The pinewood nematode（PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become one of the most severe threats to pine forest worldwide. Nematodes, migrating through resin canals and feeding on the living cells, induce rapid met...The pinewood nematode（PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become one of the most severe threats to pine forest worldwide. Nematodes, migrating through resin canals and feeding on the living cells, induce rapid metabolic changes in ray parenchyma cells, create cavitation areas, decrease xylem water content and oleoresin exudation, and cause necrosis of parenchyma and cambial cells. This study focused on the impact of PWN infection on technological parameters of wood and evaluated the impact of anatomic and biochemical incidences of tree defense reactions on basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties of Pinus pinaster wood.Samples of infected and uninfected wood were studied.The presence of nematodes reduced wood basic density by2 % and decreased the total content of extractives in infected wood as compared with uninfected（5.98 and8.90 % of dry wood mass, respectively）. Extractives in infected trees had inverse distribution along the trunk as compared with uninfected trees. The adsorption isotherms for infected and uninfected wood had similar positioning.We recorded differences（some statistically significant） in the equilibrium moisture content of infected and uninfected wood under varying environmental conditions. Despite the verified differences in wood basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties, the overall conclusion is that the PWN had a slight impact on these characteristics of wood.展开更多
Preservative-treated pinewood is mildewproof, anticorrosive and mothproof, with the long durability and environmental protection as its fine performance. It has become an important material for landscape construction ...Preservative-treated pinewood is mildewproof, anticorrosive and mothproof, with the long durability and environmental protection as its fine performance. It has become an important material for landscape construction for the wide pine material sources, low price, less deformation, moderate density, good fl exibility and strength, fine texture and good integration with the natural environment. On the basis of introducing pinewood species, preservatives and production process of preservative-treated pinewood, this paper focuses on the application of preservative-treated pinewood used in log cabin, pavilion, service buildings and other garden timber architecture, as well as roads, platforms, bridges, rails, gallery frames, pergolas and other opuscules.展开更多
This paper summarizes the results of our study of the pinewood nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophi-lus).By population genetic analysis,it was determined that there was no genetic bottle caused by the founder effect and g...This paper summarizes the results of our study of the pinewood nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophi-lus).By population genetic analysis,it was determined that there was no genetic bottle caused by the founder effect and genetic drift in the Chinese invasive population.Multiple invasions with large amounts of nematodes from different sources led to rich genetic diversity in the invasive population.Keeping high genetic diversity in the invasive process may be one of the genetic mechanisms in its successful invasion.By testing interspecies competition,it was shown that,with high fecundity and a strong competitive ability,B.xylophilus outcompeted the native species B.mucronatus in the natural ecosystem during the invasion process.Competitive displacement may be one of the ecological mechanisms of B.xylophilus's invasion.In addition,an unequal interspecific hybridization with intro-gress was in favor of the invasive species which also accelerated the replacement of B.mucronatus by B.xylophilus.The structures,functions and evolutions of a few important genes that are closely related to the ecological adaptation of pinewood nematodes were studied to explore the molecular mechanism of its ecological adaptations.Further,the resistance and resilience mechanism of the pine ecosystem invaded by pinewood nematodes was also investigated.The results of these studies uncovered a portion of the genetic and ecological mechanisms of PWN's successful invasion and laid a foundation for further study to obtain a comprehensive interpretation of the mechanisms of the nematode invasion.The results also provided a scientific basis for effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of pine wilt disease which is caused by nematodes.Various aspects requiring further investigation are considered.展开更多
Symbiotic microbes play a crucial role in regulating parasite–host interactions;however,the role of bacterial associates in parasite–host interactions requires elucidation.In this study,we showed that,instead of int...Symbiotic microbes play a crucial role in regulating parasite–host interactions;however,the role of bacterial associates in parasite–host interactions requires elucidation.In this study,we showed that,instead of introducing numerous symbiotic bacteria,dispersal of 4th-stage juvenile(JIV)pinewood nematodes(PWNs),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,only introduced few bacteria to its vector beetle,Monochamus alternatus(Ma).JIV showed weak binding ability to five dominant bacteria species isolated from the beetles’pupal chamber.This was especially the case for binding to the opportunistic pathogenic species Serratia marcescens;the nematodes’bacteria binding ability at this critical stage when it infiltrates Ma for dispersal was much weaker compared with Caenorhabditis elegans,Diplogasteroides asiaticus,and propagative-stage PWN.The associated bacterium S.marcescens,which was isolated from the beetles’pupal chambers,was unfavorable to Ma,because it caused a higher mortality rate upon injection into tracheae.In addition,S.marcescens in the tracheae caused more immune effector disorders compared with PWN alone.Ma_Galectin2(MaGal2),a pattern-recognition receptor,was up-regulated following PWN loading.Recombinant MaGal2 protein formed aggregates with five dominant associated bacteria in vitro.Moreover,MaGal2 knockdown beetles had up-regulated prophenoloxidase gene expression,increased phenoloxidase activity,and decreased PWN loading.Our study revealed a previously unknown strategy for immune evasion of this plant pathogen inside its vector,and provides novel insights into the role of bacteria in parasite–host interactions.展开更多
