Network pharmacology and verification experiment-based prediction of active components and potential targets of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus-Saposhnikoviae Radix(Yizhiren-Fangfeng)for treatment of diabetic kidney disease

Background:In this study,we analyzed the potential active components,related crucial targets and possible signaling pathway mechanisms of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and Saposhnikoviae Radix(AOF-SR)herb pairs in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)using network pharmacology and verification experiments.Methods:The active compounds and potential targets of AOF-SR were derived from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform,The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and PubChem databases,and the potential therapeutic targets of DKD were derived from the OMIM,Drugbank,and DisGeNET databases.The“compounds-diseases-targets”network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.6.0.ClusterMaker functionality in Cytoscape is being used to screen important targets for AOF-SR treatment of DKD.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of important targets were performed using DAVID database.In addition,according to the predicted results of network pharmacology,HK-2 cells were used to construct DKD model for verification experiment.HK-2 cells were divided into control group,high glucose(HG)group and AOF-SR(HG+AOF-SR)group to detect survival rate and expression of key proteins in NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.Results:A total of 38 compounds were selected from AOF-SR,of which 23 were Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and 15 were Saposhnikoviae Radix.Through enrichment analysis of 82 important targets,88 signaling pathways were identified;some of these pathways,such as the NF-κB,PI3K-Akt,IL-17,and JAK/STAT signaling pathways,regulate the pathological process of DKD.In verification experiment,the HK-2 cells survival rate was higher in the HG+AOF-SR group than in the HG group(P<0.05).Moreover,western blotting results showed that the expression levels of NF-κB,p-PI3K,and p-Akt in HG+AOF-SR group were significantly lower than those in HG group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Overall,this study revealed the active compounds,important targets and possible mechanisms of AOF-SR treatment for DKD,and conducted preliminary verification experiments on its correctness,provided novel insights into the treatment of DKD by AOF-SR.

Oxyphyllones A and B,novel sesquiterpenes with an unusual 4,5-secoeudesmane skeleton from Alpinia oxyphylla

Two novel 4,5-secoeudesmane sesquiterpenoids, oxyphyllones A （1） and B （2） were isolated from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 21） NMR spectra. These two compounds are the first example of naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids with a 4,5-secoeudesmane skeleton in the family of Zingiberaceae and oxyphyllone A （1） is the first 4,5-secoeudesmane type of 13-norsesquiterpenoid. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited no cytotoxicities against three cancer cell lines at 10 μg/mL. ？ 2009 Ning Hua Tan. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Protective effects of organic extracts of Alpinia oxyphylla against hydrogen peroxide-induced cvtotoxicitv in PC12 cells

Alpinia oxyphylla,a traditional herb,is widely used for its neuroprotective,antioxidant and memory-improving effects.However,the neuroprotective mechanisms of action of its active ingredients are unclear.In this study,we investigated the neuroprotective effects of various organic extracts of Alpinia oxyphylla on PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in vitro.Alpinia oxyphylla was extracted three times with 95%ethanol(representing extracts 1–3).The third 95%ethanol extract was dried and resuspended in water,and then extracted successively with petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and n-butanol(representing extracts 4–6).The cell counting kit-8 assay and microscopy were used to evaluate cell viability and observe the morphology of PC12 cells.The protective effect of the three ethanol extracts(at tested concentrations of 50,100 and 200μg/mL)against cytotoxicity to PC12 cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner.The ethyl acetate,petroleum ether and n-butanol extracts(each tested at 100,150 and 200μg/mL)had neuroprotective effects as well.The optimum effective concentration ranged from 50–200μg/mL,and the protective effect of the ethyl acetate extract was comparatively robust.These results demonstrate that organic extracts of Alpinia oxyphylla protect PC12 cells against apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide.Our findings should help identify the bioactive neuroprotective components in Alpinia oxyphylla.

