The effect of glutathione on glucosinolate biosynthesis through the sulfur assimilation pathway in pakchoi associated with the growth conditions

Glucosinolates(GSLs) are a group of nitrogen-and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, synthesized primarily in members of the Brassicaceae family, that play an important role in food flavor, plant antimicrobial activity, resistance to insect attack, stress tolerance, and human anti-cancer effects. As a sulfur-containing compound, glutathione has a strong connection with GSLs biosynthesis as a sulfur donor or redox system, and exists in reduced(glutathione;GSH) and oxidized(glutathione disulfide;GSSG) forms. However, the mechanism of GSH regulating GSLs biosynthesis remainds unclear. Hence, the exogenous therapy to pakchoi under normal growth condition and sulfur deficiency condition were conducted in this work to explore the relevant mechanism. The results showed that exogenous application of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, decreased the transcript levels of GSLs synthesis-related genes and transcription factors, as well as sulfur assimilation-related genes under the normal growth condition. Application of exogenous GSH inhibited the expression of GSLs synthesis-and sulfur assimilation-related genes under the normal condition, while the GSLs biosynthesis and the sulfur assimilation pathway were activated by exogenous application of GSH when the content of GSH in vivo of plants decreased owing to sulfur deficiency. Moreover,exogenous application of GSSG increased the transcript levels of GSLs synthesis-and sulfur assimilation-related genes under the normal growth condition and under sulfur deficiency. The present work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of GSLs biosynthesis underlying glutathione regulation.

Physiological Mechanism of Exogenous Selenium in Alleviating Mercury Stress on Pakchoi(Brassica campestris L.)

The objective of this study was to explain the physiological mechanisms through which Na_(2)SeO_(3) mitigates the growth and developmental inhibition of pakchoi under HgCl_(2)stress.The results showed that treatment with HgCl_(2)(40 mg L^(−1))led to reduced biomass,dwarfing,root shortening,and root tip necrosis in pakchoi.Compared to control(CK),the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)in Hg treatment increased,and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)also dramatically increased,which negatively impacted the growth of pakchoi.Low concentrations of Na_(2)SeO_(3)(0.2 mg L^(−1))significantly increased the content of soluble sugars compared with control,while chlorophyll,soluble proteins,free amino acids,and vitamin C had no significant changes.The results of the mixed treatments with HgCl_(2)and Na_(2)SeO_(3) suggested that selenium may be able to reduce the toxicity of mercury in pakchoi.The biomass,plant height,root length,chlorophyll content,soluble protein,other physiological indicators,and proline showed significant increases compared with the HgCl_(2)treatment.Additionally,the MDA content and mercury accumulation in pakchoi decreased.Our results revealed the antagonistic effects of selenium and mercury in pakchoi.Thus,a theoretical basis for studying pakchoi’s mercuryexcreted and selenium-rich cultivation technology was provided.

Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Bacterium ZG-10 against Spot Blotch Disease in Pakchoi

[ Objective] The purpose was to screen bacterium with antagonistic effect against pathogen of spot blotch disease in pakchoi in vegetable field. [Method] More than 200 strains of bacteria which could produce spore were isolated from soil in different places. Through screening and rescreening, the bacteria with higher antibacterial activity were conducted observation about thallus shapes and colony characters, a series of physiological and biochemical tests were performed. [Result] Rescreening results indicated that the strains including ZG-10, ZG-19, ZG-59, ZG-72 and ZG-31 had significant antibacterial activity, which had very high research value and good application prospect for biocontrol on spot blotch disease in pakchoi; the strain ZG-10 was identified to be Bacillus subtilis. [ Conclusion] The strain ZG-10 had biocontrol potential and good development prospect. This research laid certain basis for subsequent research and strated a new way for the application of antagonistic strain and proteinum polypeptide in agdculture.

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi inside and outside greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi inside and outside greenhouse was studied. The decline curve of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi could be described as first-order kinetic. The experimental data showed that both the hermetic environment of greenhouse and season affected dissipation rates of chlorpyrifos on pakchoi. Chlorpyrifos declined faster outside greenhouse than inside greenhouse. Chlorpyrifos residues at pre-harvest time were below the maximum residue limits(MRLs) fixed in China, whereas the values inside greenhouse were higher than those outside greenhouse by almost 50%. The recommended pre-harvest time established under conditions of open field might not always fit to greenhouse production.

