Intensity Allocation Criteria of Carbon Emissions Permits and Regional Economic Development in China——Based on a 30-Province/Autonomous Region Computable General Equilibrium Model

The intensity allocation criteria of carbon emissions permits and its influence on China＇s regional development are analyzed through the 30-province/autonomous region computable general equilibrium （CGE） model. Simulation results show that： industrial intensity criteria without taking regional economic development into account deepen the unbalance of regional economic development; regional intensity criteria without taking industrial properties into account exert little negative impact on regional harmonious development, but relatively high negative influence on high-carbon emission industries. The two-step allocation scheme that the central government allocates emissions permits to provincial governments based on regional economic development and then provincial governments allocate emissions permits to emission resources or entities based on industrial properties is a feasible and operable choice.

Management of Air Pollution by a System of Transferable Individual Emission Permits with Overlapping Generations

The purpose of this article is to analyze the effectiveness of a pollution management system through individual permits that are distributed to young people with overlapping generations.From a general equilibrium model,the results show that such a system provides the conditions for optimal pollution management.But because of the non-cooperative behavior of the actors,this policy cannot institute intergenerational altruism.Incentives such as tax or subsidy are needed to get the receiving population to better choose between the physical good whose production satisfies their needs and the quality of the environment that depends on their option to sell the permits to firms or the future generation.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued the Work Plan for Law Enforcement Inspection of Discharge Permits for Thermal Power Generation and Paper Industries

In order to carry out the Implementation Plan of the Pollutant Emission Controlled Permit System,in accordance with the relevant requirements in the Notice on the Implementation of the Management of Discharge Permits for Elevated Sources from Thermal Power Generation,Paper Industries,and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Pilot Cities,and Notice on Printing and Distributing the Key Points of the National Environmental Monitoring and Law Enforcement Work in 2017,the Ministry of Environmental Protection formulated and published the Work Plan for Law Enforcement Inspection of Discharge Permits for Thermal Power Generation and Paper Industry(No.66,Environmental Monitoring Management Measures[2017])on August 14th,2017.

Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater from Fissured Aquifers in the Angovia Mine Operating Permit Area (Central-West Côte d’Ivoire)

The main objective of this study is to determine the hydrogeochemical specificities of the groundwater of the Angovia mine operating permit, located in the Yaouré mountains in the center-west of Côte d’Ivoire. To do so, descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis methods with the SOM (Self Organizing Maps) algorithm were applied to the physicochemical parameters of 17 boreholes using the calcite (ISC) and dolomite (ISD) saturation indices. The results obtained have shown that the groundwater in the Angovia mine operating permit area has an average temperature of 27.52°C (long rainy season) and 27.87&degC (long dry season) and has an average pH of 7.09 ± 0.35 during the main rainy season and 7.32 ± 0.35 during the main dry season. They are mineralized with an average electrical conductivity of 505.98 ± 302.85 μS/cm during the long rainy season and with 450.33 ± 233.74 μS/cm as average during the long dry season. The main phenomena at the origin of groundwater mineralization are water residence time, oxidation-reduction and surface inflow. The study of the relative age of the water shows that the groundwater in the Angovia mine operating permit area is mainly undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. They are therefore very old in the aquifer with a slow circulation speed during the long rainy season and the long dry season.

精准医疗临床研究的关键挑战与优化建议

近年来,随着现代生物技术的成熟,在国际社会共同推动下,致力于为患者提供个性化医疗服务的精准医疗及其相关临床研究取得了显著进展。为促进精准医疗研究及其发展环境的优化,欧盟委员会设立了国际精准医疗联盟(ICPerMed),以专项研究的形式支持精准医疗健康发展。ICPerMed于2020年启动PERMIT专项,该专项致力于推动精准医疗临床研究的发展。本研究围绕PERMIT专项的概况、研究目标、工作内容及其针对精准医疗临床研究发展的相关工作建议等几个方面进行系统介绍;同时结合我国精准医疗临床研究的进展与挑战,提出促进精准医疗临床研究健康高效发展的若干关键工作方向,包括政策制定、监管框架和资金投入等,以供相关工作参考。

Initial allocation of carbon emission permits in power systems

Initial allocation modes and schemes are studied in this paper to provide guidelines for allocation of carbon emission permits in power system. We first introduce different allocation modes and the need to apply free allocation to assignability of emission permits. Then, we compare two different allocation schemes, which are based on historical emissions and generation performance standard. Further, a new allocation scheme based on Boltzmann distribution is proposed. Finally, a case study on Shanghai power grid in China is conducted to compare the allocation effects of these schemes respectively. The analytical results show that Boltzmann distribution based scheme has the best performance and should be adopted when developing initial allocation of carbon emission permits in Chinese power systems.

