绿色金融支持我国东部地区BIPV建筑发展评价及耦合分析

以我国东部地区的10个省(市)为例,建立2017-2021年绿色金融和光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)发展的评价指标体系,并利用熵值法与耦合协调度模型开展实证分析。研究结果表明:从区域性发展差异上看,绿色金融发展和BIPV建筑发展水平较高的是上海市和北京市,相对落后的是河北省和海南省;从发展态势上看,绿色金融和BIPV建筑发展总体上呈上升趋势;从耦合特征上看,近年来我国东部地区绿色金融和BIPV建筑发展两系统之间的耦合度及耦合协调度均较高,且总体呈逐步增长的趋势。

从BIPV(光伏建筑一体化)到BIPVES(光伏储能建筑一体化)

[目的]随着光伏、储能、新型建材及装配式建筑产业的发展,将光伏组件与屋面、墙体、遮阳等构件进行一体化设计与制造的光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)技术开始延伸为光伏储能建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storge,BIPVES)技术。[方法]文章提出世界首个可充电水泥电池,将建筑墙体与光伏发电装置、储放电装置相融合;对设备和材料进行跨界创新,在玻璃表面打印高清晰度、高透光率花纹图案,制造高效光伏建材;研发预制式储能墙体,与各类钢结构装配式建筑体系进行结合,实现订制式生产、装配式施工,形成建筑构件与光伏、储能一体化的变革趋势。[结果]水泥基电池实现了建筑墙体具有光伏发电、储电以及供电等多种功能;新一代光伏建材可节省建筑外立面装饰材料的成本,降低建筑物碳排放;光伏和储能等可再生能源技术在建筑中的一体化集成,可取得最大化收益。[结论]新型光伏建材技术和水泥电池等新型储能技术具有发展前景,将可充电电池构件、光伏外墙板与装配式建筑墙体及预埋件进行组合集成并推广应用具有可行性。

BIPV/T–DSF与新风一体化系统性能模拟研究

为提高光伏光热建筑一体化技术中光伏组件发电效率,充分利用其光热能量,同时满足室内人员对新风的需求,本研究将光伏光热建筑一体化技术与双层皮玻璃幕墙相结合,组成BIPV/T–DSF与新风一体化系统。以沈阳市一间30 m2的卧室为研究对象,通过实地测量室内污染物浓度并进行系统仿真模拟,对室内空气质量状况进行评估,并对系统的热电性能、空气通道内流场的流动特性进行研究。结果表明:系统运行时,冬季热效率达到0.22,电效率达到0.178;夏季电效率由原来的0.151提高到0.156。新风对于室内甲醛浓度有较好的净化效果,系统通风运行20 min后,甲醛浓度即可稳定在0.033 mg/m3。

基于文献计量学的BIPV系统节能研究进展与前沿分析

近年来,光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)应用得到了极速增长。BIPV是一种实用、创新和有前途的零碳排放建筑技术,以BIPV为核心的相关技术已成为新能源领域一个重要的研究方向。利用文献计量学的分析软件工具CiteSpace,对BIPV领域的有关文献进行可视化分析。通过对发文数量、国家、作者、研究机构、机构及作者合作关系、关键词聚类与突显等统计分析,探讨了该领域的研究热点和发展前沿。可得出结论:未来的研究热点是将从太阳能的能效方面进一步提升光伏建筑的性能,降低能耗。国内外在该领域的研究发展形势良好,研究方向主要集中于BIPV对于节能减排、清洁能源及PV-DSF(光伏双层幕墙)、PV-IGU(光伏中空玻璃)的能量性能等。

BIPV模式在工业厂房屋顶的应用研究

中国大力推进分布式光伏发电的同时,存在许多工业厂房屋顶无法满足光伏发电系统安装条件的问题,这极大制约了光伏发电技术的推广。由于传统的光伏发电系统是直接附着在建筑物屋顶,即采用的是BAPV模式,这会导致因需增加建筑物的承载力而增加建设成本的情况出现,从而制约了分布式光伏发电的应用,而将光伏发电系统与建筑集成的光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)模式可有效解决此类问题。针对BIPV模式和BAPV模式对工业厂房钢结构的影响进行了研究,并根据实际案例对这两种模式下的光伏发电系统建设、维护成本进行了分析。研究结果表明:1)BIPV模式相较于BAPV模式可以减少工业厂房钢结构屋顶恒荷载,对于轻微超限的项目可以省去加固成本,对于超限明显的项目可以减少加固成本。2)在同等建设条件下,BIPV模式相较于BAPV模式可以减少屋顶建设成本;并且从中长期来看,相较于BAPV模式,BIPV模式平均1万m^(2)的厂房可以减少126万建设维护成本。

