Effect of rice-rice-rape rotation on physicochemical property and bacterial community of rhizosphere soil

Through collecting rhizosphere soil sample from a 30-year long-term fixed location test site that use“rice-ricerape”crop rotation(RRR)and“rice-rice-fallow”continuous cropping systems(RRF),this paper investigated effects of long-term crop rotation on physicochemical property and bacterial community of rhizosphere soil.Results showed that total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP)and available potassium(AK)contents in rhizosphere soil under long-term RRR were decreased by 28.09%,15.69%and 6.25%respectively.Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen(AN)and available phosphorus(AP)contents were 10.59%and 13.25%higher than those of soil in RRF respectively.Three soil samples collected during different periods also showed that RRR resulted in a lower rhizosphere soil pH than RRF.Clone library analysis revealed that significant difference in rhizosphere soil bacterial community was observed between RRR and RRF continuous cropping.Abundance ofα-Proteobacteria,β-Proteobacteria andγ-Proteobacteria were higher in rhizosphere soil of RRR compared to RRF.pH of rhizosphere soil was significantly correlated with Acidobacteria level,while total organic carbon(TOC)content was significantly correlated with Proteobacteria level.Long-term RRR enhanced conversion of N and P in rhizosphere soil,increased bio-availability to crop,and promoted diversity of soil bacterial community.Bacterial diversity in RRR could be ecological significance in maintaining soil fertility and functionality.

Microwave irradiation-induced alterations in physicochemical properties and methane adsorption capability of coals:An experimental study using carbon molecular sieve

In order to comprehend the applicability of microwave irradiation for recovering coalbed methane,it is necessary to evaluate the microwave irradiation-induced alterations in coals with varying levels of metamorphism.In this work,the carbon molecular sieve combined with KMnO_(4)oxidation was selected to fabricate carbon molecular sieve with diverse oxidation degrees,which can serve as model substances toward coals.Afterwards,the microwave irradiation dependences of pores,functional groups,and highpressure methane adsorption characteristics of model substances were studied.The results indicated that microwave irradiation causes rearrangement of oxygen-containing functional groups,which could block the micropores with a size of 0.40-0.60 nm in carbon molecular sieve;meanwhile,naphthalene and phenanthrene generated by macro-molecular structure pyrolysis due to microwave irradiation could block the micropores with a size of 0.70-0.90 nm.These alterations in micropore structure weaken the saturated methane adsorption capacity of oxidized carbon molecular sieve by 2.91%-23.28%,suggesting that microwave irradiation could promote methane desorption.Moreover,the increased mesopores found for oxidized carbon molecular sieve after microwave irradiation could benefit CH4 diffusion.In summary,the oxidized carbon molecular sieve can act as model substances toward coals with different ranks.Additionally,microwave irradiation is a promising technology to enhance coalbed methane recovery.

Cross-upgrading of biomass hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis for high quality blast furnace injection fuel production:Physicochemical characteristics and gasification kinetics analysis

The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile content of biochar ranged from 16.19%to 45.35%,and the alkali metal content,ash content,and specific surface area were significantly reduced.The optimal route for biochar pro-duction is hydrothermal carbonization-pyrolysis(P-HC),resulting in biochar with a higher calorific value,C=C structure,and increased graphitization degree.The apparent activation energy(E)of the sample ranges from 199.1 to 324.8 kJ/mol,with P-HC having an E of 277.8 kJ/mol,lower than that of raw biomass,primary biochar,and anthracite.This makes P-HC more suitable for blast furnace injection fuel.Additionally,the paper proposes a path for P-HC injection in blast furnaces and calculates potential environmental benefits.P-HC of-fers the highest potential for carbon emission reduction,capable of reducing emissions by 96.04 kg/t when replacing 40wt%coal injec-tion.

Enhancement of physicochemical properties and baking quality of broken rice flour through superheated steam

This study investigated the effects of superheated steam(SS)treatment at different temperatures(120℃,150℃,180℃)on the physicochemical properties of broken rice flour and the quality of broken rice cakes.SS treatment at 120℃ significantly enhanced the moisture content of broken rice flour(P<0.05).In contrast,treatments at 150℃ and 180℃ caused decrease of moisture content,amylose leaching,and reduction of damaged starch content.After SS treatment,the pasting properties of broken rice flour increased,along with the rising of storage modulus and loss modulus.The proportion of short chains(DP 6-12)in amylopectin increased from 29.42%to 34.80%(P<0.05),which could delay starch retrogradation.Compared with untreated ones,the SS-150 broken rice cakes showed a significantly higher specific volume(2.96 mL/g,P<0.05),more uniform cell structure,and lower hardness(1.66 N)and chewiness(10.22 mJ).After 7 days of storage,cakes from SS-treated rice flour(150℃ and 180℃)had significantly reduced hardness and chewiness.The study demonstrated that SS treatment could improve the properties of broken rice flour and enhance the quality of broken rice cakes,especially at 150℃ and 180℃.This study presents a method for improving the quality of broken rice flour and rice cakes using superheated steam treatment,addressing challenges related to poor flour characteristics and suboptimal cake quality.The findings offer technical and theoretical support for enhancing rice cake production,contributing to the comprehensive utilization of rice resources.