Effect of Amendments on Growth and Element Uptake of Pakchoi in a Cadmium, Zinc and Lead Contaminated Soil

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of two amendments, limeand calcium magnesium phosphate, on the growth and Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mu, Fe, N, P and K uptake ofpakchoi (Brassica chinensis) in a Cd, Pb and Zn polluted acid soil in the southern part of China.The growth of pakchoi was apparently improved by lime and calcium magnesium phosphate application,the uptake of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn by pakchoi was significantly depressed and the symptom caused byheavy metals pollution was eliminated. Meanwhile, the absorption of N, K and Mn was also inhibitedby these amendments. Soil pH was the main factor controlling the uptake of the heavy metals bypakchoi. This suggests that lime and calcium magnesium phosphate could be used as effectiveamendments for eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals to the vegetable and inhibiting theirabsorption by the crop.

Responses of Different Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) Cultivars to Cu Toxicity

Two pot experiments with a completely random design and 4 replications were performed in a greenhouse to examine the response difference of 17 cultivars of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) grown in a Cu-spiked and a clean soil to Cu. The response of pakchoi to Cu toxicity varied with the cultivars. The biomass in cultivars of Gaogengbai , Siyueman and Suzhouqing were sensitive to soil Cu pollution, but the cultivars of Heixinwu , Huoqingcai and HKcaixin were relatively tolerant. When the 17 cultiva…

Metabolic Response of Pakchoi Leaves to Amino Acid Nitrogen

Different nitrogen （N） forms may cause changes in the metabolic profiles of plants. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects of amino acid-N on plant metabolic profiles. The main objective of this study was to identify primary metabolites associated with amino acid-N （Gly, Gln and Ala） through metabolic profile analysis using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Plants of pakchoi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis L.）, Huawang and Wuyueman cultivars, were grown with different nitrogen forms （i.e., Gly, Gln, Ala, NO3-N, and N starvation） applied under sterile hydroponic conditions. The fresh weight and plant N accumulation of Huawang were greater than those of Wuyueman, which indicates that the former exhibited better N-use efficiency than the latter. The physiological performances of the applied N forms were generally in the order of NO3-N〉Gln〉Gly〉Ala. The metabolic analysis of leaf polar extracts revealed 30 amino acid N-responsive metabolites in the two pakchoi cultivars, mainly consisting of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Changes in the carbon metabolism of pakchoi leaves under amino acid treatments occurred via the accumulation of fructose, glucose, xylose, and arabinose. Disruption of amino acid metabolism resulted in accumulation of endogenous Gly in Gly treatment, Pro in Ala treatment, and Asn in three amino acid （Gly, Gln and Ala） treatments. By contrast, the levels of endogenous Gln and Leu decreased. However, this reduction varied among cultivars and amino acid types. Amino acid-N supply also affected the citric acid cycle, namely, the second stage of respiration, where leaves in Gly, Gln and Ala treatments contained low levels of malic, citric and succinic acids compared with leaves in NO3-N treatments. No significant difference in the metabolic responses was observed between the two cultivars which differed in their capability to use N. The response of primary metabolites in pakchoi leaves to amino acid-N supply may serve an important function in pakchoi adaptation to amino acid-N sources.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the differential regulatory effects of red and blue light on nitrate metabolism in pakchoi(Brassica campestris L.)

Pakchoi(Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) is an important leafy vegetable. Various light spectra, especially red and blue light, play vital roles in the regulation of nitrate metabolism. Information on the effects of red and blue light on nitrate metabolism at the transcriptome level in pakchoi is still limited, so this study used RNA sequencing technology to explore this molecular mechanism. Through pairwise comparisons with white LED light, 3 939 and 5 534 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified under red and blue light, respectively. By Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) and Gene Ontology(GO) analyses, these unigenes were found to be involved in nitrate assimilation, plant-pathogen interaction, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The differential effects of light spectra on the nitrate concentration and metabolism-related enzyme activities were also confirmed at the physiological level. Several signal transduction modules, including Crys/Phys-COP1-HY5/HY5-like, were found to be involved in red and blue light-induced nitrate metabolism, and the transcript levels for this complex were consistent with the observed degree of nitrate assimilation. The expression patterns of 15 randomly selected DEGs were further validated using qPCR. Taken together, the results of this study could help improve our understanding of light spectrumregulated nitrate metabolism in pakchoi at the transcriptome level.

