Combined Effect of Nutrient and Pest Managements on Substrate Utilization Pattern of Soil Microbial Population in Hybrid Rice Cropping System

A field experiment was conducted to study the combined effect of nutrient andpest managements on soil biomass phospholipid contents, functional biodiversity and substrateutilization patterns of soil microbial populations in hybrid rice cropping system. The mineral N, Pand K fertilizers (as urea, calcium superphosphate and KCl respectively) were incorporated at 100,25, and 100 kg ha^(-1), respectively, and the various pesticides were applied at the recommendedrates. The results of the experiment demonstrated a decline in the microbial abundance and soilmicrobial biomass phospholipid contents with the advancement of crop growth, and significant changesin substrate utilization pattern of soil microbial population studied were observed with differentmanagement practices and at different growth stages. The principal component analysis (PCA) usingall 95-carbon sources (BIOLOG plates) gave good differentiation among the treatments, indicatingthat they have different patterns of carbon utilization under different habitats. The data showedthat diversity in microbial community continuously changed with the progression in crop stage,particularly at physiological maturity (PM) stage that was evident from the utilization of differentcarbon sources at various crop stages.

An integrated pest management program for managing fusarium head blight disease in cereals

Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a worldwide devastating disease of small grain cereals and Fusarium graminearum species complex(FGSC)is the major pathogen causing the disease.The epidemics of FHB lead to the reduction of grain yield and economic losses.Additionally,mycotoxins produced by the FHB pathogens are hazardous to the health of human and livestock.In this review,we summarize the epidemiology of FHB,and introduce effects of this disease on economy,environment and food safety.We focus on the integrated management approaches for controlling FHB including agronomic practices,resistant cultivars,chemical control,and biocontrol.In addition,we also discuss the potential novel management strategies against FHB and mycotoxin.

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management

Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest manage ment in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subsp kurstaki have been wide ly used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), s pruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetop oea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxi n gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future pr ospects of using Bt products in forestry.

Integrated pest management programme for cereal blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Magnaporthe oryzae,the causal agent of blast diseases,is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops,rice,wheat,pearl millet and finger millet.Magnaporthe oryzae has numerous pathotypes because of its high host-specificity in the field.The Oryza pathotype(MoO)of M.oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice,causing 10–30%yield loss in the world.On the other hand,the Triticum pathotype(MoT)causes blast disease in wheat,which is now a serious threat to wheat production in some South American countries,Bangladesh and Zambia.Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties,control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult.Therefore,an integrated management programme should be adopted to control these two diseases in the field.Here,we introduced and summarized the classification,geographical distribution,host range,disease symptoms,biology and ecology,economic impact,and integrated pest management(IPM)programme of both rice and wheat blast diseases.

Recent progress in maize lethal necrosis disease:From pathogens to integrated pest management

Maize(Zea mays),as a staple food and an important industrial raw material,has been widely cultivated for centuries especially by smallholder farmers.Maize lethal necrosis disease(MLND)is a serious disease infecting maize,which caused devastating damage in the African region recently.MLND is induced by co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus and one of several cereal-infecting viruses in the Potyviridae family,with the symptoms ranging from chlorotic mottle to plant death at different infection stages.Integrated pest management for MLND needs strengthening detection,focusing on prevention and effective control.Early detection system of MLND has been successfully established by serological methods,nucleic acid-based methods,next-generation sequencing,etc.The practices,such as using certified seeds,sanitary measures,crop rotation,tolerant or resistant varieties etc.,have been considered as the effective,economical and eco-friendly way to prevent and control MLND.

Toward the efficient use of Beauveria bassiana in integrated cotton insect pest management

Background:For controlling the resistance to insects,in particular carpophagous and phyllophagous caterpillars,using chemical pesticides has led to contamination of cotton area in Benin.Facing this problem,alternative methods including the use of entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticide could be a sound measure to preserve the environment,biodiversity and ensure good quality of crops.Previous studies have revealed the insecticidal potential of the entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana on some insect pest species.However,little is known about its effectiveness on cotton Lepidopteran pests.This review is done to learn more about B.bassina for its application in controlling cotton insect pests,especially Lepidopteran species.Main body:Different sections of the current review deal with the related description and action modes of B.bassiana against insects,multi-trophic interactions between B.bassiana and plants,arthropods,soil and other microbes,and biological control programs including B.bassiana during last decade.Advantages and constraints in applying B.bassiana and challenges in commercialization of B.bassiana-based biopesticide have been addressed.In this review,emphasis is put on the application methods and targeted insects in various studies with regard to their applicability in cotton.Conclusion:This review helps us to identify the knowledge gaps related to application of B.bassiana on cotton pest in general and especially in Lepidopteran species in Benin.This work should be supported by complementary laboratory bioassays,station and/or fields experiments for effective management of cotton Lepidopteran pests in Benin.

