Beyond two-dimension: One-and zero-dimensional halide perovskites as new-generation passivators for high-performance perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) as a rising star in the photovoltaic field have received rapidly increasing attention recently due to the boosting power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) from 3.8% to 25.7% in the last13 years. Nevertheless, the conventional PSCs with three-dimensional(3D) halide perovskites as light absorbers suffer from inferior PCEs and poor durability under sunlight, high-temperature and humid conditions due to the high defect amount and structural instability of 3D perovskites, respectively. To tackle these crucial issues, lower-dimensional halide perovskites including zero-dimensional(0D), onedimensional(1D), and two-dimensional(2D) perovskites have been employed as efficient passivators to boost the PCEs and durability of 3D-PSCs due to the high structural stability and superior resistance against moisture, heat and sunlight. Therefore, in order to achieve better understanding about the advantages and superiorities of combining low-dimensional perovskites with their 3D counterparts in improving the PCEs and durability of 3D-PSCs, the recent advances in the development and fabrication of mixeddimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites as passivators are summarized and discussed in the review.The superiority of 1D/0D perovskites as passivators over 2D counterparts, the passivation mechanism and the methods of 1D/0D perovskites are also presented and discussed. Furthermore, the rules to choose1D/0D perovskites or relevant spacer cations are also emphasized. On this basis, several specific strategies to design and fabricate mixed-dimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites are presented and discussed.Finally, the crucial challenges and future research directions of mixed-dimensional PSCs with 1D/0D perovskites as passivators are also proposed and discussed. This review will provide some useful insights for the future development of high-efficiency and durable mixed-dimensional PSCs.

Brominated PEAI as Multi-Functional Passivator for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cell

The interfaces of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are well known to be rich in deep-level carrier traps,which serve as non-radiative recombination centers and limit the open-circuit voltage(Voc)and power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs.Defect chemistry and surface passivators have been researched extensively and mainly focused on the neutralization of uncoordinated lead or anion defects.Herein,a novel brominated passivator 2-bromophenethylammonium iodide(2-Br-PEAI)is introduced for a multi-functional passivation effect at the perovskite interface.The brominated species readily form 2D perovskite on top of the 3D perovskite and multi-interact with the 3D perovskite surface.Apart from the halide vacancy filling and anion bonding ability,the Br atoms on the benzene ring can interact with the FA cations via strong hydrogen bonding N-H…Br and interact with the[PbI_(6)]^(4−)inorganic framework.The interface defects in the PSCs are well passivated,minimizing non-radiative recombination and enhancing device performance.As a result,a champion PCE of 24.22%was achieved with high V_(oc)and fill factor.In addition,modified devices also showed enhanced operational stability(retention of>95%initial PCE after 400 h)and humidity resistance(>90%initial PCE maintained after 1500 h under~50%RH).

Effect of Organic Manure,Passivator and Their Complex on the Bioavailability of Soil Cd

A field experiment of organic manure, passivator and their complex was conducted to study the soil Cd bioavailability in the Cd polluted paddy soil. The results showed that the rice yield increased with the applications of organic manure, passivator and their complex, especially, the rice yields of applying 3 000 and 6 000 kg/hm^2 of organic manure increased significantly by 18.6% （ P 〈0.05） and 20.9% （P 〈0.05） because of the increase of rice economic coefficient. There had no significant change of the soil pH values and the soil available Cd contents, but the Cd distribution ratios in rice were lowered by applying organic manure, and the Cd contents of rice applying 3 000 and 6 005 kg/hm^2 of organic manure dropped by 14.3% （ P 〉 0.05） and 21.4% （ P 〉 0.05） compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. But applying with passivator and passivator fertilized with 3 000 and 6 000 kg/hm^2 of organic manure, the soil pH values increased and the soil available Cd contents decreased significantly, so that to restrain the rice＇s Cd absorption and accumulation. The rice Cd contents lowered by 28.6% （ P 〈 0.05）, 28.6% （ P 〈 0.05） and 42.9% （ P 〈 0.05）, the stem C,d contents lowered by 8.9% （ P 〉 0.05）, 29.7% （ P 〈 0.05） and 43.6% （ P 〈 0.05）, and the leaf Cd contents decreased by 18.8% （ P 〈 0.05）, 25.0% （ P 〈 0.05） and 25.0% （ P 〈 0.05）, respectively. It enhanced the inactivate effect of passivator significantly when fertilized with organic manure.