关于Oxytropis oxyphylla（Pall．）DC.在中国的分布

本文认为ＯｘｙｔｒｏｐｉｓｈａｉｌａｒｅｎｓｉｓＫｉｔａｇ。与Ｏ．ｏｘｙｐｈｙｌｌα（ｐａｌｌ．）ＤＣ，同为一种，其合法有效学名应为后者。中国内蒙古呼伦贝尔和锡林郭勒典型草原区有其广泛分布。

Effects of Alpinia oxyphylla on oxidative stress and expression of p47phox in diabetic nephropathy rats

Objective:To explore whether Yizhi(Alpinia oxyphylla,AO)could treat diabetic nephropathy(DN)through the inhibition of p47phox expression which is related to oxidative stress.Methods:Model of DN was established in SD rats with high glucose and fat diet for 4 weeks after STZ intraperitoneal injection.The rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,AO group and irbesartan(IRB)group.Drugs were administered for 4 weeks.Blood glucose and 24-hour urinary protein were measured regularly.The index of ROS,SOD,MDA and Nox2 were tested by ELISA and the expression of p47phox protein in renal tissues were tested by techniques of RT-PCR and Western blot.Results:The decrease of blood sugar in AO group and IRB group were not obvious(P>0.05)while the drugs could significantly reduce the amount of protein in urine(P<0.05).AO could decrease ROS,MDA and Nox2 and increase SOD(P<0.05).It also could inhibit the expression of p47phox which was increased in model group(P<0.05).The IRB group has the similar effects compared with AO group(P>0.05).Conclusion:AO could reduce the amount of 24-hour urinary protein in DN rats and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of p47phox expression thus alleviates excessive oxidative stress response.

Anti-infective, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata

Objective: To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla(Z. oxyphylla) and Cedrela serrata(C. serrata) in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases.Methods: Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal,antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens. Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines(human lung fibroblasts) as well as, in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay.Results: The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl3 fractions of Z. oxyphylla roots and leaves, and C. serrata bark. The CHCl3 and Et OAc fractions of Z. oxyphylla roots, the CHCl3 fraction of Z. oxyphylla leaves, the Et OAc and the residual Me OH: H2 O fraction of C. serrata bark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The same residual Me OH: H2 O fraction of C. serrata bark was active against Candida albicans. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the more hydrophilic Et OAc fractions of Z. oxyphylla leaves, C. serrata bark and leaves, and the residual Me OH: H2 O fraction of C. serrata bark.Conclusions: This study supports at least in part the traditional uses of these plants for antimicrobial purposes and against liver diseases.

Effects of Different Harvest Periods on Seed Quality of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.

[Objectives] To clarify the appropriate harvest period of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. seed and improve the quality of seeds. [Methods] In this experiment,the basic parameters and germination characteristics of A. oxyphylla Miq. seeds during different harvest periods were analyzed and compared. [Results] The results showed that the A. oxyphylla Miq. fruit picking period was closely related to the seed quality,and the seed maturity was highest 100 d after the flowering of A. oxyphylla Miq.,that is,the A. oxyphylla Miq. fruit skin turned from green to yellow( yellow-green),the peel had a small number of brown spots,it was spicy enough,the fruit dry/fresh weight ratio was greater than0. 34,the seed thousand kernel weight reached 11 g or more,and the dried seed moisture content was 13. 01%. Using the TTC method,the seed viability index was determined to be 85%,and in this case,it was the best time of harvesting seed. The water permeability of A. oxyphylla Miq. seed was poor,and the seed imbibition and water absorption time was long,about 72 h. The maximum water absorption rate was about23. 71% at the imbibition and water absorption stage,and it was inferred that the A. oxyphylla Miq. seeds were hard seeds. The germination time of A. oxyphylla Miq. seeds was long,the mature A. oxyphylla Miq. seeds began to germinate on the 12 th d,and the germination rate reached 75. 56% on the 50 th d. [Conclusions] This study determined the optimum harvest period of A. oxyphylla Miq. seeds,clarified the biological characteristics of slow seed water absorption and long germination cycle,and concluded that the seed coat was the main factor leading to slow seed water absorption and long seed germination cycle.