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）： Economic Importance, Biology, Biogeography and Integrated Pest Management

The Red Palm Weevil （RPW）, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）, （Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae）, is an invasive species that is originated from Southeast Asia. It has.invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades where it attacks palm trees. During the last three decades, multiple introductions of RPW to the Middle East, Europe and Caribbean （Island of Curacao, Netherland Antilles）, Lebanon and United States of America （Laguna Beach, Orange County, California） （USA） have occurred and the RPW is now a serious pest of many palm species. Duration of all life parameters varies significantly where the entire life cycle takes about 45 to 298 days. Different artificial diets were developed and were tested for mass rearing of RPW. Control of RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the life cycle of the pest. Integrated Pest Management （IPM） strategy has been applied successfully to deal with RPW problem. The IPM strategy consists of various preventive and curative methods; those methods were categorized in nine categories in this review. The main objective of this work was to review the existing knowledge on RPW＇s different aspects, with an ultimate aim of revealing the actual situation of the research on RPW.

Interdependence between Natural Habitats and Ricefields for Rice Pest Management in the Agusan Marsh Floodplain

This paper describes how aquatic insect diversity in major natural habitats of Agusan marsh relates with nearby ricefields to determine the interdependence between them for sustainable rice production through natural pest control and for conservation of aquatic fauna in the marsh. Sampling for one year including two cropping seasons of rice production was conducted in various natural habitats of the marsh and in the adjoining rice fields. Both the natural habitats and rice fields were characterized in relation to determining habitat suitability for aquatic insects. The sedge-dominated swamp had the highest diversity among the natural habitats, while the fern-dominated swamp had the lowest. In the adjacent ricefields, diversity was similarly highest in the site near the sedge-dominated swamp, while the lowest was in the ricefields adjoining the Sago forest. Species composition of aquatic insects among the habitats differed between the wet and dry seasons. However, similarity patterns exist between natural habitats and rice fields. The closer similarity in species composition between natural habitats and ricefields indicates habitat connectivity which is an important consideration in planning and effective pest management and ecologically sound rice farming in the marsh.

Allelopathy Importance, Field Application and Potential Role in Pest Management： A Review

Allelopathy importance and its application under field conditions are reviewed. Recent achievements in the field of plant protection are mainly considered and presented. Natural chemicals of potential use as pesticides, commercialized natural products of pesticidal properties are included. Reported plants of pest control properties, their targeted agricultural pests, formulations, methods of application and activity under field conditions are presented. Allelopathic plant species and implications on their use in the field, positive and negative impacts on cultivated crop species and agricultural pests are discussed. Some research difficulties and experimental methodology problems are mentioned. Prospects of allelopathy as a future strategy for pest management, development of eco-friendly biopesticides and importance for sustainable agriculture and recent developments in allelopathy research are discussed.

Pest Management of Storage Pests Using Extracts of Afrostyrax lepidophyllus against Sitophilus zeama＇（s, Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica

The use of botanical pesticides in pest management during storage against insects is often encouraged because synthetic insecticides produce multiple side-effects on human health and environment. Insecticidal activity of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of bark ofAfrostyrax lepidophyllus was tested on Sitophilus zeama~：~, Tribolium castaneum and Rhy-opertha dominica. The mortality rate was measured variable. The results of analysis showed that the mortality rate has a very highly significant variation following extracts, doses, insects and time considered （P 〈 0.001）. Extracts with ethyl acetate and hexane of A. lepidophyllus are effective against S. zeamais at the highest doses （1 g/10 mL and 0.5 g/10 mL of solvent）. These effective extracts werc characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Molecules such as thiocyanic acid, ethyl ester： dimetbylditbiophosphinic acid and other were characterizated. These results may consolidate traditional use ofA. lepidophylh^s in pest management.

Advances in research and utilization of botanical pesticides for agricultural pest management in Inner Mongolia, China

Traditional Chinese herbal medicines not only cure human diseases,but also play an important role as insecticides.Compared with conventional chemical agents,traditional Chinese herbal medicines are characterized by low toxicity,low residues,and being eco-friendly,and they have become a research hotspot.Traditional Chinese herbal medicines have tremendous flexibility and indefinite potential.Therefore,this paper reviewed the types of insecticides belonging to traditional Chinese herbal medicines in Inner Mongolia,China,including their traditional uses,secondary metabolites,biological activities,action mechanisms,application methods,and development status.In addition,the most relevant issues involved in the development of traditional Chinese herbal medicines was discussed.We believe that traditional Chinese herbal medicines can be better implemented and developed;such that its other advantages,such as an insect repellent,can be promoted.Moreover,this study lays a solid foundation for further research on traditional Chinese herbal medicines in Inner Mongolia,China.