A review:Health benefits and physicochemical characteristics of blended vegetable oils

Oil blending is the method of choice used worldwide to improve oxidative stability and nutritional value.There is no such edible oil/fat that meets all the recommendations from the health point of view.The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils decides the fate of the oil.Pure single oil is unable to provide a balanced amount of fatty acids(FAs)required/recommended on a daily intake basis.Blending oils/fats is an appropriate procedure of physically mixing multiple oils in suitable proportions which may provide functional lipids with improved antioxidant potential and desirable physical and chemical properties.This review piled up the accessible data on the blending of diverse oils/fats in the combination of binary,ternary,quaternary,or other types of oils into a single blended oil.Blending can be found very convincing towards appropriate FA profile,enhancement in physicochemical characteristics,and augmented stability for the period of storage or when used as cooking/frying processes which could ultimately serve as an effectual dietary intervention towards the health protectiveness.

Impact of Different Rates of Nitrogen Supplementation on Soil PhysicochemicalProperties and Microbial Diversity in Goji Berry

Goji berry(Lycium barbarum L.)is substantially dependent on nitrogen fertilizer application,which can signifi-cantly enhance fruit yield and Goji berry industrial development in Ningxia,China.This study aimed to analyze the functions of differential nitrogen application rates including low(N1),medium(N2),and high(N3)levels in soil microbial community structure(bacterial and fungal)at 2 diverse soil depths(0-20,20-40 cm)through high-throughput sequencing technology by targeting 16S RNA gene and ITS1&ITS2 regions.All the observed physicochemical parameters exhibited significant improvement(p<0.05)with increased levels of nitrogen and the highest values for most parameters were observed at N2.However,pH decreased(p<0.05)gradually.The alpha and beta diversity analyses for bacterial and fungal communities’metagenome displayed more similarities than differences among all groups.The top bacterial and fungal phyla and genera suggested no obvious(p>0.05)differences among three group treatments(N1,N2,and N3).Furthermore,the functional enrichment analysis demonstrated significant(p<0.05)enrichment of quorum sensing,cysteine and methionine metabolism,and transcriptional machinery for bacterial communities,while various saprotrophic functional roles for fungal communities.Conclusively,moderately reducing the use of N-supplemented fertilizers is conducive to increasing soil nitrogen utilization rate,which can contribute to sustainable agriculture practices through improved soil quality,and microbial community structure and functions.

Electrosynthesis and physicochemical properties ofα-PbO_2-CeO_2-TiO_2 composite electrodes

In order to investigate the effect of solid particles dopants on physicochemical properties of α-PbO2 electrodes, a-PbO2 composite electrodes doped with nano-TiO2 and nano-CeO2 particles were respectively prepared on A1/conductive coating electrodes in 4 mol/L NaOH solution with addition of PbO until saturation by anodic codeposition. The electrodeposition mechanism, morphology, composition and structure of the composite electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltarnmogram （CV）, SEM, EDAX and XRD. Results show that the doping solid particles can not change reaction mechanism of α-PbO2 electrode in alkaline or acid plating bath, but can improve deposition rate and reduce oxygen evolution potential. The doping solid particles can inhibit the growth of a-PbO2 unit cell and improve specific surface area. The diffraction peak intensity of a-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2 composite electrode is lower than that of pure a-PbO2 electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of a-PbO2-2.12%CEO2-3.71%TIO2 composite electrode is the best. The Guglielmi model for CeO2 and TiO2 codeposition with a-PbO2 is also pronosed.