近零能耗目标引导下的夏热冬暖地区超高层公共建筑BIPV技术应用研究

夏热冬暖地区超高层大型公共建筑仅依靠屋顶光伏系统无法满足近零能耗建筑对可再生能源利用率指标要求。如何借助建筑立面空间资源应用BIPV技术,是提高建筑光伏系统产能达到近零能耗目标的关键。文章阐述了近零能耗建筑及BIPV技术的概念及发展现状。结合案例分析了BIPV技术在超高层近零能耗建筑中的应用思路。以期为夏热冬暖地区超高层近零能耗建筑提供满足安全、产能、美观的BIPV技术应用策略。

A New Dynamic and Vertical Photovoltaic Integrated Building Envelope for High-Rise Glaze-Facade Buildings

Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.

恶劣基建环境中BIPV光伏组件安装工艺的研究

面对泥泞地面和大型机械难以进入等复杂条件,恶劣的建设环境对BIPV(光伏建筑一体化)项目构成了巨大挑战。本文旨在探讨在这些特殊条件下的安装实施策略,研究了在恶劣地面条件下BIPV组件的安装过程,介绍了一种适用于泥泞和恶劣地面条件的光伏组件安装工具,总结了在恶劣建设环境下BIPV项目实施的项目实践,为在恶劣建设环境下进行BIPV项目建设提供参考和借鉴。

A Distributed Photovoltaics Ordering Grid-Connected Method for Analyzing Voltage Impact in Radial Distribution Networks

In recent years,distributed photovoltaics(DPV)has ushered in a good development situation due to the advantages of pollution-free power generation,full utilization of the ground or roof of the installation site,and balancing a large number of loads nearby.However,under the background of a large-scale DPV grid-connected to the county distribution network,an effective analysis method is needed to analyze its impact on the voltage of the distribution network in the early development stage of DPV.Therefore,a DPV orderly grid-connected method based on photovoltaics grid-connected order degree(PGOD)is proposed.This method aims to orderly analyze the change of voltage in the distribution network when large-scale DPV will be connected.Firstly,based on the voltagemagnitude sensitivity(VMS)index of the photovoltaics permitted grid-connected node and the acceptance of grid-connected node(AoGCN)index of other nodes in the network,thePGODindex is constructed to determine the photovoltaics permitted grid-connected node of the current photovoltaics grid-connected state network.Secondly,a photovoltaics orderly grid-connected model with a continuous updating state is constructed to obtain an orderly DPV grid-connected order.The simulation results illustrate that the photovoltaics grid-connected order determined by this method based on PGOD can effectively analyze the voltage impact of large-scale photovoltaics grid-connected,and explore the internal factors and characteristics of the impact.

“双碳”背景下BIPV的应用与探索

“双碳”目标提出后,中国的绿色经济发展有了更加明确的方向。城镇化率不断增长的同时,中国的建筑业进入了鼎盛发展时期;但与此同时出现的建筑能耗问题也越来越严重,这种发展形式与“双碳”目标背道而驰。而光伏发电技术与建筑相结合成为解决这一问题的有效方式,光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)产业的发展是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径。针对当前BIPV产业的发展状况及发展优势进行了分析,并分析了影响BIPV建筑发电量的因素,然后从技术、法律法规、市场3个方面提出了优化举措。分析结果显示:光伏组件方位角及安装倾角、光伏组件表面灰尘及其安装方式是制约BIPV建筑发电量的主要因素,BIPV后续发展需要从技术方面进行改进以确保年发电量达到预期目标;BIPV产业应从技术、法律法规及市场3个方面进行改进和完善,有助于其更好的发展。该研究结果对BIPV理论研究和工程人员施工设计具有一定的参考价值。

Progress of semitransparent emerging photovoltaics for building integrated applications

With the rapid development of emerging photovoltaics technology in recent years,the application of building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)has attracted the research interest of photovoltaic communities.To meet the practical application requirements of BIPVs,in addition to the evaluation indicator of power conversion efficiency(PCE),other key performance indicators such as heat-insulating ability,average visible light transmittance(AVT),color properties,and integrability are equally important.The traditional Si-based photovoltaic technology is typically limited by its opaque properties for application scenarios where transparency is required.The emerging PV technologies,such as organic and perovskite photovoltaics are promising candidates for BIPV applications,owing to their advantages such as high PCE,high AVT,and tunable properties.At present,the PCE of semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)has attained 14%with AVT of 22–25%;for semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs),the PCE reached 13%with AVT of almost 40%.In this review article,we summarize recent advances in material selection,optical engineering,and device architecture design for high-performance semitransparent emerging PV devices,and discuss the application of optical modeling,as well as the challenges of commercializing these semitransparent solar cells for building-integrated applications.