A Study of the Dynamic Mechanisms and Effects of Allocating Emissions Permits under Endogenous Growth

The allocation of carbon emissions permits is a major component of the design of carbon trading schemes. The choice of allocation mechanisms can influence the long-term growth path, which in turn affects the effectiveness of the emissions reduction policy. The findings of this article indicate that while a static allocation mechanism can maximize current yields, it leads to a slowdown in output growth under endogenous economic growth. To optimize intertemporal economic output, the allocation of carbon emissions will need to be dynamically adjusted. In the absence of complete information, an output-oriented adjustment to the allocation of emissions rights in different periods can guide market trading so that it approaches a long-term optimal growth path.

An Overview of Industrial Source Discharges into Water in the Albanian Territory

Direct and indirect discharges are released in the environment by many economic entities which operate in the territory of Albania.Different installations release many substances from separated sources or widespread,affecting the environmental quality and often causing pollution.Each economic entity that discharges substances in the environment is equipped with an environmental permit which is granted according to a system composed by two categories,A and B.Each Albanian citizen has the right guaranteed by the constitution to collect information regarding the city or country environmental conditions by this system.Furthermore,this system provides data regarding the state of the environment,polluting activity,different chemical components discharged,etc.The purpose of this study is to identify different sources of industrial discharge into water bodies,aiming to provide information that can be useful for the environmental protection,its preservation and improvement,the prevention and reduction of risks related to human and animal health and the improvement of the life quality.Data gained from the identification of economic entities equipped with an active environmental permit type A and B showed the various sources of waste discharges in the Albanian territory.The study was conducted using the QKB(National Business Center)database for a period of eight years from 2014 to 2022.Data show that an increase of technical unit discharging substances into water has increased over years due to a major number of installations of polluting economic entities in the country territory.

试验方法及碳化对混凝土氯离子扩散系数的影响

为了研究现场氯离子扩散系数测试方法 Permit法的可靠性及碳化的影响,对比分析了自然浸泡法、RCM法和Permit法对强度为35～80 MPa混凝土的氯离子扩散系数测试结果的影响规律及碳化对3种方法的影响.分析结果表明:3种方法测试结果的变化规律基本相似,其中Permit法测得的氯离子扩散系数最低,且与RCM法规律更相似.对强度60 MPa以上双掺矿物掺合料或70 MPa以上高强混凝土,不宜采用RCM法和Permit法.碳化减少了自然浸泡时混凝土表面氯离子的富集,表层自由氯离子含量显著降低,计算得到的表观氯离子扩散系数却有所增加,但采用RCM法和Permit法的碳化后混凝土的氯离子扩散系数均显著降低.

混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性的现场测试方法研究

混凝土保护层的抗氯离子渗透性是决定钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的关键因素之一。试验室内测定的混凝土材料的抗氯离子渗透性往往不能真实地反映混凝土保护层的抗氯离子渗透性。Permit Ion Migration Test是目前唯一一种可以现场测定混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性的试验方法。介绍Permit Ion Migration Test的基本原理和试验方法,推导理论计算公式。通过初步试验介绍了基本试验参数的测定方法并对试验数据的规范化处理提出了建议。

混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性现场测试方法影响因素研究

PERMIT离子迁移方法是目前唯一可现场测定混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性的试验方法。研究了混凝土孔溶液中阴离子和饱水程度对于PERMIT测量结果的影响。与氯离子相比,硫酸根及氢氧根等其他阴离子对测试结果的影响可以忽略,PERMIT测定的氯离子渗透性基本不受混凝土孔溶液成分影响。混凝土饱水程度对测量终点时间有显著影响,对电导变化率和氯离子扩散系数测定也有影响,但不显著。