Exploration of the effective components and mechanism of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology

Objective:Network pharmacology was used to predict the main targets and related mechanism pathways of the key compounds and active ingredients of the Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix based on the therapeutic strategy of tonifying kidney and dispelling pathogenic wind for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Methods:The effective components of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix were screened through the data platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).After screening effective targets,the disease target gene database was used to obtain targets for DKD,and then gene enrichment analysis to predict relevant signalling pathways after obtaining the key target genes through Venn analysis.Results:There were 324 active components of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix through the data platform of TCM.In addition,Venn analysis showed that there were 48 key target genes for the treatment of DKD.The biological pathways for the action of Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix in DKD were closely related to many signaling pathways including NF-kappaB,classical MAP kinase,JNK and P38 MAP kinase,and ERK5.Conclusions:Treatment of DKD with Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix based on the therapeutic strategy of tonifying kidney and dispelling pathogenic wind has the characteristics of multi-components,multi-targets and multi-pathways,which could provide new ideas and methods for further researches on the treatment of DKD with Alpinia oxyphylla-Saposhnikovia Radix.

Four new diarylheptanoids and two new terpenoids from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla and their anti-inflammatory activities

Four previously unreported diarylheptanoids(1a/1b-2a/2b),one undescribed sesquiterpenoid(8),one new diterpenoid(12),and twelve known analogs were isolated from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla.The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved through a comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data,single-crystal X-ray diffraction,electronic circular dichroism(ECD),and modified Mosher's method.Enantiomeric mixtures(1a/1b,2a/2b,3a/3b,4a/4b,and 5a/5b)were separated on a chiral column using acetonitrile-water mixtures as eluents.Among them,compounds 3a/3b and 4a/4b were isolated as optically pure enantiomers in the initial chiral separation.Furthermore,most of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against the production of nitric oxide(NO)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.Interestingly,2 and 4 showed significant inhibitory activities against NO production with IC50 values of 33.65 and 9.88μmol·L^(-1)(hydrocortisone:IC_(50)34.26μmol·L^(-1)),respectively.Additionally,they also partially reduced the secretion of IL-6.

益智仁-乌药药对调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路介导细胞自噬保护肾小球足细胞的作用机制研究

目的研究益智仁-乌药药对通过调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路促进足细胞自噬治疗糖尿病肾病(Diabetic Nephropathy,DN)的作用。方法60只造模成功的C57BL/KSJ-db/db(以下简称db/db)小鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组、缬沙坦组、益智仁-乌药药对(低、中、高剂量)组,每组10只;另取10只C57BL/KSJ-db/m(以下简称db/m)小鼠为正常组,正常组和模型组给予生理盐水,治疗组小鼠分别给予相应药物,给药8周后检测小鼠肾脏病理学改变,足细胞自噬体数量、结构及相关蛋白表达。结果与模型组相比,益智仁-乌药药对组可显著减轻糖尿病肾病小鼠肾小球基底膜增厚情况,增加足细胞自噬体数量,显著升高自噬相关蛋白表达(P<0.05),降低PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。其中益智仁-乌药药对高剂量组各指标改善优于益智仁-乌药低、中剂量组。结论益智仁-乌药药对通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路激活,提高足细胞自噬水平,减轻足细胞损伤,发挥治疗糖尿病肾病的作用。

益智化学成分及药理作用研究进展

益智作为药食两用的常用中药,具有暖肾固精缩尿、温脾止泻摄唾的功效,主治肾虚脾寒所致疾病。益智化学成分丰富,主要含有挥发油194个、萜类121个(其中倍半萜111个)、二苯基庚烷类19个、黄酮类10个、碱基与核苷类10个、甾体类4个、糖苷类8个以及小分子有机酸类成分13个,其具有抗AD/PD、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化等广泛的药理作用。本文就益智的化学成分及药理作用进行综述,以期为其进一步开发和合理应用提供参考。

