A Robust Asynchrophasor in PMU Using Second-Order Kalman Filter

Phasor Measurement Units(PMUs)provide Global Positioning System(GPS)time-stamped synchronized measurements of voltage and current with the phase angle of the system at certain points along with the grid system.Those synchronized data measurements are extracted in the form of amplitude and phase from various locations of the power grid to monitor and control the power system condition.A PMU device is a crucial part of the power equipment in terms of the cost and operative point of view.However,such ongoing development and improvement to PMUs’principal work are essential to the network operators to enhance the grid quality and the operating expenses.This paper introduces a proposed method that led to lowcost and less complex techniques to optimize the performance of PMU using Second-Order Kalman Filter.It is based on the Asyncrhophasor technique resulting in a phase error minimization when receiving the signal from an access point or from the main access point.The MATLAB model has been created to implement the proposed method in the presence of Gaussian and non-Gaussian.The results have shown the proposed method which is Second-Order Kalman Filter outperforms the existing model.The results were tested usingMean Square Error(MSE).The proposed Second-Order Kalman Filter method has been replaced with a synchronization unit into thePMUstructure to clarify the significance of the proposed new PMU.

Dynamic phasor-based hybrid simulation for multi-inverter grid-connected system

To realize the efficient transient simulation of a grid-connected power generation system based on multiple inverters, this paper proposes a hybrid simulation method integrating the models of electromagnetic transient and dynamic phasors. Based on a demonstration of the concepts and properties of dynamic phasors, the models of single-phase and three-phase inverters described by dynamic phasors are established first. Considering the numerical compatibility problem between dynamic phasors and instantaneous values, an interface scheme between dynamic phasors and instantaneous values is designed, and the efficiency and precision differences of various transformation methods are compared in detail.Finally, by utilizing MATLAB/Simulink, a hybrid simulation platform of a multi-inverter grid-connected system is built, and the efficiency and accuracy of the hybrid simulation are validated via comparison with the full electromagnetic transient simulation.

PalmPhasor算法性能的理论分析

模板的安全性和隐私性是掌纹系统实际应用的关键问题,然而生物特征保护的多项指标通常相互冲突并且难以同时满足.作为解决上述冲突的一种可撤销掌纹编码算法,Palm Phasor实现了高效、安全的掌纹认证.建立了系统分析Palm Phasor性能的完整框架.为了便于具体分析,将情景分为4种情况,并且提供了支持相应分析的预备知识,包括辅助定理以及Gabor滤波掌纹图像实部和虚部分布特性.在统计学基础上建立的理论分析和实验结果均表明:即使在用户口令被盗的情况下,多方向分数级融合增强的Palm Phasor算法也可以同时有效地满足可撤销生物特征的4项指标.

Fault Characterization Based on Synchrophasor Data Using Heuristic Approach

With the advent of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology, the grid observability has got a new dimension. This facet of technology helps in getting the real-time and dynamic scenario of the grid operations which was a remote possibility some decades before. Achieving this level of observability puts us at an advantage of responding to the system faults with reduced response time, and helps in restoring the grid stability within fraction of second. This paper demonstrates the detailed fault characterization from the PMU inputs, after illustrations from various real-time examples and different faults occurred in India. This paper tries to shed some light on areas where the accurate fault characterization can help the operator in taking the right decision for reliable grid operations.

Subsynchronous oscillation monitoring and alarm method based on phasor measurements

Owing to the large-scale grid connection of new energy sources, several installed power electronic devices introduce sub-/supersynchronous inter-harmonics into power signals, resulting in the frequent occurrence of subsynchronous oscillations(SSOs). The SSOs may cause significant harm to generator sets and power systems;thus, online monitoring and accurate alarms for power systems are crucial for their safe and stable operation. Phasor measurement units(PMUs) can realize the dynamic real-time monitoring of power systems. Based on PMU phasor measurements, this study proposes a method for SSO online monitoring and alarm implementation for the main station of a PMU. First, fast Fourier transform frequency spectrum analysis is performed on PMU current phasor amplitude data to obtain subsynchronous frequency components. Second, the support vector machine learning algorithm is trained to obtain the amplitude threshold and subsequently filter out safe components and retain harmful ones. Finally, the adaptive duration threshold is determined according to frequency susceptibility, amplitude attenuation, and energy accumulation to decide whether to transmit an alarm signal. Experiments based on field data verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

High Impedance Fault Detection of Distribution Network by Phasor Measurement Units

This paper proposes a new algorithm for High Impedance Fault (HIF) detection using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). This type of faults is difficult to detect by over current protection relays because of low fault current. In this paper, an index based on phasors change is proposed for HIF detection. The phasors are measured by PMU to obtain the square summation of errors. Two types of data are used for error calculation. The first one is sampled data and the second one is estimated data. But this index is not enough to declare presence of a HIF. Therefore another index introduces in order to distinguish the load switching from HIF. Second index utilizes 3rd harmonic current angle because this number of harmonic has a special behaviour during HIF. The verification of the proposed method is done by different simulation cases in EMTP/MATLAB.

