Review of Plant Essential Oils for Plant Pests Management

This paper reviews the origins and classification of plant essential oil resources,along with prevalent extraction techniques for their active constituents.By integrating insights on the utilization of plant essential oils for plant pest management,the comprehensive analysis reveals multiple functionalities exhibited by plant essential oils,including fumigation,contact toxicity,repellent action,antifeedant activity,and growth inhibition.Furthermore,the paper highlights the challenges associated with plant essential oils in plant protection and outlines future research directions,aiming to offer valuable insights for the advancement of botanical insecticides.

Initial Screening of 10 Plant Essential Oils in Vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Blueberry Pathogens

In order to develop natural antistaling agent for blueberries preservation,the antibacterial activities of 10 kinds of plant essential oils were analyzed by oxford-cup test and tube dilution method,and their inhibitory abilities to two kinds of representative Gram bacteria which are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus,and three kinds of harmful fungi in blueberries,involving Alternaria alternata,Penicillium digitatum and Botrytis cinerea,were tested.The results showed that 7 kinds of essential oils can inhibit the three fungi,among which cinnamon oil,clove oil,anise oil and thyme oil have strong fungi static efficacy.Cinnamon oil and thyme oil can effectively inhibit the Gram-positive bacterium(Staphylococcus aureus);cinnamon oil and masson pine oil are strongly inhibitory to Gram-negative bacterium(E.coli).Cinnamon oil has broad-spectrum ability to inhibit fungi,Gram-negative and positive bacteria,with a minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)ranging from 0.0391 to 0.1560 L/mL.With strong inhibition effects on fungi,cinnamon oil can be used as a compound base oil and mixed with other essential oils to retain the freshness of blueberries,thus achieving better antibacterial and anti-corrosion effects.

Efficacies of four plant essential oils as larvicide, pupicide and oviposition deterrent agents against dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti Linn.(Diptera: Culicidae)

Objective:To evaluate larvicidal,pupicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of four plant essential oils from Alpinia galanga(L.)Willd rhizome,Anethum graveolens L.(An.graveolens)fruit,Foeniculum vulgare Mill.fruit,and Pimpinella anisum L.fruit against Aedes aegypti(Ae.aegypti).Methods:Four essential oils at 1%,5%and 10%concentrations were assessed for insecticidal activity against larvae and pupae of Ae.aegypti,following the procedure of a dipping method assay.Oviposition deterrent activity of four essential oils was evaluated on gravid female of Ae.aegypti by a dual-choice oviposition bioassay.Results:The results revealed that An.graveolens oil provided the strongest larvicidal activity against Ae.aegypti among four tested plant essential oils with the highest mortality rate of 100%and LC_(50)value of-0.3%.From the pupicidal experiment,An.graveolens also showed the highest toxicity against Ae.aegypti pupae with the highest mortality rate of 100%at 72 h and LC_(50)value of2.9%.In addition,10%An.graveolens had an oviposition deterrent effect against Ae.aegypti with effective repellency of 100%and an oviposition activity index of-1.0.Conclusions:An.graveolens oil has a good potential as a larvicidal,pupicidal and oviposition deterrent agent for controlling Ae.aegypti.

Effects of Plant Extracts Replacing Anticoccidial Drugs on Broiler Performance and Fecal Coccidia Count

[Objective]The paper was to investigate the impact of plant extracts replacing anticoccidial drugs on growth performance and fecal coccidia count in broilers.[Method]A total of 234 one-day-old healthy yellow-feathered broilers were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups,with 6 replicates in each group and 13 broilers in each replicate.The test lasted for a total of 55 d,The control group was fed the basic diet,the anticoccidial group was fed the basic diet+500 g/t dinitolmide,and the plant extract group was fed the basic diet+500 g/t plant extract.[Result]The daily gain of the plant extract group from 1 to 21 days of age was significantly higher than that of the anticoccidial drug group(P<0.05),and the feed/gain ratio was significantly lower than that of the anticoccidial drug group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in daily gain and feed intake between the plant extract group and the anticoccidial drug group from 1 to 55 days of age(P>0.05),and the feed/gain ratio was reduced by 6.30%and the mortality and culling rate was reduced by 10.26%.The number of fecal coccidia at 33 days of age in the plant extract group was found to be significantly lower than that observed in the anticoccidial group and the control group(P<0.05).In conclusion,the administration of plant extracts resulted in a notable enhancement in the growth performance of chicks aged 1-21 days,when compared with the use of anticoccidial drugs.No significant difference was observed in growth performance between the plant extract and the anticoccidial drugs from 1 to 55 days of age.The administration of plant extracts resulted in a notable reduction in the fecal coccidia count.[Conclusion]Plant extracts may serve as viable alternatives to anticoccidial drugs and show promise for application in animal husbandry.

Termiticidal and Biochemical Activity of Combinatorial Essential Oil Ingredients of Tagetes erecta on Indian White Termite Odontotermes obesus

In present investigation, various bio-molecular parameters i.e. glycogen, protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA and lipid, were determined for evaluation of anti-termite efficacy of Tagetes erecta essential oil based combinatorial formulations against Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus. For this purpose, 40% and 80% of 24 hrs of LD50 values of various formulations were provided for treatment of termite workers. Observations were taken at 4 hrs time interval up to 16 hrs to know inhibitory activity of these combinatorial mixtures on termite species Odontotermes obesus. Significant (p > 0.05) alterations were observed in the level above mentioned bio-molecules when termites were treated with different combinatorial essential oils ingredients of Citrus maxima. Combinatorial mixtures of Tagetes erecta essential oils have shown synergistic activity against termites. This study will provide an overall sustainable way to termite control in crop field, gardens and houses. It also suggests use of essential oils as better alternative of synthetic termiticides as these are safer for environmental and human health.