生物炭对微塑料污染下普通白菜生长和土壤细菌群落结构的影响

采用盆栽试验,以四季小白菜为试材,研究了施用生物炭对不同微塑料类型(PP、PE、PVC)污染下普通白菜生长、土壤细菌群落结构和丰度的影响,并进行了功能预测分析。结果表明,微塑料污染对普通白菜鲜质量和叶片数有抑制作用,施用生物炭对微塑料污染下的普通白菜鲜质量、株高和根长均有促进作用。微塑料及其与生物炭共存处理显著增加了土壤细菌丰度,其中PER处理土壤细菌丰度最大;PE、PVC及其与生物炭共存处理均显著促进土壤细菌Chao1指数和ACE指数增加。在门水平上,放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门、酸杆菌门为优势类群;微塑料及其生物炭共存处理促进了放线菌门相对丰度的增加,抑制了变形菌门、酸杆菌门相对丰度。土壤p H以及有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效钾含量是土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要影响因素。PICRUSt分析表明,施用生物炭提高了微塑料污染下土壤新陈代谢、环境信息处理和有机系统等有益细菌代谢通路的相对丰度。综上,施用生物炭对微塑料污染下土壤微生物影响较大,但其影响程度因微塑料类型而异。

上海地区夏季耐热青菜品种筛选

为评价青菜品种的耐热性,并推荐适合上海地区夏季栽培的优质耐热青菜品种,以来自国内各地的15个青菜品种为试材,对2022年7~8月气温进行分析,及对品种的田间综合农艺性状、耐热性、抗病性、营养品质进行测定和评价,发现艳青、盈夏、华尔兹-美丽、新夏青7号、超华MT28这5个青菜品种在田间综合性状表现良好,营养品质、耐热性及抗病性均高于或接近对照。2022年7~8月表现出温度高、高温持续时间长的特点,为耐热品种的筛选和评价提供了良好的自然环境。推荐以上5个品种为适合上海地区夏季栽培的优质耐热品种,为上海地区夏季青菜种植提供借鉴。

氮形态对小白菜根系生长、根区pH及细胞壁组分的影响

【目的】氮素(N)是调控蔬菜作物生长的重要因子,探究氮形态对小白菜根系生长及细胞壁组分的影响,明确根区pH变化与质膜(PM)H^(+)-ATPase的关系,为进一步研究氮素调控植物根系生长发育提供理论基础。【方法】以小白菜(‘华王’)为试材,设置3个N素形态(硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、甘氨酸态氮(Gly-N)),采用营养液水培法,探究无机氮和有机氮调控小白菜根区pH和根细胞壁组分对根系生长的影响,同时探讨氮营养对小白菜根系生长素(IAA)和PM H^(+)-ATPase酶的影响。用根系扫描法和生理试验等方法,测定小白菜的总根长、总根体积、总根表面积和根尖数等根系形态指标以及介质pH、PM H^(+)-ATPase酶活性、IAA含量、细胞壁及其主要组分含量、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、扩张素(EXP)含量等生理指标,并分析根系形态和各生理指标之间的相关性。【结果】Gly-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N均碱化介质pH,且Gly-N碱化介质pH的能力高于NO_(3)^(-)-N处理,NH_(4)^(+)-N酸化介质pH。与NO_(3)^(-)-N处理相比,Gly-N处理显著降低小白菜地上部(40.23%)和根系干物质含量(21.74%)、主根长(55.15%)、总根长(58.63%)、总根表面积(53.12%)、总根尖数(73.07%)、根分叉数(65.39%)、内部链接数(40.91%)和外部链接数(73.94%),提高了根系细胞壁提取率(22.00%)、果胶(47.74%)、纤维素(25.30%)、EXP(109.53%)、PM H^(+)-ATPase酶活性(15.42%)、根冠比(30.33%)、拓扑指数(11.43%)和分形维数(4.32%);NH_(4)^(+)-N处理植株地上部干物质含量、主根长、根分叉数、内部链接数、外部链接数、根系PME活性和IAA含量分别显著降低22.98%、34.30%、35.32%、26.22%、29.02%、36.38%和8.74%,根系PM H^(+)-ATPase酶活性、细胞壁提取率、果胶和半纤维素分别显著提高14.60%、19.38%、22.98%、74.33%。根系形态指标与生理指标之间的相关分析结果表明,总根表面积与总根长、总根尖数、外部链接数、根分叉数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与主根长、内部链接数、叶干重呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总根表面积与根直径、扩张素、拓扑指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与果胶、纤维素和分形维数呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。根直径与扩张素、纤维素、分形维数、拓扑指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与果胶呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】Gly-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N均增加了小白菜根系细胞壁含量,抑制了小白菜根系的伸长生长;Gly-N更有利于果胶和纤维素的积累,NH_(4)^(+)-N有利于半纤维素的积累。