Clay Materials for Ceramics Application from N’Djamena in the Chad Republic: Mineralogical, Physicochemical and Microstructural Characterization

Herein, we report some characteristics of the clayey materials (CMs) collected from Kaliwa (C1), Kabé (C2) and Malo (C3) district in N’Djamena (Chad). Three samples were characterized applying XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM. In addition, TGA/DSC were performed to control decomposition/mass loss and show phase transitions respectively of CMs. Geochemical analysis by XRF reveals the following minerals composition: SiO2 (~57% - 66%), Al2O3 (~13% - 15%), Fe2O3 (~6% - 10%), TiO2 (~1% - 2%) were the predominant oxides with a reduced proportion in C1, and (~7%) of fluxing agents (K2O, CaO, Na2O). Negligible and trace of MgO (~1%) and P2O5 was noted. The mineralogical composition by XRD shows that, C1, C2 and C3 display close mineralogy with: Quartz (~50%), feldspar (~20%) as non-clay minerals, whereas clays minerals were mostly kaolinite (~15%), illite (~5%) and smectite (~10%). FTIR analysis exhibits almost seemingly similar absorption bands characteristic of hydroxyls elongation, OH valence vibration of Kaolinite and stretching vibration of some Metal-Oxygen bond. SEM micrographs of the samples exhibit microstructureformed by inter-aggregates particles with porous cavities. TGA/DSCconfirm the existence of quartz (570˚C to 870˚C), carbonates (600˚C - 760˚C), kaolinite (569˚C - 988˚C), illite (566˚C - 966˚C), MgO (410˚C - 720˚C) and smectite (650˚C - 900˚C). The overall characterization indicates that, these clayey soils exhibit good properties for ceramic application.

Effects of Artificial Vegetation Restoration on Soil Physicochemical Properties in Southern Edge of Mu Us Sandy Land

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the artificial vegetations on soil physicochemical properties of sandy land. [Method] The soil physicochemical proper- ties in five representative lands respectively covered by Artemisia ordosica, Salix cheilophila, Hedysarum scoparium, Populus simonii and Amorpha fruticosa, all of which were planted artificially at the same year were measured in the present study, using a bare soil as the control. [Result] Artificial vegetation improved the soil physicochemical properties by different extents in the lands covered by different plants. The soil physicochemical properties such as bulk density under A. Fruticosa and H. Scoparium were improved greatly. The frequency distribution of soil particle size under artificial vegetations exhibited a bimodal curve. The average soil particle size under A. fruticosa was the smallest, and the soil was very poorly sorted. The soil nutrients in the sandy land were not significantly improved by artificial vegeta- tion. [Conclusion] Artificial vegetation has a certain impact on soil properties in sandy land, as it greatly improves the soil physical properties but not the chemical properties.

Physicochemical Properties and Evaluation of Microemulsion Systems for Transdermal Delivery of Meloxicam

Microemulsion systems, composed of water, isopropyl myristate （IPM）, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate （Tween 85 ）, and ethanol, were investigated as transdermal drug delivery vehicles for a lipophilic model drug（ meloxicam）. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemieal properties of the tested microemulsion and to find the correlation between the physicoehemical properties and the skin permeation rate of the microemulsion. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram of the investigated system at a constant surfactant/cosurfactant mass ratio （ Km = 1 ： 1 ） was constructed by titration at 20℃, and the five fommlations were selected for further research in the o/w microemulsion domains. The values of electrical conductivity and viscosity showed that the selected systems were bicontinuous or non-spherical o/w microemulsion, and the electrical conductivity and viscosity were increased with increasing the content of water. These results suggest that the optimum formulation of microemulsion, containing 0. 375 meloxicam, 5% isopropyl myristate, 25% Tween 85. 25% ethanol, and water, showed the maximum permeation rate. It had a high electrical conductivity, small droplet size, and proper viscocity.

Effects of surface physicochemical properties on NH_3-SCR activity of MnO_2 catalysts with different crystal structures

α‐,β‐,δ‐,andγ‐MnO2nanocrystals are successfully prepared.We then evaluated the NH3selective catalytic reduction(SCR)performance of the MnO2catalysts with different phases.The NOx conversion efficiency decreased in the order:γ‐MnO2>α‐MnO2>δ‐MnO2>β‐MnO2.The NOx conversion with the use ofγ‐MnO2andα‐MnO2catalysts reached90%in the temperature range of140–200°C,while that based onβ‐MnO2reached only40%at200°C.Theγ‐MnO2andα‐MnO2nanowire crystal morphologies enabled good dispersion of the catalysts and resulted in a relatively high specific surface area.We found thatγ‐MnO2andα‐MnO2possessed stronger reducing abilities and more and stronger acidic sites than the other catalysts.In addition,more chemisorbed oxygen existed on the surface of theγ‐MnO2andα‐MnO2catalysts.Theγ‐MnO2andα‐MnO2catalysts showed excellent performance in the low‐temperature SCR of NO to N2with NH3.