Impact of Asarum Essential Oils on Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Two Agricultural Pests

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of asarum essential oils on physiological and biochemical indices of two agricultural pests. [Method]Asarum essential oils were extracted by different methods,and their effects on physiological and biochemical indices related to the structure of body wall（ chitin and phenoloxidase）,the physiological and biochemical indices acting on the nervous system（ Acetylcholinesterase）,and the physiological and biochemical indices acting on the digestive system（ protease,amylase and lipase） of Ostrinia furnacalis and Mythimna seperata were studied. [Result]Asarum essential oils had no effect no chitin content of body wall under the experimental concentration,and had no inhibitory effect but activated effect on polyphenol oxidase activity. Asarum essential oils could act on the nervous system of insect,and had strong inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase activity of O. furnacalis larvae,with inhibition rates of 24. 86%- 38. 79%. Asarum essential oils showed a significant activated effect on pepsin activity in midgut,but the activated amplitude became smaller with the prolongation of treatment time. Asarum essential oils showed a significant inhibitory effect on activities of amylase and lipase,indicating that it could play an insecticidal effect by inhibiting activity of amylase and lipase,and it could act on digestive system of insect. [Conclusion]The study laid the foundation for further development of asarum as botanical pesticide.

Effect of Oregano Carvacrol on Growth Performance of Broiler

The product of plant essential oil, oregano carvacrol, was added in the diet of broiler, to study the effect of oregano carvacrol on growth performance of broilers. Using single factor test, 190 663 individuals of healthy AA broilers at 0 day old were randomly divided into two groups, eight repeats in control group and four repeats in experimental group. The broilers in control group were fed with basal diet （containing 10 mg/kg cnramycin and 60 mg/kg salinomycin sodium）, and those in experimental groups were fed with the basal diet adding with 100 mg/kg oregano carvacrol. Compared with control group, the daily gain of broilers in exper- imental group was increased noticeably by 3.41 g/broiler （P 〈 0. 05） ; the slaughter quality was increased remarkably by 143 g/broiler （P 〈 0.05 ） ; the survival rate was increased significantly by 3.01% （ P 〈 0.05 ） ; and the feed gain ratio was reduced markedly by 0.08 （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The paper provided a theoretical basis for application of oregano carvacrol in broiler production.

Antifungal Effect of Plant Extract and Essential Oil

The advancement of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has enabled elucidation of the composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant products including plant extract and essential oils. These products have been widely used around the world since ancient times for the treatment of various disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, microbial infection, sexual disorder and many more. Its popularity in the modern system of medicine is mainly due to their availability and fewer adverse reactions compared to synthetic drugs. Various scientific investigations have been conducted to look for the potential of the extract from the plant or isolated compounds for the continued use of these products in the treatment and prevention of various kinds of human diseases. It is evident from the available literature and scientific investigations that many plant species possess potential for use as a beneficial therapeutic remedy with multiple pharmacological actions such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, antiulcer and anticonvulsant activities. The present review aims to provide relevant updated information about certain plant products, its composition, preparation and its fungicidal or fungistatic effects on different species of fungus as evaluated by studies done in the past. It introduces six medicinal plants that have been studied for their antifungal property and are found to be effective. The overall objective is to provide comprehensive information about the use of plant extract and essential oil for treating fungal infections and to explore the evidence supporting its effectiveness in treating fungal diseases without causing any serious adverse reactions.

15种植物精油添加剂热稳定性和体外抑菌作用研究

肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚、百里香酚等植物精油活性物质具有广谱抑菌作用,在兽用抗菌药物减量化使用试点行动推动下,以植物精油为核心的添加剂产品越来越多。本研究旨在比较市售的15种猪、禽用植物精油添加剂的热稳定性,并探究它们对畜禽生产中常见病原菌的体外抑菌作用,以期为植物精油添加剂的合理使用提供参考。分别以多重耐药的猪源沙门菌、大肠杆菌和链球菌以及禽源沙门菌和大肠杆菌为研究对象,以大肠杆菌ATCC25922为质控菌,采用微量肉汤法体外测定肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚、百里香酚和各精油添加剂的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。通过棋盘稀释法比较肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚不同复配组合对猪源大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。将每种添加剂等量分为对照组和热处理组,分别经乙醚抽提和气相色谱仪分析后,对每种添加剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚及其总量进行测定比较。结果显示:6株供试菌株对肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚均表现出高度敏感性(MIC值0.25～2 mg/mL);当香芹酚:百里香酚和丁香酚?百里香酚复配比例为2∶1时表现出协同作用(FICI=0.5);植物精油添加剂EG2对6株供试菌无明显抑菌作用,其余14种产品的MIC值为1～32 mg/mL。此外,15种添加剂含肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚的总量范围在2.64～691.40 mg/g;15种产品热处理前后精油总量变化范围在0.2%～14.11%。综上所述,受试精油添加剂产品普遍热稳定性较好,并具有一定的抑菌作用,且抑菌效果与产品肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚、百里香酚和精油总量存在一定的正相关;EG7、EG3、ES2、ES1、EAP2和EP1这6种产品的体外抑菌效果明显,有潜力用于预防和治疗多重耐药菌引起的猪禽疾病。