Fixation of Multiple Metals in Contaminated Soil by Different Passivators

The effects of 4 passivators, zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar, on the fixation of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils were studied by passivator culture experiment in order to screen out the passivator with better fixation effects. The results showed that the soil pH values of zeolite, lime, red mud and peanut shell biochar increased significantly by 0.511.02, 0.821.29, 0.720.89 and 0.300.35 respectively. The effects of 4 passivators on the fixation of Cd and Zn in soil are lime>red mud>zeolite>peanut shell biochar. The order of effects on the fixation of Pb is red mud>lime>zeolite>peanut shell biochar. The order of the fixation effects of Cu is red mud>lime>peanut shell carbon>zeolite. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the extractable state of CaCl2 decreased with the increase in the dosage of 4 passivators. Lime and red mud showed good fixation effects on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the extractable state of CaCl2 at the low dosage(2.5 g/kg) of lime and red mud decreased by 41%, 84%, 76% and 83% respectively. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with CaCl2-Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn(P<0.01). Lime and red mud had significant fixation effects on Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in acidic multi-metal contaminated soils at low application dosages.

Research Progress on the Remediation Benefits of Mineral Passivators on Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil

With the continuous development of society,the development of agricultural economy is also accelerating.Meanwhile,a large amount of sludge and waste materials enter the farmland system,and the state of soil heavy metal pollution is becoming more and more serious.In order to ensure food security and the health of people’s lives,a large number of experts and scholars have begun to look for remediation methods for heavy metal contaminated soil.At present,the use of mineral passivators in the remediation technology of heavy metal contaminated soil is a new and healthy recovery method,and has received extensive attention.

An Efficient Trap Passivator for Perovskite Solar Cells:Poly(propylene glycol)bis(2‑aminopropyl ether)

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are regarded as promising candidates for future renewable energy production.High-density defects in the perovskite films,however,lead to unsatisfactory device performances.Here,poly(propylene glycol)bis(2-aminopropyl ether)(PEA)additive is utilized to passivate the trap states in perovskite.The PEA molecules chemically interact with lead ions in perovskite,considerably passivate surface and bulk defects,which is in favor of charge transfer and extraction.Furthermore,the PEA additive can efficiently block moisture and oxygen to prolong the device lifetime.As a result,PEA-treated MAPbI3(MA:CH3NH3)solar cells show increased power conversion efficiency(PCE)(from 17.18 to 18.87%)and good longterm stability.When PEA is introduced to(FAPbI3)1-x(MAPbBr3)x(FA:HC(NH2)2)solar cells,the PCE is enhanced from 19.66 to 21.60%.For both perovskites,their severe device hysteresis is efficiently relieved by PEA.

Double-ended passivator enables dark-current-suppressed colloidal quantum dot photodiodes for CMOS-integrated infrared imagers

Lead sulfide(PbS)colloidal quantum dot(CQD)photodiodes integrated with silicon-based readout integrated circuits(ROICs)offer a promising solution for the next-generation short-wave infrared(SWIR)imaging technology.Despite their potential,large-size CQD photodiodes pose a challenge due to high dark currents resulting from surface states on nonpassivated(100)facets and trap states generated by CQD fusion.In this work,we present a novel approach to address this issue by introducing double-ended ligands that supplementally passivate(100)facets of halidecapped large-size CQDs,leading to suppressed bandtail states and reduced defect concentration.Our results demonstrate that the dark current density is highly suppressed by about an order of magnitude to 9.6 nA cm^(2) at -10 mV,which is among the lowest reported for PbS CQD photodiodes.Furthermore,the performance of the photodiodes is exemplary,yielding an external quantum efficiency of 50.8%(which corresponds to a responsivity of 0.532 A W^(-1))and a specific detectivity of 2.5×10^(12) Jones at 1300 nm.By integrating CQD photodiodes with CMOS ROICs,the CQD imager provides high-resolution(640×512)SWIR imaging for infrared penetration and material discrimination.