Flexibility potential of Cs_(2)BX_(6)(B=Hf,Sn,Pt,Zr,Ti;X=I,Br,Cl)with application in photovoltaic devices and radiation detectors

As interest in double perovskites is growing,especially in applications like photovoltaic devices,understanding their mechanical properties is vital for device durability.Despite extensive exploration of structure and optical properties,research on mechanical aspects is limited.This article builds a vacancyordered double perovskite model,employing first-principles calculations to analyze mechanical,bonding,electronic,and optical properties.Results show Cs_(2)Hfl_(6),Cs_(2)SnBr_(6),Cs_(2)SnI_(6),and Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)have Young's moduli below 13 GPa,indicating flexibility.Geometric parameters explain flexibility variations with the changes of B and X site composition.Bonding characteristic exploration reveals the influence of B and X site electronegativity on mechanical strength.Cs_(2)SnBr_(6)and Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)are suitable for solar cells,while Cs_(2)HfI_(6)and Cs_(2)TiCl_(6)show potential for semi-transparent solar cells.Optical property calculations highlight the high light absorption coefficients of up to 3.5×10^(5) cm^(-1)for Cs_(2)HfI_(6)and Cs_(2)TiCl_(6).Solar cell simulation shows Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)achieves 22.4%of conversion effciency.Cs_(2)ZrCl_(6)holds promise for ionizing radiation detection with its 3.68 eV bandgap and high absorption coefficient.Vacancy-ordered double perovskites offer superior flexibility,providing valuable insights for designing stable and flexible devices.This understanding enhances the development of functional devices based on these perovskites,especially for applications requiring high stability and flexibility.

Recent advances in two-dimensional photovoltaic devices

Two-dimensional(2D)materials have attracted tremendous interest in view of the outstanding optoelectronic properties,showing new possibilities for future photovoltaic devices toward high performance,high specific power and flexibility.In recent years,substantial works have focused on 2D photovoltaic devices,and great progress has been achieved.Here,we present the review of recent advances in 2D photovoltaic devices,focusing on 2D-material-based Schottky junctions,homojunctions,2D−2D heterojunctions,2D−3D heterojunctions,and bulk photovoltaic effect devices.Furthermore,advanced strategies for improving the photovoltaic performances are demonstrated in detail.Finally,conclusions and outlooks are delivered,providing a guideline for the further development of 2D photovoltaic devices.

Enhancing photovoltaic power prediction using a CNN-LSTM-attention hybrid model with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization

Improving the accuracy of solar power forecasting is crucial to ensure grid stability,optimize solar power plant operations,and enhance grid dispatch efficiency.Although hybrid neural network models can effectively address the complexities of environmental data and power prediction uncertainties,challenges such as labor-intensive parameter adjustments and complex optimization processes persist.Thus,this study proposed a novel approach for solar power prediction using a hybrid model(CNN-LSTM-attention)that combines a convolutional neural network(CNN),long short-term memory(LSTM),and attention mechanisms.The model incorporates Bayesian optimization to refine the parameters and enhance the prediction accuracy.To prepare high-quality training data,the solar power data were first preprocessed,including feature selection,data cleaning,imputation,and smoothing.The processed data were then used to train a hybrid model based on the CNN-LSTM-attention architecture,followed by hyperparameter optimization employing Bayesian methods.The experimental results indicated that within acceptable model training times,the CNN-LSTM-attention model outperformed the LSTM,GRU,CNN-LSTM,CNN-LSTM with autoencoders,and parallel CNN-LSTM attention models.Furthermore,following Bayesian optimization,the optimized model demonstrated significantly reduced prediction errors during periods of data volatility compared to the original model,as evidenced by MRE evaluations.This highlights the clear advantage of the optimized model in forecasting fluctuating data.

Multi-Time Scale Optimal Scheduling of a Photovoltaic Energy Storage Building System Based on Model Predictive Control

Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.

Systematic Review on Ground-Based Cloud Tracking Methods for Photovoltaics Nowcasting

Renewable energies are highly dependent on local weather conditions, with photovoltaic energy being particularly affected by intermittent clouds. Anticipating the impact of cloud shadows on power plants is crucial, as clouds can cause partial shading, excessive irradiation, and operational issues. This study focuses on analyzing cloud tracking methods for short-term forecasts, aiming to mitigate such impacts. We conducted a systematic literature review, highlighting the most significant articles on cloud tracking from ground-based observations. We explore both traditional image processing techniques and advances in deep learning models. Additionally, we discuss current challenges and future research directions in this rapidly evolving field, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art and identify opportunities for significant advancements in the next generation of cloud tracking systems based on computer vision and deep learning.