Introduction:Management practices are essential for maintaining forest ecological functions under increasing diseases and pest disasters.The effects of nitrogen fertilization(NF)and clear-cutting(CC)on the soil microb...Introduction:Management practices are essential for maintaining forest ecological functions under increasing diseases and pest disasters.The effects of nitrogen fertilization(NF)and clear-cutting(CC)on the soil microbial community structure and greenhouse gases emission were investigated of pinewood nematodes(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)-infected Masson pine(Pinus massoniana)plantations.Outcomes:CC increased the soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC)and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN)contents relative to the control(CK).NF increased the SMBN but had no significant effect on the SMBC content.The total fungal and bacterial abundances increased in the CC treatment compared with the CK,but there was no significant difference between the NF and CK.The cumulative soil CO_(2)emission(-2.35 t C·hm^(-2))was higher than that of CK(1.65 t C·hm^(-2))in summer,and the cumulative annual N_(2)O emission(16.90 kg N·hm^(-2)yr^(-1))of NF was approximately 47 times of CK(0.36 t N·hm^(-2)·yr^(-1)).CC increased the CO_(2)flux(-2.21 t C·hm^(-2))in summer but have no significantly effects on N_(2)O emission.Conclusion:These results indicated that NF and CC practices changed forest soil microbial community structure and affected soil greenhouse gas emissions in pinewood nematodes-infected Masson pine plantations.The CO_(2)emission rates increased in the NF and CC treatments,which reduced the carbon sequestration function of forests and had a negative impact on climate change.展开更多
This article briefly introduced the disease incidence and disservice situation in China. The disease is regarded as cancer in pines for its higher spread and death speed and the difficulty in prevention. Strict quaran...This article briefly introduced the disease incidence and disservice situation in China. The disease is regarded as cancer in pines for its higher spread and death speed and the difficulty in prevention. Strict quarantine is the main measure on countrol of the disease, for there are many difficulties in the prevention. The most important part of the disease study is the early diagnosis and detection.展开更多
This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease （IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03） held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics...This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease （IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03） held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics covered were on pine wilt disease （PWD）, its causal organism, the pinewood nematode （PWN） Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plus other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD such as bacteria （e.g. Pseudomonasfluorescens）. Most of the papers that are reviewed are based on work on PWD-PWN in East Asia and Russia. Specific topics covered include： 1） the fundamental conceptions of PWD development, 2） pathogenicity, 3） host-parasite relationships including the histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4） PWN life cycle and transmission, 5） B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6） associations （with other nematodes）, 7） diagnostics, 8） quarantine and control of the PWN and 9） biocontrol of the PWN.展开更多
基金supported by Grant No.SFRH/BPD/40135/2008 Funded by FCT(POPH-QREN-Typology 4.1,FCI and MEC)
文摘The pinewood nematode（PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become one of the most severe threats to pine forest worldwide. Nematodes, migrating through resin canals and feeding on the living cells, induce rapid metabolic changes in ray parenchyma cells, create cavitation areas, decrease xylem water content and oleoresin exudation, and cause necrosis of parenchyma and cambial cells. This study focused on the impact of PWN infection on technological parameters of wood and evaluated the impact of anatomic and biochemical incidences of tree defense reactions on basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties of Pinus pinaster wood.Samples of infected and uninfected wood were studied.The presence of nematodes reduced wood basic density by2 % and decreased the total content of extractives in infected wood as compared with uninfected（5.98 and8.90 % of dry wood mass, respectively）. Extractives in infected trees had inverse distribution along the trunk as compared with uninfected trees. The adsorption isotherms for infected and uninfected wood had similar positioning.We recorded differences（some statistically significant） in the equilibrium moisture content of infected and uninfected wood under varying environmental conditions. Despite the verified differences in wood basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties, the overall conclusion is that the PWN had a slight impact on these characteristics of wood.
基金Sponsored by Key Agricultural Sci-Tech Program of Shaanxi Province(2008K01-05)
文摘Preservative-treated pinewood is mildewproof, anticorrosive and mothproof, with the long durability and environmental protection as its fine performance. It has become an important material for landscape construction for the wide pine material sources, low price, less deformation, moderate density, good fl exibility and strength, fine texture and good integration with the natural environment. On the basis of introducing pinewood species, preservatives and production process of preservative-treated pinewood, this paper focuses on the application of preservative-treated pinewood used in log cabin, pavilion, service buildings and other garden timber architecture, as well as roads, platforms, bridges, rails, gallery frames, pergolas and other opuscules.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009CB119200 and 2002CB111400)
文摘This paper summarizes the results of our study of the pinewood nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophi-lus).By population genetic analysis,it was determined that there was no genetic bottle caused by the founder effect and genetic drift in the Chinese invasive population.Multiple invasions with large amounts of nematodes from different sources led to rich genetic diversity in the invasive population.Keeping high genetic diversity in the invasive process may be one of the genetic mechanisms in its successful invasion.By testing interspecies competition,it was shown that,with high fecundity and a strong competitive ability,B.xylophilus outcompeted the native species B.mucronatus in the natural ecosystem during the invasion process.Competitive displacement may be one of the ecological mechanisms of B.xylophilus's invasion.In addition,an unequal interspecific hybridization with intro-gress was in favor of the invasive species which also accelerated the replacement of B.mucronatus by B.xylophilus.The structures,functions and evolutions of a few important genes that are closely related to the ecological adaptation of pinewood nematodes were studied to explore the molecular mechanism of its ecological adaptations.Further,the resistance and resilience mechanism of the pine ecosystem invaded by pinewood nematodes was also investigated.The results of these studies uncovered a portion of the genetic and ecological mechanisms of PWN's successful invasion and laid a foundation for further study to obtain a comprehensive interpretation of the mechanisms of the nematode invasion.The results also provided a scientific basis for effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of pine wilt disease which is caused by nematodes.Various aspects requiring further investigation are considered.