Reducing surficial and interfacial defects by thiocyanate ionic liquid additive and ammonium formate passivator for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites have attained extensive attention owing to their outstanding photovoltaic performances,but the existence of numerous defects in crystalline perovskites is still a serious constraint for the further development of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In particular,the rapid crystallization guided by anti-solvents leads to plenty of surficial and interfacial defects in perovskite films.Herein,we report the adoption of a pseudo-halide anion based ionic liquid additive,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate(BMIMSCN)for growing ternary cation(CsFAMA,where FA=formamidinium and MA=methylammonium)perovskites with large-scale crystal grains and strong preferential orientation via the enhanced Ostwald ripening.Meanwhile,a novel halide-free passivator,benzylammonium formate(BAFa),was employed as a buffering layer on the perovskite films to suppress surface-dominated charge recombination.As a result,the cooperative effects of BMIMSCN additive and BAFa passivator lead to significant enhancements on fluorescence lifetime(from 79.41 to 201.01 ns),open-circuit voltage(from 1.13 to 1.19 V),photoelectric conversion efficiency(from 18.90%to 22.33%).Moreover,the BMIMSCN/BAFa-CsFAMA PSCs demonstrated greatly improved stability against moisture and heat.This work suggests a promising strategy to improve the quality of perovskite materials via reducing the surficial and interfacial defects by the synergistic effects of lattice doping and interface engineering.

5G-A时代物联网应用及策略研究

海量物联网通信是5G典型应用场景之一,为了实现蜂窝网的全场景物联能力,需要更多的场景化技术,5G-A引入了RedCap和Passive IoT。其中,RedCap降低了设备复杂性及成本,补充了5G中、高速率物联能力;Passive IoT实现了低成本无源物联。结合对物联产业的综合分析,重点论述基于RedCap和Pas-siveIoT的物联网构建方案、运营及优化。

Low-energy-consumption temperature swing system for CO_(2) capture by combining passive radiative cooling and solar heating

Temperature-swing adsorption(TSA)is an effective technique for CO_(2) capture,but the temperature swing procedure is energy-intensive.Herein,we report a low-energy-consumption system by combining passive radiative cooling and solar heating for the uptake of CO_(2) on commercial activated carbons(CACs).During adsorption,the adsorbents are coated with a layer of hierarchically porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene)[P(VdF-HFP)HP],which cools the adsorbents to a low temperature under sunlight through radiative cooling.For desorption,CACs with broad absorption of the solar spectrum are exposed to light irradiation for heating.The heating and cooling processes are completely driven by solar energy.Adsorption tests under mimicked sunlight using the CACs show that the performance of this system is comparable to that of the traditional ones.Furthermore,under real sunlight irradiation,the adsorption capacity of the CACs can be well maintained after multiple cycles.The present work may inspire the development of new temperature swing procedures with little energy consumption.

Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background:Acute improvement in range of motion(ROM)is a widely reported effect of stretching and foam rolling,which is commonly explained by changes in pain threshold and/or musculotendinous stiffness.Interestingly,these effects were also reported in response to various other active and passive interventions that induce responses such as enhanced muscle temperature.Therefore,we hypothesized that acute ROM enhancements could be induced by a wide variety of interventions other than stretching or foam rolling that promote an increase in muscle temperature.Methods:After a systematic search in PubMed,Web of Science,and SPORTDiscus databases,38 studies comparing the effects of stretching and foam rolling with several other interventions on ROM and passive properties were included.These studies had 1134 participants in total,and the data analysis resulted in 140 effect sizes(ESs).ES calculations were performed using robust variance estimation model with R-package.Results:Study quality of the included studies was classified as fair(PEDro score=4.58)with low to moderate certainty of evidence.Results showed no significant differences in ROM(ES=0.01,p=0.88),stiffness(ES=0.09,p=0.67),or passive peak torque(ES=-0.30,p=0.14)between stretching or foam rolling and the other identified activities.Funnel plots revealed no publication bias.Conclusion:Based on current literature,our results challenge the established view on stretching and foam rolling as a recommended component of warm-up programs.The lack of significant difference between interventions suggests there is no need to emphasize stretching or foam rolling to induce acute ROM,passive peak torque increases,or stiffness reductions.

Provenance and depositional setting of the Late MiocenePleistocene clastic sediments in the eastern Arabian Peninsula and western Iraq using rare earth elements geochemistry

The sandstones of the Late miocene–Pliocene Dibdibba Formation in the Najaf–Karbala Plateau and Basra were examined to determine their source rocks and origin. The rare earth elements(REE) and trace elements(Sc, Co, V, and Th) concentrations in these sandstones revealed that they likely derived from a single source. The steep light rare earth elements(LREE) and flat, heavy rare earth element(HREE) patterns, negative Eu anomaly, and high ΣREE contents in sandstones suggest its derivation from a suggests that a passive continental margin environment and originated from felsic source rocks. The average concentration of ΣREE is 93.5 ppm, which is lower than that of the average crustal compositions like Upper Continental Crust and Post Archean Australian Shale. The higher proportion of LREE compared to HREE implies that these sandstones were recycled and derived from a distal source. The Th/Co, Th/Sc, La/Sc, La/Co, Eu/Eu*and(La/Lu)cn elemental ratios indicated that these Late Miocene–Pliocene sandstones were derived from felsic rocks located in the marginal region of the Arabian Shield.