Promotion by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid of Germination of Pakchoi （Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis Tsen et Lee） Seeds Under Salt Stress

The seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi （Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis Tsen et Lee cv. Hanxiao） were not significantly inhibited until the concentration of NaCl was increased to 150 mmol/L. Treatment of pakchoi seeds with exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid （ALA）, at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10.00 mg/L, promoted seed germination when seeds were stressed by salinity, whereas levulinic acid （LA）, an inhibitor of ALA dehydrase, significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth, suggesting that metabolism of ALA into porphyrin compounds was necessary for seed germination and seedling growth. Determination of respiratory rate during seed germination showed that ALA increased seed respiration under both normal conditions and salt stress. Furthermore, salt stress decreased levels of endogenous ALA, as well as heme, in etiolated seedlings. More salt-tolerant cultivars of pakchoi contained higher relative levels of endogenous ALA and heme under conditions of salt stress. These results indicate that salt stress may inhibit the biosynthesis of endogenous ALA and then heme, which is necessary for seed germination, and treatment of seeds with exogenous ALA prior to germination may be associated with the biosynthesis of heme.

绿体春化时间和光周期互作对耐抽薹普通白菜现蕾开花的影响

以31份耐抽薹普通白菜自交系为试材,进行种芽春化(40 d)和光周期(16、20 h·d^(-1))处理;在此基础之上选择对长日照反应不同的材料,进行绿体春化时间(0、35、55、75 d)和光周期(8、12、16、20 h·d^(-1))处理,探讨绿体春化时间和光周期互作对耐抽薹普通白菜现蕾开花的影响。结果表明:部分耐抽薹普通白菜经种芽春化处理40 d不能满足其对低温的需求量,延长光照时长可以促进现蕾,但长日照促进耐抽薹普通白菜现蕾开花存在基因型差异。绿体春化处理35 d,8 h·d^(-1)和12 h·d^(-1)光照条件下耐抽薹普通白菜均不能现蕾、开花,光周期≥16 h·d^(-1)可以促进现蕾、开花,表明在绿体春化时间不足时,延长光照时长能够部分替代春化时间以促进现蕾开花,显著缩短现蕾时间和开花时间;春化时间与光周期互作对现蕾率和开花率的影响达极显著水平。

播期对黑塌菜主要农艺和品质性状的影响

以黑塌菜为试材,从9月5日开始每5 d设置一个播期处理,共设置7个,研究了不同播期对黑塌菜主要农艺和品质性状的影响,以期为黑塌菜标准化种植生产以及供应期延长提供参考依据。结果表明:播期对黑塌菜开展度、单株质量等主要农艺性状以及可溶性糖和叶绿素含量均有显著影响,对纤维素和粗蛋白含量影响较小。9月10日播期处理黑塌菜开展度与单株质量显著高于其他处理,9月15日播期处理黑塌菜叶柄长最长,9月20日播期处理黑塌菜叶片数最多,播期为9月5日和9月30日的黑塌菜生长指标显著低于9月10—20日,10月5日播期处理的黑塌菜单株质量低于100 g,已不符合产品标准。随着黑塌菜播期的推后,黑塌菜叶片和叶柄可溶性糖含量整体呈先下降后上升的趋势,9月20日播期处理的黑塌菜叶片和9月25日播期处理黑塌菜叶柄可溶性糖含量显著降低,9月30日播期处理黑塌菜叶片和10月5日播期处理黑塌菜叶柄可溶性糖含量显著升高。随着播种日期的推后,黑塌菜叶片叶绿素整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,9月10日播期处理黑塌菜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均最高,10月5日播期处理黑塌菜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均最低。该试验表明,长江中下游地区黑塌菜适宜播期为9月中上旬至下旬,最迟播期为9月底。