Polymer Fiber Rigid Network with High Glass Transition Temperature Reinforces Stability of Organic Photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)need to overcome limitations such as insufficient thermal stability to be commercialized.The reported approaches to improve stability either rely on the development of new materials or on tailoring the donor/acceptor morphology,however,exhibiting limited applicability.Therefore,it is timely to develop an easy method to enhance thermal stability without having to develop new donor/acceptor materials or donor–acceptor compatibilizers,or by introducing another third component.Herein,a unique approach is presented,based on constructing a polymer fiber rigid network with a high glass transition temperature(T_(g))to impede the movement of acceptor and donor molecules,to immobilize the active layer morphology,and thereby to improve thermal stability.A high-T_(g) one-dimensional aramid nanofiber(ANF)is utilized for network construction.Inverted OPVs with ANF network yield superior thermal stability compared to the ANF-free counterpart.The ANF network-incorporated active layer demonstrates significantly more stable morphology than the ANF-free counterpart,thereby leaving fundamental processes such as charge separation,transport,and collection,determining the device efficiency,largely unaltered.This strategy is also successfully applied to other photovoltaic systems.The strategy of incorporating a polymer fiber rigid network with high T_(g) offers a distinct perspective addressing the challenge of thermal instability with simplicity and universality.

Enhancement of vertical phase separation in sequentially deposited organic photovoltaics through the independent processing of additives

Herein,the impact of the independent control of processing additives on vertical phase separation in sequentially deposited (SD) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and its subsequent effects on charge carrier kinetics at the electron donor-acceptor interface are investigated.The film morphology exhibits notable variations,significantly depending on the layer to which 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) was applied.Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals distinctly separated donor/acceptor phases and vertical crystallinity details in SD films.Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis is employed to obtain component distributions in diverse vertical phase structures of SD films depending on additive control.In addition,nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that DIO control significantly affects the dynamics of separated charges in SD films.In SD OPVs,DIO appears to act through distinct mechanisms with minimal restriction,depending on the applied layer.This study emphasizes the significance of morphological optimization in improving device performance and underscores the importance of independent additive control in the advancement of OPV technology.

High Efficiency Formamidinium-Cesium Perovskite-Based Radio-Photovoltaic Cells

Radio-photovoltaic cell is a micro nuclear battery for devices operating in extreme environments,which converts the decay energy of a radioisotope into electric energy by using a phosphor and a photovoltaic converter.Many phosphors with high light yield and good environmental stability have been developed,but the performance of radio-photovoltaic cells remains far behind expectations in terms of power density and power conversion efficiency,because of the poor photoelectric conversion efficiency of traditional photovoltaic converters under low-light conditions.This paper reports an radio-photovoltaic cell based on an intrinsically stable formamidinium-cesium perovskite photovoltaic converter exhibiting a wide light wavelength response from 300 to 800 nm,high open-circuit voltage(V_(oc)),and remarkable efficiency at low-light intensity.When a He ions accelerator is adopted as a mimickedαradioisotope source with an equivalent activity of 0.83 mCi cm^(-2),the formamidinium-cesium perovskite radio-photovoltaic cell achieves a V_(oc)of 0.498 V,a short-circuit current(J_(sc))of 423.94 nA cm^(-2),and a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 0.886%,which is 6.6 times that of the Si reference radio-photovoltaic cell,as well as the highest among all radio-photovoltaic cells reported so far.This work provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the performance of radio-photovoltaic cells.

Forestvoltaics,Floatovoltaics and Building Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)Potential for a University Campus

The United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)highlight the importance of affordable and clean energy sources.Solar energy is a perfect example,being both renewable and abundant.Its popularity shows no signs of slowing down,with solar photovoltaic(PV)panels being the primary technology for converting sunlight into electricity.Advancements are continuously being made to ensure cost-effectiveness,high-performing cells,extended lifespans,and minimal maintenance requirements.This study focuses on identifying suitable locations for implementing solar PVsystems at theUniversityMalaysia PahangAl SultanAbdullah(UMPSA),Pekan campus including buildings,water bodies,and forest areas.A combined technical and economic analysis is conducted using Helioscope for simulations and the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System(PVGIS)for economic considerations.Helioscope simulation examine case studies for PV installations in forested areas,lakes,and buildings.This approach provides comprehensive estimations of solar photovoltaic potential,annual cost savings,electricity costs,and greenhouse gas emission reductions.Based on land coverage percentages,Floatovoltaics have a large solar PV capacity of 32.3 Megawatts(MW);forest-based photovoltaics(Forestvoltaics)achieve maximum yearly savings of RM 37,268,550;and Building Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)have the lowest CO2 emissions and net carbon dioxide reduction compared to other plant sizes.It also clarifies the purpose of using both software tools to achieve a comprehensive understanding of both technical and economic aspects.