Phasor Control of Converter Output Voltage for Frequency Regulation

The synchronizing torque of a power system may be weakened by increasing installation of static power converters accompanied by renewable energy resources because they used to trade their favorable active power by synchronizing their output voltage with the one at the point of common coupling. In the circumstances, a concept of Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) is proposed, where the self-commutated power converters are emulating synchronous generators. This paper describes a converter control to contribute to enhancing the synchronizing torque. The proposed control is similar to the VSM but it simply realizes active power trades among power generation units including converter-based generators by modulating phase angles of their output voltages. Therefore, it can provide an effective support to regulate the system frequency where the total rated power of the converter-based generators increases as much as the one of conventional rotating generators like a microgrid. This paper especially focuses on its robustness where the number of converter-based generators is increased or they are dispersed in the power network. The effectiveness is verified by simulation study based on instantaneous values.

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units Using a Modified Canonical Genetic Algorithm for Observability Analysis

This paper proposes a method for optimal placement of synchronized PMUs （phasor measurement units） in electrical power systems using a MCGA （modified canonical genetic algorithm）, which the goal is to determine the minimum number of PMUs, as well as the optimal location of these units to ensure the complete topological observability of the system. In case of more than one solution, a strategy of analysis of the design matrix rank is applied to determine the solution with the lower number of critical measurements. In the proposed method of placement, modifications are made in the crossover and mutation genetic operators, as well as in the formation of the subpopulation, and are considered restrictive hypotheses in the search space to improve the performance in solving the optimization problem. Simulations are performed using the IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus and New England 39-bus test systems. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE 118-bus test system considering the presence of observable zones formed by conventional measurements.

Estimation Method of Center of Inertia Frequency Based on Phasor Measurement Data

In the world, recent increased disturbances, congestion management problems, and increases of complexity in operating power systems have brought the need for integrations and improvements of power systems. Advanced applications in WAMPAC （wide area monitoring, protection, and control） systems provide a cost effective solution to improve system planning, operation, maintenance, and energy trading. Synchronized measurement technology and the application are an important element of WAMPAC. In addition, PMUs （phasor measurement units） are the most accurate and advanced time-synchronized technology available for WAMPAC application. Therefore, the original measurement system of PMUs has been constructed in Japan. This paper describes the estimation method of a center of inertia frequency by applying actual measurement data. The application of this method enables us to extract power system oscillations from measurement data appropriately. Moreover, this proposed method will help to the clarification of power system dynamics and this application will make it possible to realize the monitoring of power system oscillations associated with the power system stability.

Curvature Quantified Douglas-Peucker-based Phasor Measurement Unit Data Compression Method for Power System Situational Awareness

Facing constraints imposed by storage and bandwidth limitations,the vast volume of phasor meas-urement unit(PMU)data collected by the wide-area measurement system(WAMS)for power systems cannot be fully utilized.This limitation significantly hinders the effective deployment of situational awareness technologies for systematic applications.In this work,an effective curvature quantified Douglas-Peucker(CQDP)-based PMU data compression method is proposed for situational awareness of power systems.First,a curvature integrated distance(CID)for measuring the local flection and fluc-tuation of PMU signals is developed.The Doug-las-Peucker(DP)algorithm integrated with a quan-tile-based parameter adaptation scheme is then proposed to extract feature points for profiling the trends within the PMU signals.This allows adaptive adjustment of the al-gorithm parameters,so as to maintain the desired com-pression ratio and reconstruction accuracy as much as possible,irrespective of the power system dynamics.Fi-nally,case studies on the Western Electricity Coordinat-ing Council(WECC)179-bus system and the actual Guangdong power system are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves stably higher compression ratio and reconstruction accuracy in both steady state and in transients of the power system,and alleviates the compression performance degradation problem faced by existing compression methods.Index Terms—Curvature quantified Douglas-Peucker,data compression,phasor measurement unit,power sys-tem situational awareness.