Review of Plant Essential Oils for Plant Pests Management

This paper reviews the origins and classification of plant essential oil resources,along with prevalent extraction techniques for their active constituents.By integrating insights on the utilization of plant essential oils for plant pest management,the comprehensive analysis reveals multiple functionalities exhibited by plant essential oils,including fumigation,contact toxicity,repellent action,antifeedant activity,and growth inhibition.Furthermore,the paper highlights the challenges associated with plant essential oils in plant protection and outlines future research directions,aiming to offer valuable insights for the advancement of botanical insecticides.

Efficiency of Botanical and Chemical Pesticides on the Control of Field Insect Pests under Cowpea Production

The pulse cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] holds a significant agricultural position in Uganda, ranking fourth among legume crops, following common beans, groundnuts, and soybeans. Known for its versatility, cowpeas are consumable at various developmental stages, from early seedling to maturity. However, the crop faces persistent pest challenges at each stage, leading to substantial yield losses. In Uganda, chemical insecticides are the primary pest control means, but their increased and excessive use raises environmental, health, and economic concerns. This has prompted a quest for alternative and sustainable solutions, prompting an exploration of botanical insecticides. This study, conducted at Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute (MUARIK), aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three selected botanical insecticides versus four established chemical insecticides for managing cowpea insect pests under field conditions. The treatments included: Carbofuran, Cypermethrin 10% EC, Dimethoate, Pestwin, Pyrethrum ewc , Pyrethrum 5ew, Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC mix, and Untreated, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The significant pests studied were aphids, thrips, pod-sucking bugs, and legume pod borer. Results indicated substantial impacts of the treatments on pest infestation, with Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC being the most effective against most pests. The plant parameter, plant height, was significantly affected by treatments in 2016B, while the number of pods was impacted in 2017A. Pestwin, a botanical insecticide blend (containing Azadirachtin indica, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis extracts) demonstrated superior efficacy against cowpea aphids. Moreover, it positively influenced plant height, number of pods, and pod biomass, surpassing many chemical insecticides. Pestwin’s environmental friendliness positions it as a potential contributor to reducing environmental pollution, making it a promising candidate for inclusion in IPM programs. Overall, the study underscores the importance of exploring botanical alternatives to chemical insecticides for sustainable pest management in cowpea cultivation.

Integrated pest management concepts for red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta （Hymenoptera： Formicidae）

Management of imported fire ant species has evolved since their accidental introduction into the United States and currently uses integrated pest management concepts to design, implement, and evaluate suppression programs. Although eradication is the management goal in certain isolated infestation sites, localized goals vary dramatically in larger infestations where reinvasion of treated areas is likely. These goals are influenced by regulatory policies, medical liabilities, ecological impact, and/or economic considerations. Tactics employed in fire ant management programs presented here include cultural and biological control options along with judicious use of site-specific insecticide products. In addition, program design considerations that include management goal（s）, action level（s）, ant form （monogyne or polygyne）, presence ofnontarget ant species, size of treatment area, seasonality, implementation cost, and environmental impact are also presented. Optimally, elegant IPM programs are target specific, threshold driven, environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

Protease inhibitors:recent advancement in its usage as a potential biocontrol agent for insect pest management

Plant derived protease inhibitors(PIs)are a promising defensin for crop im-provement and insect pest management.Although agronomist made significant efforts in utilizing PIs for managing insect pests.the potentials of PIs are still obscured.Insect ability to compensate nutrient starvation induced by dietary PI feeding using different strategies,that is,overexpression of PI-sensitive protease,expression of PI-insensitive proteases,degradation of PI,has made this innumerable collection of PIs worthless.A practical challenge for agronomist is to identify potent PI candidates,to limit insect compensatory responses and to elucidate insect compensatory and resistance mechanisms activated upon herbivory.This knowledge could be further efficiently utilized to identify potential targets for RNAi-mediated pest control.These vital genes of insects could be functionally anno-tated using the advanced gene-editing technique,CRISPR/Cas9.Contemporary research is exploiting different in silico and modern molecular biology techniques to utilize PIs in controlling insect pests efficiently.This review is structured to update recent advancements in this field,along with is chronological background.