益智精油化学成分分析及其对单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的抑菌机理

以姜科植物益智果实为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取其精油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析益智精油的化学成分;通过滤纸片法和微量对倍稀释法分别测定益智精油对单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)的抑菌圈、最低抑菌质量浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)及最低杀菌质量浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),评价其抑菌活性,利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察益智精油对菌体微观形态的影响,并通过测定菌体的生长曲线、电导率变化、大分子物质泄漏、超氧化物歧化酶(super oxide dismutase,SOD)活力和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量探究益智精油对单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:从益智精油中共鉴定出45种化合物,以萜烯类、芳香烃及萜类含氧衍生物为主,其中巴伦西亚橘烯、圆柚酮、2,6,10,10-四甲基双环[7.2.0]十一烷-1,6-辛二烯、(2S,4aR,8aR)-4a,8-二甲基-2-(丙-1-烯-2-基)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-八氢萘、(2R,8R,8aS)-8,8a-二甲基-2-(丙-1-烯-2-基)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-六氢萘和对伞花烃为相对含量较高的化合物;此外,益智精油可显著抑制单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌活性,其抑菌圈直径为14.20 mm,MIC和MBC分别为0.195、0.781 mg/mL,生长曲线测定发现,益智精油抑菌活性呈浓度依赖性;扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜显示益智精油可破坏单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌细胞形态结构,改变菌体细胞膜的通透性,造成细胞内大量电解质、大分子内容物(核酸和蛋白质)泄漏,破坏菌体内SOD系统原有的动态平衡状态,导致SOD活力变化,同时诱导大量自由基生成,导致菌体细胞内脂质氧化程度升高,使MDA含量增加。综上,益智精油作用于单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌导致菌体细胞一系列变化,从而抑制菌体的生长并导致其凋亡,是益智精油中多种成分、多靶点协同作用的结果,初步分析萜烯类、芳香烃类和酮类物质是其抑菌的主要有效成分,为益智作为食品行业天然抑菌剂的开发利用提供了科学理论依据。

益智精油O/W型微乳液的制备及其性能研究

益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)提取物是一种天然的化妆品原料,可作为植物功能油使用。为了获得稳定的益智精油(AOEO)水包油型(O/W型)微乳液,本研究通过拟三元相图法构建含AOEO的O/W型微乳液,考察表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、Km(表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的质量比)以及其不同组分及比例对微乳液面积的影响,并测定微乳液的粒径、形貌、电导率、水溶性及稳定性等指标,探讨其表征与理化性能。结果得到益智精油O/W型微乳液的较优配方为:m(蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚40(EL-40))∶m(1,2-丙二醇)∶m(AOEO)=10.5∶3.5∶6,水相的过渡点为60%(质量分数),平均粒径为(26.580±0.133)nm,多分散指数(PDI)为0.226±0.010,在透射电子显微镜(TEM)与数码生物显微镜(DBM)下微乳液呈球形或类球形,规整,无黏边,并具有良好的水溶性、离心稳定性、热稳定性及低温贮藏稳定性。结果表明以微乳液为载体可实现益智精油的纳米包覆,为益智精油在日化领域的开发与应用提供参考。