Highly Porous Yet Transparent Mechanically Flexible Aerogels Realizing Solar-Thermal Regulatory Cooling

The demand for highly porous yet transparent aerogels with mechanical flexibility and solar-thermal dual-regulation for energy-saving windows is significant but challenging.Herein,a delaminated aerogel film(DAF)is fabricated through filtration-induced delaminated gelation and ambient drying.The delaminated gelation process involves the assembly of fluorinated cellulose nanofiber(FCNF)at the solid-liquid interface between the filter and the filtrate during filtration,resulting in the formation of lamellar FCNF hydrogels with strong intra-plane and weak interlayer hydrogen bonding.By exchanging the solvents from water to hexane,the hydrogen bonding in the FCNF hydrogel is further enhanced,enabling the formation of the DAF with intra-layer mesopores upon ambient drying.The resulting aerogel film is lightweight and ultra-flexible,which pos-sesses desirable properties of high visible-light transmittance(91.0%),low thermal conductivity(33 mW m^(-1) K^(-1)),and high atmospheric-window emissivity(90.1%).Furthermore,the DAF exhibits reduced surface energy and exceptional hydrophobicity due to the presence of fluorine-containing groups,enhancing its durability and UV resistance.Consequently,the DAF has demonstrated its potential as solar-thermal regulatory cooling window materials capable of simultaneously providing indoor lighting,thermal insulation,and daytime radiative cooling under direct sunlight.Significantly,the enclosed space protected by the DAF exhibits a temperature reduction of 2.6℃ compared to that shielded by conventional architectural glass.

In-situ interfacial passivation and self-adaptability synergistically stabilizing all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

The function of solid electrolytes and the composition of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)are highly significant for inhibiting the growth of Li dendrites.Herein,we report an in-situ interfacial passivation combined with self-adaptability strategy to reinforce Li_(0.33)La_(0.557)TiO_(3)(LLTO)-based solid-state batteries.Specifically,a functional SEI enriched with LiF/Li_(3)PO_(4) is formed by in-situ electrochemical conversion,which is greatly beneficial to improving interface compatibility and enhancing ion transport.While the polarized dielectric BaTiO_(3)-polyamic acid(BTO-PAA,BP)film greatly improves the Li-ion transport kinetics and homogenizes the Li deposition.As expected,the resulting electrolyte offers considerable ionic conductivity at room temperature(4.3 x 10~(-4)S cm^(-1))and appreciable electrochemical decomposition voltage(5.23 V)after electrochemical passivation.For Li-LiFePO_(4) batteries,it shows a high specific capacity of 153 mA h g^(-1)at 0.2C after 100 cycles and a long-term durability of 115 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 C after 800 cycles.Additionally,a stable Li plating/stripping can be achieved for more than 900 h at 0.5 mA cm^(-2).The stabilization mechanisms are elucidated by ex-situ XRD,ex-situ XPS,and ex-situ FTIR techniques,and the corresponding results reveal that the interfacial passivation combined with polarization effect is an effective strategy for improving the electrochemical performance.The present study provides a deeper insight into the dynamic adjustment of electrode-electrolyte interfacial for solid-state lithium batteries.

Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

Train post‑derailment behaviours and containment methods:a review

Railway accidents,particularly serious derailments,can lead to catastrophic consequences.Therefore,it is essential to prevent derailment escalation to reduce the likelihood of severe derailments.Train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods play a critical role in preventing derailment escalation and providing passive safety protection and accident prevention in the event of a derailment.However,despite the increasing attention on this field from academia and industry in recent years,there is a lack of systematic exploration and summarization of emerging applications and containment methods in train post-derailment research.For this reason,this paper presents a comprehensive review of existing studies on train post-derailment behaviours,encompassing various topics such as post-derailment contact-impact models,dynamic modelling and simulation techniques,and the primary factors influencing post-derailment behaviours.Significantly,this review introduces and elucidates substitute guidance mechanisms(SGMs),which serve as railway-specific passive safety protection and accident prevention measures.The various types of SGMs are depicted,and their ongoing developments and applications are explored in depth.The review additionally points out several unresolved challenges including the adverse effects of SGMs,and proposes future research directions to advance the theoretical understanding and practical application of train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods.This review seeks to be a valuable reference for railway industry professionals in preventing catastrophic derailment consequences through post-derailment containment methods.