An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests

In this paper,epidemnic diseases among pests are assumed to occur,so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests,and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops.Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enermies and infected pests to control pests,as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance,an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established.The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides,which well reflects its residual and delay effects.By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method,the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained.Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control.It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied,the better the result of the susceptible pests control is.From the sensitivity analysis,the key factors on the threshold are obtained.Finally,the strategies to control susceptible pests are given,including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.

Integrated Pest Management System with Impulsive Control of Spatial Heterogeneity

An impulsive integrated pest management system with diffusion is investigated within this paper.The conditions for pest eradication of the impulsive system without natural enemies are established based on the Krein-Rutman theorem and the comparison principle for parabolic equations.Integrated pest management can be achieved at an exponential rate,when the principal eigenvalues of the auxiliary system is large enough.Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the theoretical results.A discussion is given at the end.

Advanced biosensing technologies for monitoring of agriculture pests and diseases:A review

The threat posed to crop production by pests and diseases is one of the key factors that could reduce global food security.Early detection is of critical importance to make accurate predictions,optimize control strategies and prevent crop losses.Recent technological advancements highlight the opportunity to revolutionize monitoring of pests and diseases.Biosensing methodologies offer potential solutions for real-time and automated monitoring,which allow advancements in early and accurate detection and thus support sustainable crop protection.Herein,advanced biosensing technologies for pests and diseases monitoring,including image-based technologies,electronic noses,and wearable sensing methods are presented.Besides,challenges and future perspectives for widespread adoption of these technologies are discussed.Moreover,we believe it is necessary to integrate technologies through interdisciplinary cooperation for further exploration,which may provide unlimited possibilities for innovations and applications of agriculture monitoring.

Toxic and Antifeedant Effects of Different Pesticidal Plant Extracts against Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua)

The beet armyworm(BAW),Spodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a highly destructive pest of vegetables and field crops.Management of beet armyworm primarily relies on synthetic pesticides,which is threatening the beneficial community and environment.Most importantly,the BAW developed resistance to synthetic pesticides with making it difficult to manage.Therefore,alternative and environment-friendly pest management tactics are urgently required.The use of pesticidal plant extracts provides an effective way for a sustainable pest management program.To evaluate the use of pesticidal plant extracts against BAW,we selected six plant species(Lantana camara,Aloe vera,Azadirachta indica,Cymbopogon citratus,Nicotiana tabacum,and Ocimum basilicum)for initial screening experiment.Four out of six plant species such as A.indica,N.tabacum,C.citratus and O.basilicum showed promising mortality of more than 50%.Therefore,we selected these four plant extracts for the subsequent experiments.Through contact bioassay,A.indica showed high mortality 66.63%,followed by the N.tabacum 53.33%,at 10%w/v concentration.Similarly,N.tabacum showed the highest mortality rate,66%at 10%w/v concentration,followed by the A.indica 46%through feeding bioassay.Furthermore,the feeding deterrence assay showed that C.citratus had a high antifeedant index(−50)followed by A.indica(−39),and N.tabacum(−28).In living plant assay,the N.tabacum extract showed a low mean damage score 3.6 on living cotton plant followed by C.citratus 4.5 and A.indica 5.5.Hence,extracts of three plant species provided promising results against the BAW,which can minimize the use of synthetic chemicals,particularly for small landholding farmers.Further studies are also required to evaluate the effects of these plant extract against BAW on cotton plants under field conditions to optimize the further use.

Modified Metaheuristics with Transfer Learning Based Insect Pest Classification for Agricultural Crops

Crop insect detection becomes a tedious process for agronomists because a substantial part of the crops is damaged,and due to the pest attacks,the quality is degraded.They are the major reason behind crop quality degradation and diminished crop productivity.Hence,accurate pest detection is essential to guarantee safety and crop quality.Conventional identification of insects necessitates highly trained taxonomists to detect insects precisely based on morphological features.Lately,some progress has been made in agriculture by employing machine learning(ML)to classify and detect pests.This study introduces a Modified Metaheuristics with Transfer Learning based Insect Pest Classification for Agricultural Crops(MMTL-IPCAC)technique.The presented MMTL-IPCAC technique applies contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization(CLAHE)approach for image enhancement.The neural architectural search network(NASNet)model is applied for feature extraction,and a modified grey wolf optimization(MGWO)algorithm is employed for the hyperparameter tuning process,showing the novelty of the work.At last,the extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)model is utilized to carry out the insect classification procedure.The simulation analysis stated the enhanced performance of the MMTL-IPCAC technique in the insect classification process with maximum accuracy of 98.73%.