盐益智仁-盐小茴香药对止泻活性部位筛选及“谱效”关系研究

目的筛选盐益智仁-盐小茴香药对(YZYH)止泻活性部位,并通过“谱效”关系研究推测其药效物质基础和质量标志物。方法制备大鼠脾肾阳虚泄泻模型,测定盐益智仁-盐小茴香药对石油醚(YZYH⁃L)、乙酸乙酯(YZYH⁃M)、水(YZYH⁃H)3部位药效指标,包括体重、肛温、腹泻潜伏期(diarrhea incubation period,DIP)、腹泻指数(diarrheal index,DI)等行为学指标及一氧化氮合成酶(nitric oxide synthetase,NOS)、环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)、磷酸肌酸激酶(creatine phosphate kinase,CPK)等生化指标;建立不同部位高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)图谱,采用灰色关联法分析各部位化学成分与止泻药效指标间的“谱效”关系。结果与空白对照组大鼠相比,15 d后,模型组大鼠出现泄泻证主症关键病理指标—水样便,同时,伴随食后腹胀、食欲不振和弓背等脾阳和肾阳虚泄泻的次症典型特征;给与治疗药物后,泄泻主症和次症均有不同程度的改善,其中阳性药、YZYH⁃M部位第28天后泄泻模型大鼠关键指标DIP极显著延长(P<0.01)、DI极显著降低(P<0.01),以及脾、肾阳虚泄泻的次症典型特征代表性指标体重、24 h摄食、饮水量、肛温和血清生化指标NOS、cGMP、CPK等活性的调节作用均较其它给药组好;“谱效”关系研究表明茴香醛、4号色谱峰等成分与DIP、DI、NOS、cGMP、CPK 5个药效指标的关联度重要。结论YZYH⁃M部位为药对止泻活性部位,其作用机制与抑制胃肠功能亢进和调节机体能量代谢与免疫相关;茴香醛及4号峰作为药对的质量标志物。

益智仁激活PPARα介导的自噬作用改善糖尿病肾病

目的:利用体内和体外模型研究益智仁对糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)的潜在保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法:体内实验将6只db/m小鼠作为正常组,30只db/db小鼠分为模型组、益智仁低剂量组、益智仁中剂量组、益智仁高剂量组、卡格列净组,每组6只。正常组和模型组给予生理盐水,治疗组小鼠分别给予相应药物。治疗8周后,收集血清、尿液和肾脏组织样本。测定随机血糖、24 h尿微量白蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量。通过HE染色观察肾组织的病理变化。采用60 mmol/L葡萄糖干预HK-2细胞72 h构建DKD体外模型,同时给予不同浓度益智仁含药血清(2%、5%、10%)干预24 h后,通过CCK8法测定细胞活力以及透射电镜观察HK-2细胞中自噬溶酶体的数量。采用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测小鼠及细胞中PPARα、LC3BⅡ、Beclin1、P62 mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果:体内实验表明,与正常组相比,模型组的血糖、24 h尿微量白蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量升高(P<0.0001);与模型组相比,经益智仁治疗后上述生化指标含量降低(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001,P<0.0001)。HE染色显示,模型组肾小球肿胀加重,基底膜增厚,肾小管肿胀且管腔变窄。药物干预后,肾脏病理变化均有不同程度的减轻。且中、高剂量益智仁的疗效均优于低剂量。体外实验表明,益智仁含药血清可提高高糖胁迫下HK-2细胞活力,且10%的剂量效果最佳(P<0.01)。透射电镜发现,与正常组相比,高糖组HK-2细胞中自噬溶酶体数量降低,脂滴增加;经益智仁干预后,自噬溶酶体数量增加,脂滴减少。体内和体外研究中RT-qPCR和Western blot结果一致,表明益智仁能够提高PPARαmRNA和蛋白(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001)水平,促进Beclin1、LC3BⅡ和降低P62蛋白表达水平(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001)。结论:益智仁可能通过激活PPARα介导的自噬作用改善DKD。

益智仁泡腾片制备工艺研究

以益智仁为加工原料,以泡腾片的崩解时限、脆碎度、发泡量等为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用正交试验方法确定益智仁泡腾片加工工艺的最佳配方。结果表明,益智仁泡腾片加工工艺的最佳配方为益智仁粉10%、泡腾剂柠檬酸与碳酸氢钠总量45%(质量比为1.2∶1)、乳糖40%、甜菊糖苷2.25%、润滑剂PEG 6000添加量为3%、黏合剂90%乙醇,制得的泡腾片片面光滑、汤色澄清、崩解迅速,符合质量标准。