Cultivation Ages Effect on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Greenhouse Soils

The intensive management practices in greenhouse production may alter the soil physicochemical properties and contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals(HMs). To determine the HM concentrations in vegetable soil in relation to soil physicochemical properties and cultivation age, we conducted a soil survey for typical greenhouse soils in Shouguang, China. The results indicated that Cd is a major HM pollutant in the tested soils, as the only HM element exceeding the allowed limit for vegetable soil. The surveyed data was analyzed with regression analysis, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). A positive correlation is observed between HM pollution level and cultivation age. CCA results suggest that the HM pollution level and distribution in soil are significantly affected by soil physicochemical properties, which was a function of years of cultivation as revealed by regression analysis. In summary, cultivation age is an important factor to affect soil physicochemical properties(organic matter and inorganic nutrients) as well as HM contamination.

Correlation Between Physicochemical Properties and Eating Qualities of Rice

Correlation among physicochemical properties, which include amylose content, alkali spreading values, gel consistency, water absorption, expansion rate, solid content of rice-water, protein content and fat content, and eating qualities of six kinds of rice samples planted in Heilongjiang Province were studied. Correlation analysis showed that amylose content, water absorption and expansion rate were negatively correlated with eating qualities, yet gel consistency, alkali spreading values, solid content of rice-water and fat content were positively correlated with eating qualities. Among them, eating quality had an obvious correlation with amylose content and gel consistency, but no significant correlation with protein content. The regression equation, which described the relationship of the eating quality scores and physicochemical indexes, was Y=94.439–12.711X1–23.721X2–0.701X3＋0.570X4＋186.938X5（X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 represented amylose content, water absorption, expansion rate gel, consistency and fat content）. The single factor analysis of variance showed that six kinds of rice existed significant differences in quality category.

Effect of Shading During Grain Filling on the Physicochemical Properties of Fresh Waxy Maize

Grain physicochemical properties determine the table quality of fresh waxy maize. Two waxy maize varieties, Suyunuo 5 （shading tolerant） and FHN003 （shading sensitive）, were used to estimate the effect of shading （plants received 30% less radiation than control） during grain filling （from 0 d to 23 d after pollination） on physicochemical properties of fresh waxy maize grain. Shading decreased the grain fresh weight of Suyunuo 5 and FHN003 by 8.4 and 19.1%, respectively. Shading increased the grain water content of FHN003, whereas that of Suyunuo 5 was not affected. In both varieties for shading treatment, soluble sugar, starch and protein contents were decreased, whereas zein content was increased. The changes in globulin, albumin and glutenin contents under shading were variety dependent. In both varieties, shading decreased λmax, iodine binding capacity and the percentage of large starch granules （diameter 〉17 μm） but increased crystallinity. The results of rapid visco analysis showed that the viscosity characteristics （except for pasting temperature） of both varieties were decreased by shading; however, FHN003 was more severely affected than Suyunuo 5. Under shading, Antet and %R were decreased in both varieties, whereas the changes in △Hgol and transition temperatures were variety dependent. Hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness were decreased in both varieties. Significant differences in physicochemical characteristics were observed between the two varieties.

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of japonica Rice Varied with Production Areas in China

Northeast of China and Jiangsu Province are major production areas of japonica rice in China.Rice from northeast of China is well-known for its good-eating and appearance quality,and that from Jiangsu Province is viewed as inferior.However,little is known concerning the difference in physicochemical and sensory properties of rice between the major two production areas.Analysis of 16 commercial rice samples showed marked differences in physicochemical properties,including chalky grain rate,contents of amylose and protein and pasting properties between the two main areas.Northeastern rice contained more shortchain amylopectin as compared with Jiangsu rice.However,Jiangsu rice is comparable to northeastern rice in terms of sensory quality including overall acceptability and textural properties of springiness,stickiness and hardness as evaluated by trained panel.Our results indicated the limitation of conventional index of physicochemical properties,and suggested the necessity of identification of new factors controlling rice sensory property.In addition,the taste analyzer from Japan demonstrates limitation in distinguishing the differences between northeastern and Jiangsu rice,and therefore needs localization to fit China.