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31630013)Frontier Science Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJ-SSW-SMC024).
文摘Symbiotic microbes play a crucial role in regulating parasite–host interactions;however,the role of bacterial associates in parasite–host interactions requires elucidation.In this study,we showed that,instead of introducing numerous symbiotic bacteria,dispersal of 4th-stage juvenile(JIV)pinewood nematodes(PWNs),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,only introduced few bacteria to its vector beetle,Monochamus alternatus(Ma).JIV showed weak binding ability to five dominant bacteria species isolated from the beetles’pupal chamber.This was especially the case for binding to the opportunistic pathogenic species Serratia marcescens;the nematodes’bacteria binding ability at this critical stage when it infiltrates Ma for dispersal was much weaker compared with Caenorhabditis elegans,Diplogasteroides asiaticus,and propagative-stage PWN.The associated bacterium S.marcescens,which was isolated from the beetles’pupal chambers,was unfavorable to Ma,because it caused a higher mortality rate upon injection into tracheae.In addition,S.marcescens in the tracheae caused more immune effector disorders compared with PWN alone.Ma_Galectin2(MaGal2),a pattern-recognition receptor,was up-regulated following PWN loading.Recombinant MaGal2 protein formed aggregates with five dominant associated bacteria in vitro.Moreover,MaGal2 knockdown beetles had up-regulated prophenoloxidase gene expression,increased phenoloxidase activity,and decreased PWN loading.Our study revealed a previously unknown strategy for immune evasion of this plant pathogen inside its vector,and provides novel insights into the role of bacteria in parasite–host interactions.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[31370627]National Key Research and Development Program of China[2017YFC0505500].
文摘Introduction:Management practices are essential for maintaining forest ecological functions under increasing diseases and pest disasters.The effects of nitrogen fertilization(NF)and clear-cutting(CC)on the soil microbial community structure and greenhouse gases emission were investigated of pinewood nematodes(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)-infected Masson pine(Pinus massoniana)plantations.Outcomes:CC increased the soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC)and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN)contents relative to the control(CK).NF increased the SMBN but had no significant effect on the SMBC content.The total fungal and bacterial abundances increased in the CC treatment compared with the CK,but there was no significant difference between the NF and CK.The cumulative soil CO_(2)emission(-2.35 t C·hm^(-2))was higher than that of CK(1.65 t C·hm^(-2))in summer,and the cumulative annual N_(2)O emission(16.90 kg N·hm^(-2)yr^(-1))of NF was approximately 47 times of CK(0.36 t N·hm^(-2)·yr^(-1)).CC increased the CO_(2)flux(-2.21 t C·hm^(-2))in summer but have no significantly effects on N_(2)O emission.Conclusion:These results indicated that NF and CC practices changed forest soil microbial community structure and affected soil greenhouse gas emissions in pinewood nematodes-infected Masson pine plantations.The CO_(2)emission rates increased in the NF and CC treatments,which reduced the carbon sequestration function of forests and had a negative impact on climate change.
文摘This article briefly introduced the disease incidence and disservice situation in China. The disease is regarded as cancer in pines for its higher spread and death speed and the difficulty in prevention. Strict quarantine is the main measure on countrol of the disease, for there are many difficulties in the prevention. The most important part of the disease study is the early diagnosis and detection.
基金supportedby a Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30430580)the State Forestry Administration of China (Grant No.20070430)a review is done in frames of the project 10-04-01644-a of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
文摘This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease （IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03） held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics covered were on pine wilt disease （PWD）, its causal organism, the pinewood nematode （PWN） Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plus other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD such as bacteria （e.g. Pseudomonasfluorescens）. Most of the papers that are reviewed are based on work on PWD-PWN in East Asia and Russia. Specific topics covered include： 1） the fundamental conceptions of PWD development, 2） pathogenicity, 3） host-parasite relationships including the histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4） PWN life cycle and transmission, 5） B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6） associations （with other nematodes）, 7） diagnostics, 8） quarantine and control of the PWN and 9） biocontrol of the PWN.