基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS技术的益智酒及基酒非挥发性成分分析

目的:采用超高效液相色谱仪联用四级杆串联飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)技术对益智酒及基酒非挥发性成分进行分析,确定其主要功效物质。方法:采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(100×2.1 mm 1.8μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-0.01%甲酸乙腈溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱;质谱在正负离子模式下采集数据,通过Masslynx V4.1和Waters UNIFI?科学信息系统处理数据,基于文献报道数据,结合TCM Chiese[UNIFI1.7],ChemSpider在线数据库检索一级、二级质谱数据,进行化合物成分鉴定。结果从基酒中鉴定了2个化学成分,为酯类和酚酸类化合物;从益智酒中鉴定了20个化学成分,主要为酚酸类化合物。结论:该方法精准快速,显著提高了分析效率,为益智酒的饮用安全性、保健功能及其品质评价、完善其质量标准提供参考,同时对研究酒类样品非挥发性成分如有机酸等健康成分具有重要的指导意义。

基于星点设计-响应面法研制黄精益智仁复合固体饮料及抗疲劳作用研究

以黄精、益智仁、茯苓、芡实、枸杞、山药、大枣、山楂等8味药食同源地道药材,开发一款具有抗疲劳功能的黄精益智仁固体饮料(PASB)。利用单因素以及星点设计-响应面试验优化其煎煮提取工艺,喷雾干燥制得的固体饮料,并通过小鼠负重游泳试验考察抗疲劳效果。结果表明最佳煎煮工艺为:料液比1∶13 g/mL,煎煮时间100 min,浸泡60 min,煎煮两次。同时动物实验结果显示,PASB能够延长小鼠负重游泳时间,降低血乳酸、血清尿素氮的堆积,提高肝糖原含量,表明黄精益智仁固体饮料具有较好的抗疲劳活性。

方朝晖运用益智仁治疗糖尿病肾病用药经验

糖尿病肾脏病变是糖尿病患者最常见的并发症和死因之一,中医学中多以“肾消”进行辨证论治。方朝晖教授在临床实践中,多使用益智仁为君药,结合患者自身体质和病情变化选药组方,加减化裁,更好的体现了中医学辨证论治的特色以及现代医学个体化治疗的理念,减少了单用西药治疗的不足和缺陷。文章从中医学病因病机、西医病因病理探讨糖尿病肾脏病变的发病机制,结合益智仁的药理作用,最后通过一则医案进行具体分析,体现方朝晖教授治疗糖尿病肾脏病变的补肾固精的学术思想。

福建本地益智不同组织挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

果实是益智的主要收获部位,而茎秆、叶片和块根通常都未被利用。为了充分利用这些资源,以福建本地益智鲜叶、茎秆、块根和鲜果为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法萃取其同一时间不同组织的挥发油,计算各组织挥发油的含量,并采用顶空进样法和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对益智不同组织中挥发油成分进行分析。结果表明:福建本地益智不同组织均含有挥发油成分,其中块根中挥发油含量最高,达0.22%,其次是叶片,茎最少。益智不同组织挥发油成分共检出52种成分,发现烯烃类物质数量最多,其次是醇类,其中γ-松油烯、桃金娘醛、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-罗勒烯、对伞花烃等6种物质在益智所有组织中均为主要成分;与其他3种组织相比,果实中α-松油烯、桧烯、α-蛇麻烯和反式-β-萜品醇相对含量较高,α-香柑油烯、α-姜黄烯、β-倍半水芹烯等10种化合物未检出;利用主成分分析将52个指标简化为6个综合指标,主成分综合得分从高到低排序为叶片、茎、块根、果实;根据F值的大小,发现益智果实与其他组织挥发油成分差异较大,其他3种组织间差异较小。