Characterization of starch morphology, composition, physicochemical properties and gene expressions in oat

Starch is the major carbohydrate in oat （Avena sativa L.） and starch formation requires the coordinated actions of several synthesis enzymes. In this study, the granule morphology, composition and physicochemical properties of oat starch, as well as the expressions of starch synthesis genes were investigated during oat endosperm development. Under the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, we observed that the unique compound granules were developed in oat endosperms at 10 days post anthesis （DPA） and then fragmented into irregular or polygonal simple granules from 12 DPA until seed maturity. The amylose content, branch chain length of degree of polymerization （DP=13-24）, gelatinization temperature and percentage of retrogradation were gradually increased during the endosperm development; whereas the distribution of short chains （DP=6-12） were gradually decreased. The relative expressions of 4 classes of 13 starch synthesis genes characterized in this study indicated that three expression pattern groups were significantly different among gene classes as well as among varied isoforms, in which the first group of starch synthesis genes may play a key role on the initiation of starch synthesis in oat endosperms.

Spatiotemporal variation and correlation of soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical properties in canopy gaps of the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

The study of the heterogeneity of soil enzyme activities at different sampling locations in canopy gaps will help understand the influence mechanism of canopy gaps on soil ecological processes.In this paper,we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical properties at different sampling locations(closed canopy,expanded edge,canopy edge,gap center)in different sampling time(December,February,April,June,August,and October)on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China.The results showed that soil catalase,cellulase,sucrase,and acid phosphatase activities were relatively high from June to October and low from December to April,and most of soil enzyme activities were higher at closed canopy than at gap center.Soil urease activity was high during December-February.The soil temperature reached the highest value during June-August and was relatively high at gap center in October,December,and February.Soil water content was significantly higher in December and April than in other months.Soil bulk density was higher at gap center than at closed canopy in December.Soil pH and soil electrical conductivity in most months were higher at closed canopy than at gap center.Soil organic carbon,soil total nitrogen,and soil total phosphorus were generally higher at gap center than at closed canopy.Furthermore,sampling time played a leading role in the dynamic change of soil enzyme activity.The key factors affecting soil enzyme activity were soil temperature and soil water content,which were governed by canopy gaps.These results provide important support for further understanding the influence mechanism of forest ecosystem management and conservation on the Tianshan Mountains.

Physicochemical and Tribological Properties of Anti-Seize Thread Lubricant

The di-aromatics base oil and graphite powder,blended with the viscosity index improver,and the anti-oxidant and rheological additive,were used to prepare a kind of anti-seize thread lubricant.Its physical chemistry properties,such as water resistance,thermal oxidation and aging properties,and tribological performance,were evaluated and compared with those of some commercial products.The results show that the overall performance of the anti-seize thread lubricant could meet the level of some commercial products,while its some properties such as thermal stability,anti-wear and anti-friction properties were better.The said anti-seize thread lubricant is more suitable for use under high temperature conditions.

Computational Analysis of Physicochemical, Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Properties of Deoxyhypusine Synthase Inhibitors with Antimalarial Activity

Malaria is a parasitic disease which has as etiological agents protozoa of the genus Plasmodium prevalent in tropical countries. The appearance of Plasmodium strains resistant to artemisinin has become necessary the development of new drugs using computational tools to combat this epidemic. Diverse transporter proteins can act as antimalarials targets, thereby being the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase a promising antimalarial target. The present study aimed to investigate 15 most active inhibitors of deoxyhypusine synthase target, deposited in databases Binding DB, in order to trace a pattern of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of the inhibitors for this enzyme and propose new inhibitors of deoxyhypusine synthase target. The physicochemical properties were obtained according to the Lipinski parameters to evaluate oral absorption. Based on the certain properties were proposed three new inhibitors (A, B and C). The ADME/Tox properties were calculated for new inhibitors compared with results of the selected compounds. The fifteen inhibitors for oral administration showed satisfactory results, because they have adapted to the Lipinski parameters. In relation to the penetration of the blood-brain barrier the inhibitors analyzed showed penetration values less than 1, and ranged from 0.0411815 to 0.481764, being that the compound 1 showed value of CBrain/CBlood = 0.135467. Compound B showed a higher strength in plasma protein binding in relation to the compound 1, having a variation be-tween them of ±1.489344. Therefore, the compound B would present a longer halflife compared with compound 1. The proposed compounds showed positive and satisfactory results, being able to reach less adverse effects related to the central nervous system depending of administered dose.

Effects of Far-Infrared Composite Materials Doped with Rare Earth on Physicochemical Properties of Diesel Fuel

The rare earth, far-infrared natural mineral and clay were compounded to prepare the far-infrared composite materials. The effects of the far-infrared composite materials on the physicochemical properties of diesel fuel were studied. It shows that the composite materials can radiate higher intensity of far infrared; and the surface tension, viscosity and flash point decrease when the diesel fuel is dealt with the composite materials containing rare earth elements; and then the available effect mechanisms of the composite materials on the properties of diesel fuel were investigated by testing the activity changes of arene.