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit in Smart Grids Considering Multiple Constraints

The distribution of measurement noise is usually assumed to be Gaussian in the optimal phasor measurement unit(PMU)placement(OPP)problem.However,this is not always accurate in practice.This paper proposes a new OPP method for smart grids in which the effects of conventional measurements,limited channels of PMUs,zero-injection buses(ZIBs),single PMU loss contingency,state estimation error(SEE),and the maximum SEE variance(MSEEV)are considered.The SEE and MSEEV are both obtained using a robust t-distribution maximum likelihood estimator(MLE)because t-distribution is more flexible for modeling both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noises.The A-and G-optimal experimental criteria are utilized to form the SEE and MSEEV constraints.This allows the optimization problem to be converted into a linear objective function subject to linear matrix inequality observability constraints.The performance of the proposed OPP method is verified by the simulations of the IEEE 14-bus,30-bus,and 118-bus systems as well as the 211-bus practical distribution system in China.

Dynamic Phasor Modeling and Low-frequency Oscillation Analysis of Single-phase Vehicle-grid System

In practical operations,low-frequency oscillation(LFO)occurs and leads to converter blocking when multiple electrical rail vehicles at the platform are powered by the traction network.This paper proposes a small-signal model in state-space form for multiple vehicle-grid systems based on a dynamic phasor.This model uses the phasor amplitude and phase as variables to accurately describe the dynamics of the converter phase-domain control.An eigenvalue based-method is introduced to investigate the LFO with advantages of acquiring all oscillatory modes and analyzing participation factors.Two low-frequency dominant modes are identified by eigenvalues.Mode shape reveals that one of the modes involves the oscillations between the grid-connected converters and the traction network,and the other one involves the oscillations among these converters.Then the sensitivities of these two low-frequency modes to different system parameters are analyzed.Participation factors of system state variables,when the number of connected vehicle increases,are compared.Finally,the theoretical analysis is verified by nonlinear time-domain simulations and the modal analysis based on the estimation of signal parameters via the rotational invariance techniques(ESPRIT)method.

Real-time Synchrophasor Data Compression Technique with Phasor Interpolation and Extrapolation

To completely eliminate the time delays caused by phasor data compressions for real-time synchrophasor applications,a real-time synchrophasor data compression(RSDC)is proposed in this paper.The two-way rotation characteristic and elliptical trajectory of dynamic synchrophasors are introduced first to enhance the compressions along with a fast solving method for elliptical trajectory fitting equations.The RSDC for phasor data compression and reconstruction is then proposed by combining the interpolation and extrapolation compressions.The proposed RSDC is verified by both the actual phasor measurement data recorded in a two-phase short-circuit incident and a subsynchronous oscillation incident,and the synthetic dynamic synchrophasors.It is also compared with two previous real-time phasor data compression techniques,i.e.,phasor swing door trending(PSDT)and exception and swing door trending(SDT)data compression(ESDC).The verification results demonstrate that RSDC can achieve significantly higher compression ratios for offline applications with the interpolation and the zero-delay phasor data compression with the extrapolation for real-time applications simultaneously.

Phasor Analytical Model of Non-isolated DC/DC Converter Based on Modular Multilevel Converter for DC Transmission Grids

Non-isolated DC/DC converter based on modular multilevel converter(MMC)technology is expected to play an important role in future DC transmission grids.This paper presents a phasor analytical model for this new family of converters which is suitable for a range of studies like DC grid power flow or DC/DC parametric design.The 30th-order phasor model is derived in 3 coordinate frames:zero sequence(DC),fundamental frequency(dq),and double frequency(d2q2).The second-harmonic current suppression control is included as an option.Additionally,an estimation of the required control signals is presented,and a closed-loop model is developed which facilitates direct calculation of all variables and fast parametric studies.The accuracy of the proposed models is verified against a detailed PSCAD model for a wide range of parameters.The studies illustrate the importance of the second-harmonic components on the model accuracy.Finally,the impact of the converter parameters on the performance is studied,and a basic eigenvalue stability analysis is given.

基于动态相量的LCC-HVDC输电系统等值技术评述

立足于逆变侧换流站受端交流母线看向送端的基于电网换相换流器的高压直流输电(high-voltagedirectcurrent basedlinecommutedconverter,LCC-HVDC)系统的单端等值,对于优化设计继电保护、安稳控制和直流控保具有重要意义。为了同时获取计算的高精确性和实时性,动态相量模型以牺牲较低的仿真精度换取计算速度的提升,是实现LCC-HVDC输电线路双端等值的重要方式,但是用于LCCHVDC输电系统单端等值还存在难以平衡等值精度和计算速度的问题。针对该问题,该文分析了基于动态相量的LCCHVDC输电系统等值的应用价值、需求及难点,分别从等值计算模型中的提前触发角计算、换相重叠角计算、换相失败的判别及其对开关函数的影响和信号调制等4个因素评述现有研究现状及存在的问题,并提出了后续的研究建议。