组配钝化剂对设施土壤污染镉的钝化效果及植株富集镉的影响

为明确组配钝化剂对设施土壤污染镉的钝化效果,采用生物模拟方法,以外源添加镉的设施土壤为研究对象,探究骨炭粉、生物炭、纳米腐殖质组配钝化剂对设施土壤污染镉的钝化效果和对小白菜富集镉的影响。主要研究结果如下:(1)当骨炭粉、生物炭和纳米腐殖质总添加量为2%、5%,配施比例为1∶5∶2时,钝化效果最为显著。土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,降幅为12.72%~15.73%,更易使Cd形态从弱酸提取态转化为可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态,土壤pH值显著升高0.22~0.34个单位,土壤有效磷含量显著增长15.28%~23.73%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性显著升高,增幅分别为23.21%~52.98%、57.75%~67.75%。添加量为5%时,小白菜地上部Cd含量显著降低14.67%;总添加量为2%时,小白菜根部Cd含量显著降低14.47%。(2)其他处理也表现出了一定的钝化效果。总添加量为5%,配施比例为1∶2∶2时,土壤的有效态Cd含量显著降低了10.93%。总添加量为2%、5%,配施比例为1∶5∶5时,土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,降幅为7.49%~7.56%。(3)通过相关性分析得出,土壤的pH值升高会降低土壤的有效态Cd含量,提高土壤有效磷含量、过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性;土壤有效态Cd含量升高会使小白菜地上部Cd含量升高,同时使土壤有效磷含量及过氧化氢酶活性降低,有效态Cd含量降低会使小白菜地上部Cd含量降低。综上所述,组配钝化剂在不同添加量及配施比例下,总体上可以有效提高土壤pH值、有效磷含量以及过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性;降低土壤的有效态Cd含量和小白菜Cd含量。此外,进一步从节约经济成本的角度进行综合分析,推荐骨炭粉、生物炭、纳米腐殖质总添加量为2%,配施比例为1∶5∶2,对Cd污染设施土壤的钝化效果最好。

利用ICP-MS和LA-ICP-TOF-MS探究上海青中铅的富集与转运特征

利用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体飞行时间质谱(LA-ICP-TOF-MS)进行定量测定和原位成像,对上海青(Brassica rapa var.chinensis(Linnaeus)Kitamura.)中铅(Pb)的富集与转运特征及其机制进行探究。结果表明:上海青中的Pb含量为根>茎>叶,对Pb的吸收效率为根>茎>叶,转运能力为根到茎>茎到叶;富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)受种植土壤Pb含量、pH值和大气中Pb沉降等因素影响;Pb等元素在叶片中的原位分布图表明Pb主要富集在叶脉中,与铝(Al)和铁(Fe)分布特征相似,与锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、磷(P)、硫(S)和镁(Mg)分布特征存在差异。基于Pb的富集与转运特征及其在叶片中与其他元素原位分布特征的异同,探讨上海青对Pb的吸收、富集和转运机制,为评估Pb潜在的健康危害提供数据支撑。

Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation

The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.

