes Guojiadian mantle branch as an example to discuss their metallogenetism and conclude the metallogenetic mode.

Mineralization enrichment regularity of gold deposit in Shangzhuang, northwestern Jiaodong

Shangzhuang gold deposit located in the Wangershan fault zone of northwestern Jiaodong is of meso- hypogenic altered rock type. The ore bodies occur at the hanging wall and footwall of Wangershan fault in vein or irregular shapes with the NE strike, NW trend, 30° -60°~ in dip and the lateral trending of SW. The ores are composed of pyrite, quartz, sericite, bismuthinite, native gold, bismuth sulfosah minerals, chalcopyrite, etc. , shown as brecciated structure and vein structure with metasomatic dissolution textures. The wall rock altera- tion is mainly described as phyllic alteration and silicification. The mineralization of this deposit is controlled by structure and altered rocks. The ore-controlling fault structures of this deposit is Wangershan fault, of which the intersection of major fault and secondary fault is the main ore-bearing position of this gold deposit, and the lar- ger arc curved position is a favorable part for ore body occurrence. On the plane, the ore body is shown as equi- distant pinch-out reproduction.

STUDY ON TECTONIC FEATURE AND METALLOGENIC MECHANISM OF THE PENGSHAN Sn-Pb-Zn POLYMETALLIC OREFIELD, JIANGXI PROVINCE

The Pengshan Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic orefield is located in the Jiujiang-Ruichang region, which is a segment of the middle-lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The Pengshan late Yanshanian buried pluton with granitic composition is a calc-alkaline pluton, intrusion of which is responsible for the formation of the Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit through providing thermodynamic condition and ore-forming material. The long-active basement rifts initially formed in the Jinning period and the domal structure with induced secondary order faults formed by emplacement of the pluton, such as ring-detachment fault, top-detachment fault and joint fissure, act as the passage-way for magma and ore-forming fluid and impounding structure for ore deposit. The magma to form the pluton with DI>90 is intensively differentiated. The variation of the ore-forming fluid in composition with falling in temperature caused by action of magmatic hydrothermal convection system combined with groundwater convection system attributes to mineralization of various types in the orefield. The mineralization process can be divided into six stages, i.e., greisenization, skarnization of early stage, fluorite-stanniferous silication stage, skarnization of advanced stage, quartz and cassiterite-sulfuration stage and carbonation stage. The mineral assemblages formed in different mineralization stages are different owing to temperature changing and may be overlapped in space. Malayaite is recognized from the mineral assemblage formed in the fluorite-stanniferous silication stage. The ores in the Pengshan Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit are spatially zoned with variation from As-Sn mineral assemblage of high temperature in the inner zone through Sn-Pb and Pb-Zn-Ag mineral assemblage of middle temperature in the middle zone to fluorite mineral assemblage of low temperature in the outer zone. The exchanging of Sn, Mg and Fe between biotite and hydrothermal fluid resulted from variation of physicochemical condition during evolution processes of the hydrothermal fluid and its role in mineralization are also discussed in this paper.

Control of favorable lithology on Jinlongshan micro-fine disseminated gold deposits, southern Qinling Mountains

Jinlongshan gold orebelt, a newly discovered one in sedimentary rock region in southern Qinling Mountains, is mainly located in upper Devonian and lower Carboniferous calcareous siltstone and argillic silty limestone of later Paleozoic era. Typical disseminated gold mineralization occurred in calcareous siltstone, which is major host rock and mainly composed of silt (SiO2 mostly varies from 38% to 73%) and calcite (CaO mostly varies from 10% to 25%). Pyrite created by living beings in Nanyangshan formation may be poor in gold. Faults and favorable layers jointly control disseminated gold mineralization. The significance of this opinion is very great for gold exploration.

Structural Networks Constraints on Alteration and Mineralization Processes in the Jiaojia Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China

Structural network studies could give appropriate opportunities to understanding structural/hydrothermal events,transportation of ore-forming fluids and water/rock interaction process.Four structural deformation/hydrothermal events have been identified in the Jiaojia fault zone according to microtexture and deformation of quartz and feldspars.Plagioclase experienced ductile deformation period with bended polysynthetic twin stripes(>450℃)in the early stage,followed by K-feldspar alteration period with ductile-brittle deformation and subgrain rotation recrystallization of quartz(380-450℃).Then,sericitization period occurred extensive ductile-brittle deformation(350-420℃)and extensive subgrain rotation recrystallization with a little bulging recrystallization in quartz.In the last,gold precipitation-related pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration was dominated by brittle deformation(300-380℃)and total bulging recrystallization of quartz.From the K-feldspar alteration zone and sericitization zone to pyrite-sericitequartz alteration zone,fractal dimension values of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains increase from 1.07 and 1.24 to 1.32,the calculated paleo strain rate values of dynamically recrystallized quartz range from 10^-10^.7(380℃)-10^-9.6(450℃)and 10^-9.3(350℃)-10^-8.2(420℃)to 10^-9.5(300℃)-10^-8.0(380℃),and the paleo differential stress values increase from 36.9 and 39.3,to 121.3 MPa.The increase of fractal dimension values and decrease of grain size from pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration zone and sericitization zone to K-feldspar alteration zone decreased average water/rock ratio values,which could lead to different acidity and redox conditions of ore-forming fluids and mineralization differences.Two kinds of orecontrolling fractures have been distinguished which include the gentle dip types(18°-50°)with NW(315°-355°)and SW(180°-235°)dip hosting No.Ⅰorebodies and the steep dip types(74°-90°)with NE(45°-85°)and SE(95°-165°)dip hosting No.Ⅲorebodies.These faults/fractures crosscut altered Linglong granite of footwall of the Jiaojia fault zone as rhombohedrons that promoted the connection between fractures in the K-feldspar alteration zone and fluid flow passages near the main fault face.Research results indicate No.Ⅰand No.Ⅲorebodies should be derived from the same mineralization event and belong to different orebody types in different mineralization sites under the same structural networks.