混凝土渗透性“PERMIT”测试方法探索

为了探寻"PERMIT"离子迁移方法与现行标准推荐方法的关系,对不同胶凝材料体系混凝土分别进行了"PERMIT"离子迁移试验及RCM快速氯离子迁移试验。通过对"PERMIT"阳极室溶液进行定量分析,发现胶凝材料体系变化对阳极室溶液浓度变化率与电导变化率关系影响不显著,进而建立了两者的普适关系。试验结果表明,"PERMIT"离子迁移测试结果与RCM快速氯离子迁移试验结果存在良好的线性相关关系,在此基础上建立了"PER-MIT"离子迁移方法与RCM快速氯离子迁移方法的关系。研究成果可简化结构混凝土抗氯离子渗透性现场测试步骤,并使测试结果与现行标准推荐方法建立定量联系。

现场测试混凝土抗氯离子渗透性方法的应用研究

为快速、准确地测定混凝土中氯离子的含量,以实现对混凝土耐久性的有效评价和钢筋腐蚀的适时防护与有效修复,研究现场测试氯离子渗透性的方法是非常必要的。结合客运专线工程施工情况,分别按矿物掺合料不同掺量以及不同的强度等级进行配合比设计试验,采用PERMIT离子迁移仪对混凝土试件进行氯离子扩散系数的测定,并采用电通量法进行验证。结果表明:随着电通量的增加,氯离子扩散系数呈现增加的趋势,二者存在很好的线性关系;双掺粉煤灰+矿粉的混凝土抗氯离子侵入性优于单掺粉煤灰的混凝土;PERMIT离子渗透试验方法测得的试验结果准确可靠,具有很强的实用性。可以为混凝土耐久性的判定提供依据。

基于混凝土实体结构的渗透性检测技术可靠性与可实施性对比分析

针对混凝土渗透性检测技术在现场检测中的可靠性和可实施性问题,运用混凝土空气渗透性检测Sch觟nlin法、混凝土表层水吸附性ISAT法、回弹法和混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性Permit试验对4种不同混凝土的渗透性进行检测。由于抗渗透性能高的混凝土其各种渗透性指标都应较低,因此首先将不同试验方法的不同量纲检测指标都转换成无量纲指标,其次对不同检测方法无量纲指标进行叠加,然后通过对叠加指标的分析去综合评估混凝土的抗渗透能力。此外从评估的可靠性角度分别将各种单一检测方法的评估结果和各种组合检测方法的评估结果对比分析,从而选择出可靠性较高的检测方法,再从现场应用的角度分析了上述检测方法的可实施性并提出推荐建议。

Permit法检测碱矿渣混凝土抗渗性的适用性研究

混凝土抗渗性是评价混凝土结构耐久性的重要指标,目前其检测方法众多,而Permit法因具有操作简单、可以现场试验的优点,得到广泛运用。在试验条件下,该文对Permit法是否适合检测碱矿渣混凝土抗渗性进行了探索研究,试验得到的碱矿渣混凝土氯离子扩散系数,较真实反映了碱矿渣混凝土的抗渗性能,得出Permit法也适合检测碱矿渣混凝土抗渗性的结果。

Study on carbon intensity trading market based on carbon finance mechanism

As the largest developing country in the world, China has not be involved in the obligation of emissions reduction in the （〈Kyoto Protocol）） . But it has become the largest CO2 emissions countries in the world. This makes China confronted with more pressure of carbon emissions reduction in the post-Kyoto era, and face great challenges in response to climate change issues. On one hand, China＇ s economic growth stage has decided that the situation of more energy consumption and increased carbon emissions is diffficult to reverse in the short term; On the other hand, the traditional policy under the control of total amount of carbon emission has largely restricted economic development. If a developing country in economic transition is carried out compulsory absolute amount of carbon reduction policies, its economic activity and social consumption will be imposed additional constraints inevitably, which will eventually lead to lower economic competitiveness and decline in social standards of living. Ultimately it will affect the good effects of carbon emissions reduction, so the policy can not achieve a satisfactory result. This paper introduces the financial mechanism into the carbon market model, extends the time of model from one phase to multi-phase. And this paper tries to establish a cross-time carbon credits trade system, and the current strength of the traditional carbon emission market trade model is extended. The paper designs two type of option mechanism model--call options trade carbon emissions model and put options carbon emissions model. Models＇ results show that choosing options tool to extend our traditional carbon market model can bring following impacts on carbon market development： trade costs have fallen, the carbon intensity also has descended, and has realized the flow of carbon intensity in diffident time; it enables manufacturers to effectively avoid the risk of carbon emissions trade; it increases the flexibility and maneuverability of the carbon trade market. Finally, the policy recommendations in the financial mechanisms carbon market trade are put forward.