引入相量算子和流向算子的天鹰优化算法

针对天鹰优化算法搜索效率不足,容易陷入局部最优的缺点,提出多策略改进天鹰优化算法(MIAO).引入广义正态分布优化算法(GNDO),将该算法得出的结果与天鹰优化算法第1阶段得出的结果进行比较,筛选出这2种优化算法下的最优值.该操作扩大了搜索空间,提高了解的质量.引入相量算子,将第2阶段变为自适应的非参数优化,提高算法的高维优化能力.针对天鹰优化算法在迭代后期存在种群多样性降低、局部开发能力不足的问题,在天鹰算法的第3阶段引入流向算子,使信息可以在每个个体间相互传递,提高种群信息的利用率,增强天鹰优化算法的开发性能.通过对16个测试函数寻优对比分析以及Wilcoxon秩和检验可知,MIAO的寻优能力和收敛速度都有较大的提升.为了验证MIAO算法的实用性和可行性,采用所提算法求解减速器设计问题,通过实际工程优化问题的实验对比分析可知,MIAO算法在处理现实优化问题上具有一定的优越性.

Applications of synchrophasor technologies in power systems

Synchrophasors are time-synchronized electrical measurements that represent both the magnitude and phase angle of the electrical sinusoids. Synchrophasors are measured by fast time-stamped devices called phasor measurement units(PMUs) to constitute the basis of realtime monitoring and control actions in the electric grid.Due to its enhanced situational awareness capabilities,many applications of PMUs are presented in the literature in the past decades. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of synchrophasor technology, its architecture,optimal placement techniques and its applications in electric power transmission and distribution systems. These applications include wide-area situational awareness and monitoring, state estimation, fault location and protective relaying, islanding detection etc. This review also covers some of the existing challenges in its implementation and its potential applications.

A review on synchrophasor communication system:communication technologies,standards and applications

The present-day power system is a complex network that caters to the demands of several applications with diverse energy requirements.Such a complex network is susceptible to faults caused due to several reasons such as the failure of the equipment,hostile weather conditions,etc.These faults if not detected in the real-time may lead to cascading failures resulting in a blackout.These blackouts have catastrophic consequences which result in a huge loss of resources.For example,a blackout in 2004 caused an economic loss of 10 billion U.S dollars as per the report of the Electricity Consumers Resource Council.Subsequent investigation of the blackout revealed that the catastrophe could have been prevented if there was an early warning system.Similar other blackouts across the globe forced the power system engineers to devise an effective solution for real-time monitoring and control of the power system.The consequence of these efforts is the wide area measurement system(WAMS).The WAMS consists of several sensors known as the phasor measurement units(PMUs)that collect the real information pertaining to the health of the power grid.This information in the form time synchronized voltage and current phasors is communicated to the central control center or the phasor data concentrator(PDC)where the data is analyzed for detection of power system anomalies.The communication of the synchrophasor data from each PMU to the PDC constitutes the synchrophasor communication system(SPCS).Thus,the SPCS can be considered as the edifice of the WAMS and its reliable operation is essential for the effective monitoring and control of the power system.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various synchrophasor communication technologies,communication standards and applications.It also identifies the existing knowledge gaps and the scope for future research work.

Optimal decision-making method for equipment maintenance to enhance the resilience of power digital twin system under extreme disaster

Digital twins and the physical assets of electric power systems face the potential risk of data loss and monitoring failures owing to catastrophic events,causing surveillance and energy loss.This study aims to refine maintenance strategies for the monitoring of an electric power digital twin system post disasters.Initially,the research delineates the physical electric power system along with its digital counterpart and post-disaster restoration processes.Subsequently,it delves into communication and data processing mechanisms,specifically focusing on central data processing(CDP),communication routers(CRs),and phasor measurement units(PMUs),to re-establish an equipment recovery model based on these data transmission methodologies.Furthermore,it introduces a mathematical optimization model designed to enhance the digital twin system’s post-disaster monitoring efficacy by employing the branch-and-bound method for its resolution.The efficacy of the proposed model was corroborated by analyzing an IEEE-14 system.The findings suggest that the proposed branch-and-bound algorithm significantly augments the observational capabilities of a power system with limited resources,thereby bolstering its stability and emergency response mechanisms.

经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统单端混合等值计算

现有电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter based HVDC,LCC-HVDC)输电系统动态等值计算依赖于送受端电压同步实时量测,无法实现经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统的单端暂态等值计算。论文基于直流系统动态相量等值计算框架,提出仅基于逆变侧单端交流电压信息的经LCC-HVDC直流输电送出系统的等值计算方案,论证整流侧准稳态模型+逆变侧动态相量模型的混合等值计算框架的可行性,解决换相失败准确判别等关键问题,仿真对比分析了多场景故障,证明所提出的计算框架在送端交流系统信息缺失的情况下,能实现受端交流线路故障暂态大扰动下经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统响应的准确实时计算。