Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （ANAMMOX） technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate （Nv） had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4＋-N/（m^3·d）, and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows： more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency （nitrite as the main product）, 60%-74% NH4^＋-N removal efficiency, and NO2^--N/NH4^＋-N ratio （concentration ratio） of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent.The impact of temperature was related to Nv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30℃ was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） could be acclimated to higher FA （free ammonium） in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） and other microorganisms in the reactor.

Degradation properties of fulvic acid and its microbially driven mechanism from a partial nitritation bioreactor through multi-spectral and bioinformatic analysis

This study employed multispectral techniques to evaluate fulvic acid(FA)compositional characteristic and elucidate its biodegradation mechanisms during partial nitritation(PN)process.Results showed that FA removal efficiency(FRE)decreased from 90.22 to 23.11%when FA concentrations in the reactor were increased from 0 to 162.30 mg/L,and that molecular size,degree of aromatization and humification of the effluent FA macromolecules all increased after treatment.Microbial population analysis indicated that the proliferation of the Comamonas,OLB12 and Thauera exhibit high FA utilization capacity in lower concentrations(<50.59 mg/L),promoting the degradation and removal of macromolecular FA.In addition,the sustained increase in external FA may decrease the abundance of above functional microorganisms,resulting in a rapid drop in FRE.Furthermore,from the genetic perspective,the elevated FA levels restricted carbohydrate(ko00620,ko00010 and ko00020)and nitrogen(HAO,AMO,NIR and NOR)metabolism-related pathways,thereby impeding FA removal and total nitrogen loss associated with N_(2)O emissions.

Metagenomic insights into responses of microbial population and key functional genes to fulvic acid during partial nitritation

The long-term impact of fulvic acid(FA)on partial nitritation(PN)systemwas initially examined in this study.The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulation rate(NAR nearly 100%)and ammonium removal rate(ARR 56.85%),while FA over 50 mg/L decreased ARR from 56.85%to 0.7%.Sludge characteristics analysis found that appropriate FA(<50 mg/L)exposure promoted the settling performance and granulation of PN sludge by removing Bacteroidetes and accumulating Chloroflexi.The analysis of metagenomics suggested that the presence of limited FA(0-50 mg/L)stimulated the generation of NADH,which favors the denitrification and nitrite reduction.The negative impact of FA on the PN system could be divided into two stages.Initially,limited FA(50-120 mg/L)was decomposed by Anaerolineae to stimulate the growth and propagation of heterotrophic bacteria(Thauera).Increasing heterotrophs competed with AOB(Nitrosomonas)for dissolved oxygen,causing AOB to be eliminated and ARR to declined.Subsequently,when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L,Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced,resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered.Nevertheless,the ammonium transformation pathway was suppressed because genes amoABC and hao were obviously reduced,leading to the deterioration of reactor performance.Overall,these results provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of PN for the treatment of FA-containing sewage.

Stable partial nitritation of mature landfill leachate in a continuous flow bioreactor:Long-term performance,microbial community evolution,and mechanisms

A continuous flow bioreactor was operated for 300 days to investigate partial nitritation(PN)of mature landfill leachate,establishing the long-term performance of the system in terms of the microbial community composition,evolution,and interactions.The stable operation phase(31-300 d)began after a 30 days of start-up period,reaching an average nitrite accumulation ratio(NAR)of 94.43%and a ratio of nitrite nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen(NO_(2)^(−)-N/NH_(4)^(+)-N)of 1.16.Some fulvic-like and humic-like compounds and proteins were effectively degraded in anaerobic and anoxic tanks,which was consistent with the corresponding abundance of methanogens and syntrophic bacteria in the anaerobic tank,and organic matter degrading bacteria in the anoxic tank.The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)Nitrosomonas was found to be the key functional bacteria,exhibiting an increase in abundance from 0.27%to 6.38%,due to its collaborative interactions with organic matter degrading bacteria.In-situ inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)was achieved using a combination of free ammonia(FA)and free nitrous acid(FNA),low dissolved oxygen(DO)with fewer bioavailable organics conditions were employed to maintain stable PN and a specific ratio of NO_(2)^(−)-N/NH_(4)^(+)-N,without an adverse impact on AOB.The synergistic relationships between AOB and both denitrifying bacteria and organic matter degrading bacteria,were found to contribute to the enhanced PN performance and microbial community structure stability.These findings provide a theoretical guidance for the effective application of PN-Anammox for mature landfill leachate treatment.

梯度递减曝气实现一体化部分短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺(SPNAD)的稳定运行

为了解决一体化部分短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(single-stage partial nitritation,anammox and denitrification,SPNAD)系统中部分短程硝化由于过曝气难以稳定维持及短程硝化出水不稳定的问题,在以氨氮质量浓度为80 mg/L、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)质量浓度为150 mg/L的生活污水为进水的SPNAD系统中,通过曝气量控制进行了60 d的稳定进水负荷试验.在连续曝气控制0.3~0.5 mg/L的低溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)过程中,会依次出现3次明显的DO跃变点Ta、Tb、Tc.结果表明:Tb可作为COD的降解完成指示点,Tc可作为部分短程硝化停曝气的指示点,Tc时刻NH4+-N、NO2--N平均质量浓度分别为20.11、22.83 mg/L,NO2--N和NH4+-N的质量浓度比值为0.93~1.37,适宜作为厌氧氨氧化进水;以DO变化率Δρ(DO)/Δt≥0.04 mg/(L·min)作为渐减曝气量和停止曝气量的设定值;将该梯度递减曝气控制策略应用于以实际生活污水(NH4+-N质量浓度为41.4~75.5 mg/L)为进水的SPNAD系统中,稳定实现了平均96.7%的总氮去除率(nitrogen removal ratio,NRR),平均出水总氮(total nitrogen,TN)质量浓度为2.11 mg/L.通过近150 d的试验为SPNAD系统的稳定短程硝化的稳定维持提出了一种梯度递减曝气控制策略,应用该控制策略可灵活调节本系统适应低氨氮、低ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)城市生活污水的水质变化且出水远优于国家一级A排放标准.