Comparisons in subcellular and biochemical behaviors of cadmium between Iow-Cd and high-Cd accumulation cultivars of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）

Subcellular distributions and chemical forms of cadmium （Cd） in the leaves, stems and roots were investigated in low-Cd accumulation cultivars and high-Cd accumulation cultivars ofpakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）. Root cell wall played a key role in limiting soil Cd from entering the protoplast, especially in the low-Cd cultivars. The high-Cd cultivars had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd concentrations than the low-Cd cultivars in cell wall fraction, chloroplast/trophoplast fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction. In low-Cd cultivars, which were more sensitive and thus had greater physiological needs of Cd detoxification than high-Cd cultivars, leaf vacuole sequestrated higher proportions of Cd. Cd in the form of pectate/protein complexes （extracted by 1 tool. L~ NaC1） played a decisive role in Cd translocation from root to shoot, which might be one of the mechanisms that led to the differences in shoot Cd accumulation between the two types of cultivars. Furthermore, the formation of Cd- phosphate complexes （extracted by 2% HAc） was also involved in Cd detoxification within the roots of pakchoi under high Cd stress, suggesting that the mechanisms of Cd detoxification might be different between low- and high-Cd cultivars.

重金属铅与害虫取食胁迫对小白菜和斜纹夜蛾的影响

【目的】为探究重金属铅与害虫取食胁迫对小白菜Brassica chinensis营养物质、防御物质和斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura生长发育的影响。【方法】铅胁迫(400 mg/kg)、斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食处理(取食密度:3头/叶;取食面积:30%)以及二者共同胁迫后应用生物化学方法测定小白菜(品种为正旺达88)叶片中可溶性糖含量、胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量、铅含量以及保护酶(过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶)活性,并统计了斜纹夜蛾幼虫的存活率、幼虫历期、蛹历期、羽化率和成虫干重。【结果】400 mg/kg铅胁迫与斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食的联合作用显著影响了小白菜叶片中可溶性糖、胰蛋白酶抑制剂的含量以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性;铅胁迫、斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食及二者共同胁迫对斜纹夜蛾幼虫存活率、幼虫历期、蛹历期、羽化率和成虫干重也有显著影响。与对照组相比,铅胁迫、斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食及二者共同胁迫下,小白菜叶片中可溶性糖含量有所下降,分别降低了10.5%,9.3%和38.1%;胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量分别增加了51.6%,90.1%和103.0%;过氧化物酶活性分别增加了136.1%,46.6%和243.8%;超氧化物歧化酶活性分别增加了43.1%,16.4%和91.1%;过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了68.6%,17.3%和139.0%。铅胁迫、斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食及二者共同胁迫下,斜纹夜蛾幼虫的存活率下降,与对照相比分别降低了28.2%,31.3%和43.9%;幼虫历期与对照相比分别延长了4.28,3.78和8.41 d;蛹历期与对照相比分别延长了2.69,2.13和5.11 d;羽化率下降,与对照相比分别降低了33.4%,46.7%和60.0%;成虫干重与对照相比分别降低了7.98,3.61和12.39 mg。【结论】结果说明铅胁迫、斜纹夜蛾取食以及二者共同胁迫对小白菜生长发育产生了不利影响,植物体内积聚的重金属铅能与斜纹夜蛾介导的植物化学防御产生叠加或协同效应,诱导小白菜的抗性增强,营养物质含量下降,进一步抑制斜纹夜蛾的生长发育。

Cadmium accumulation in different pakchoi cultivars and screening for pollution-safe cultivars

The selection and breeding of pollution-safe cultivars (PSCs) is a practicable and cost-effective approach to minimize the influx of heavy metal to the human food chain.In this study,both pot-culture and field experiments were conducted to identify and screen out cadmium pollution-safe cultivars (Cd-PSCs) from 50 pakchoi (Brassica rapa L.ssp.chinensis) cultivars for food safety.When treated with 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg Cd,most of the pakchoi cultivars (>70%) showed greater or similar shoot biomass when compared with the control.This result indicates that pakchoi has a considerable tolerance to soil Cd stress.Cd concentrations in the shoot varied significantly (P<0.05) between cultivars:in two Cd treatments (1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg),the average values were 0.074 and 0.175 mg/kg fresh weight (FW),respectively.Cd concentrations in the shoots of 14 pakchoi cultivars were lower than 0.05 mg/kg FW.In pot-culture experiments,both enrichment factors (EFs) and translocation factors (TFs) of six pakchoi cultivars were lower than 1.0.The field studies further confirmed that the Hangzhouyoudonger,Aijiaoheiye 333,and Zaoshenghuajing cultivars are Cd-PSCs,and are therefore suitable for growth in low Cd-contaminated soils (≤1.2 mg/kg) without any risk to food safety.