国内外作业许可制度建立与实施的初步探讨

施工现场安全管理的要点是风险控制,而风险控制的核心是作业许可制度。从分析探讨作业许可制度的功能入手,通过阐释作业许可制度的要素和控制要点,提出作业许可制度实施的策略性建议,并倡导建立作业票数据库,实现作业票电子化管理,量化分析作业票与事故、事件的统计关系。

Surface coal mine permit application for successful reclamation, semi-arid shortgrass prairie （Wyoming, USA）

Approximately 40% of USA coal originates in an ecologically sensitive area of semi-arid shortgrass prairie in Wyoming. Before a surface coal mine can begin operation in the USA, it must secure a mining permit and comply with regulations and performance standards under the USA Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act （SMCRA）, other federal environmental acts, and state programs. The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality （WDEQ）/Land Quality Division （LQD） administers Wyoming＇s coal regulatory program. The permit application and bonding process for the largest surface coal mine permit in the USA, North Antelope Rochelle Mine （NARM） located in short grassland prairie in the northeast Wyoming, is discussed. The permit application process begins with the collection of baseline environ- mental data that characterizes premining conditions of the permit area. The permit application includes adjudication information, baseline information, mine and operation plans, and reclamation plans. Fulfillment of permit commitments and requirements of rules and regulations are inspected monthly by the LQD＇ s representative in the field. Before a mine permit is issued, the mine operator must submit a reclamation bond to secure the performance of reclamation obligations that is later revised annually. In Wyoming, four reclamation bond release phases indicate the completion of various stages of the reclamatikon process. NARM＇s specific bond release verification cirteria, performance standards, and field verificatoins of bond release phases are discussed. The Bond Release Geodatabase （a GIS/GPS approach） was developed for this mine to monitor progress in meeting criteria and performance standards for incremental bond release. The Bond Release Geodatabase significantly reduces the time needed to track bond release progress, reach agreement between operator and regulator, and improve the state inspector＇s ability to assess reclamation adequacy and progress.

From mandatory icebreaker guiding to a permission regime: changes to the new Russian legislation of the Northern Sea Route

This article focuses on two issues. The first concerns definitions of the Northern Sea Route （NSR） in old and new Russian legislation, and the second relates to Russian rules on icebreaker guiding. Based on a comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant Russian legal provisions enacted in 2013 and previous laws in this area, we offer the following conclusions. （1） Our legal analysis indicates that Russia＇s view of the NSR as a historical national transportation route has not changed. However, the new law redefines the scope and coverage of the NSR, which now comprises the internal waters, territorial sea, adjacent zone, and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. In fact, the new law resolves previous ambiguity regarding extension of the NSR boundary to the high seas. （2） Based on an analysis of the new rules on icebreaker guiding, the article concludes that NSR is transitioning from a mandatory icebreaker guiding regime into a permit regime. This is particularly evident in its provision of a concrete, practical, and predictable clause on permissible or impermissible conditions relating to independent navigation. According to the new rules, it is possible for foreign ships to undertake independent navigation in the NSR. The Russian NSR policy, therefore, appears to have changed significantly, and has future potential for opening the NSR up to the international community.

Optimal design of left-lane line extensions considering non-yielding maneuvers at the beginning of the permitted phase

In order to restrict non-yielding maneuvers of left-turning vehicles,an optimal design of left-lane line extensions is proposed to solve the problem.A field observation was conducted to collect a data set of left-turning vehicles at the beginning of a green phase at two similar intersections(one with a permitted phase and the other with a protected phase).The comparative analysis shows no significant difference in the speed distribution using either a permitted phase or a protected phase,but it reveals that a permitted phase can lead to a larger acceleration when the left-turn vehicles pass through the conflict points.Those indicate the existence of non-yielding maneuvers of left-turn vehicles at signalized intersections with a permitted phase.Optimal designed left-lane line extensions contain two types of segments,circular curves and transition curves,and they are only related to four geometry parameters of an intersection.The proposed method is easy to use and it can offer reference for intersection channelization and traffic organization.