Enhancing the Performance of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Synergistic Effect of Defect Passivation and Dielectric Screening

Metal halide perovskites,particularly the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite subclass,have exhibited considerable potential for next-generation electroluminescent materials for lighting and display.Nevertheless,the presence of defects within these perovskites has a substantial influence on the emission efficiency and durability of the devices.In this study,we revealed a synergistic passivation mechanism on perovskite films by using a dual-functional compound of potassium bromide.The dual functional potassium bromide on the one hand can passivate the defects of halide vacancies with bromine anions and,on the other hand,can screen the charged defects at the grain boundaries with potassium cations.This approach effectively reduces the probability of carriers quenching resulting from charged defects capture and consequently enhances the radiative recombination efficiency of perovskite thin films,leading to a significant enhancement of photoluminescence quantum yield to near-unity values(95%).Meanwhile,the potassium bromide treatment promoted the growth of homogeneous and smooth film,facilitating the charge carrier injection in the devices.Consequently,the perovskite light-emitting diodes based on this strategy achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency of~21%and maximum luminance of~60,000 cd m^(-2).This work provides a deeper insight into the passivation mechanism of ionic compound additives in perovskite with the solution method.

Cross-layer all-interface defect passivation with pre-buried additive toward efficient all-inorganic perovskite solar cells

The buried interface in the perovskite solar cell(PSC)has been regarded as a breakthrough to boost the power conversion efficiency and stability.However,a comprehensive manipulation of the buried interface in terms of the transport layer,buried interlayer,and perovskite layer has been largely overlooked.Herein,we propose the use of a volatile heterocyclic compound called 2-thiopheneacetic acid(TPA)as a pre-buried additive in the buried interface to achieve cross-layer all-interface defect passivation through an in situ bottom-up infiltration diffusion strategy.TPA not only suppresses the serious interfacial nonradiative recombination losses by precisely healing the interfacial and underlying defects but also effectively enhances the quality of perovskite film and releases the residual strain of perovskite film.Owing to this versatility,TPA-tailored CsPbBr3 PSCs deliver a record efficiency of 11.23% with enhanced long-term stability.This breakthrough in manipulating the buried interface using TPA opens new avenues for further improving the performance and reliability of PSC.

The effect of Laves phases and nano-precipitates on the electrochemical corrosion resistance of Mg-Al-Ca alloys under alkaline conditions

The electrochemical corrosion mechanisms of Mg alloys were extensively studied in previous investigations of different chemical com-positions,modified surface states and various electrolyte conditions.However,recent research focused on the active state of Mg dissolution,leading to unresolved effects of secondary phases adjacent to a stableα-solid solution passive layer.The present study investigates the fundamental electrochemical corrosion mechanisms of three different Laves phases with varying phase morphologies and phase fractions in the passive state of Mg-Al-Ca alloys.The microstructure was characterized by(transmission-)electron microscopy and synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscopy.The electrochemical corrosion resistance was determined with a standard three-electrode setup and advanced in-situ flow cell measurements.A new electrochemical activity sequence(C15>C36>α-Mg>C14)was obtained,as a result of a stable passive layer formation on theα-solid solution.Furthermore,nm-scale Mg-rich precipitates were identified within the Laves phases,which tend to inhibit the corrosion kinetics.

A-site assisted perovskite crystallization via ion-exchange MOFs for high efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

Here,a novel strategy is proposed targeting the volatility of A-site cations and the disordered arrangement of perovskite grains through employing Cs~+contained metal-organic frameworks In-aip(Cs)obtained by ion-exchange and crystalline transform.Interatomic forces between Cs-O atoms split the pore channels of the pristine In-aip,endowing In-aip(Cs)with multidimensional charge transport channels,In addition,the partially freed Cs~+in the interlayer compensates for the vacancy of A-site cations during the perovskite preparation process.The In-aip(Cs)modified perovskite films have a flat morphology,large grains and excellent optoelectronic properties.Benefiting from the high-quality perovskite films and faster charge extraction,the In-aip(Cs)-modified PSCs achieved a champion PCE of 23.03%,superior to the In-aip-modified(22.29%)and control device(21.13%),More importantly,the unencapsulated PSCs modified with In-aip(Cs)exhibited outstanding humidity and thermal stability.Over a period of almost 1000 h,the unencapsulated In-aip(Cs)-modified device retained 85%of its initial PCE after storing in a glove box at 85℃,and retained 87%of the primary PCE upon storage in ambient condition at 25℃under a humidity of 40%.