STUDY ON HYDROLYSIS RESISTANT POLYCARBONATE POLYURETHANE EPOXY RESIN BLENDS

This paper studies the structure and properties of the polycarbonate polyurethane epoxy resin (PCPU EP) blends being resistant to hydrolysis.The samples were analyzed by an infrared spectrometer,a differential scanning calorimeter,a scanning electron microscope and a dynamic viscoelastometer.The results show that PCPU EP blends have excellent resistance to hydrolysis and mechanical properties at the ratio of PCPU to EP equal to 10/100 (wt/wt).

Synthesis of isosorbide-based polycarbonates via melt polycondensation catalyzed by quaternary ammonium ionic liquids

A series of quaternary ammonium ionic liquids(ILs)were synthesized and employed as catalysts for the production of poly(isosorbide carbonate)(PIC)from diphenyl carbonate and isosorbide via a melt polycondensation process.The relationship between the anions of the ILs and the catalytic activities was investigated,and the readily‐prepared IL tetraethylammonium imidazolate(TEAI)was found to exhibit the highest catalytic activity.After optimizing the reaction conditions,a PIC with a weight‐average molecular weight(Mw)of25600g/mol was obtained,in conjunction with an isosorbide conversion of92%.As a means of modifying the molecular flexibility and thermal properties of the PIC,poly(aliphatic diol‐co‐isosorbide carbonate)s(PAIC)s were successfully synthesized,again using TEAI,and polymers with Mw values ranging from29000to112000g/mol were obtained.13C NMR analyses determined that the PAIC specimens had random microstructures,while differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that each of the PAICs were amorphous and had glass transition temperatures ranging from50to115°C.Thermogravimetric analyses found Td‐5%values ranging from316to332°C for these polymers.Based on these data,it is evident that the incorporation of linear or cyclohexane‐based diol repeating units changed the thermal properties of the PIC.

Synthesis and properties of novel aliphatic polycarbonate from carbon dioxide with 1,2-butylene oxide and ε-caprolactone

A new degradable aliphatic poly(butylene-co-e-caprolactone carbonate) (PBCL) was synthesized through the terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, 1,2-butylene oxide (BO) and e-caprolactone (CL), a polymer supported bimetallic complex (PBM) was used as a catalyst. The terpolymers prepared were characterized by FT-IR,1H NMR, 13C NMR, WXRD and DSC. The hydrolysis tests were carried out to appraise the degradability of the copolymers.

An Experimental Study of Bulge-Forming Polycarbonate (PC)Semisphere Shell Parts

In this paper, a new bulge-forming technology is described to manufacture a polycarbonate semisphere shell. Some experiments have been done, and the experimental results show that this technique is feasible to form polycarbonate part. But the wall thickness distribution of the bulged specimen by this method is not so even.

Polycarbonate/Polypropylene/Fibrillar Silicate Ternary Nanocomposites via Two-step Blending Process: Degradation and Morphology

The method of two-step melt blending was used to prepare polycarbonate/polypropylene/attapulgite ternary nanocomposite, and the various techniques including gel permeation chromatography, rheometer, transmis- sion electron microscope, dynamic mechanical analysis were used to examine the degradation of polycarbonate (PC) and the nanocomposite morphology. The results showed that the molecular weight degradation of PC triggered by attapulgite (AT) during the direct blending process was inhibited effectively by using two-step melt blending, in which AT was blended with polypropylene (PP) prior to compound with PC. The morphology of encapsulation was formed in the PC matrix, where PP encapsulates AT fibrillar single crystals to form a core-shell inclusion. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements showed that the PC/PP/AT ternary nanocomposites were more effective than conventional PC/PP blends in reinforcement, meanwhile the addition of AT in the ternary nanocomposites shifted the glass transition temperature of the PP phase to a higher value.

Polycarbonate/Polypropylene/Fibrillar Silicate Ternary Nanocomposites: Morphology and Mechanical Properties

Polycarbonate （pc）/polypropylene （pp）/silicate attapulgite （AT） ternary nanocomposites were first prepared via the two-step melt blending process. Phase structure of the ternary composites was characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）, in which the morphology of encapsulation of AT by PP in the PC matrix were observed. The mechanical properties of the ternary composites were investigated using the tensile tester and Izod impact tester. The results show that encapsulation of AT by PP in PC enhances the toughness of the matrix effectively and give the best tensile and impact strength.

Preparation of Indium Tin Oxide Films on Polycarbonate substrates by Radio-frequency Magnetron Sputtering

Indium tin oxide（ITO）thin films（100±10nm）were deposited on PC（polycarbonate）and glass substrates by rf（radio-frequency）mannetron spuutering.The oxygen content of the ITO films was changed by variation of the sputtering gas composition.All the other deposition parameters were kept constant.The sheet resistance.optical transmittance and microstructure of ITO films were investigated using a four-point probe.spectrophotometer,X-ray diffractometer（XRD）and atomic force microscope（AFM）.Sheet resistances for the ITO films with optical transmittance more than 75% on PC substrates varied from 40Ω/cm^2 to more than 104 Ω/cm^2 with increasing oxygen partial pressure from O to about 2%.The same tendeney of sheet resistances increasing with increasing oxygen partial pressure was observed on glass substrates.The X-ray diffraction data indicated polycrystalline filns with grain orientations predominantly along（440）and （422）directions.The intensities of （440）and （422）peaks increased slightly with the increase of oxygen partial pressure both on PC and glass substrates.The AFM images show that the ITO films on PC substrates were dense and uniform.The average grain size of the films was about 40nm.

Reactive Flash Simulation of the Continuous Melt Transesterification Process of Polycarbonate

A model of the continuous melt transesterification process of bisphenol-A and diphenyl carbonate in a continuous stirred tank reactor to produce polycarbonate is presented. The model is developed by using the molecular species model of polycarbonate melt polycondensation and the modeling method of reactive flash. Liquid phase is treated as perfect mixed flow and the vapor phase is assumed following the ideal gas law. With this model, the continuous melt transesterification process of bisphenol-A and diphenyl carbonate is examined with respect to different orocess parameters.

STUDIES ON MISCIBILITY OF POLY (ε-CAPROLACTONE) AND ALIPHATIC POLYCARBONATE BLENDS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR INTERACTION PARAMETER

In this paper the miscibility of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and aliphatic polycarbonate (APC) is studied by using DSC. The results show that PCL and APC are miscible in all ranges of composition. The interaction parameter between the polymers is calculated from the melting point depression data. Using optical microscope, the shapes of the PCL spherulites in the blends are observed.

NMR IMAGING OF ACETONE DIFFUSION PROCESS IN POLYCARBONATE

Acetone diffusion in polycarbonate was investigated by spin-echo ~1H NMR imaging method at room temperature. The result shows that the diffusion process satisfies Case Ⅱ diffusion. The velocity of diffusion front is 13.8nm sec^(-1)(0.05mm/h).

Preparation and Cytotoxicity of Novel Aliphatic Polycarbonate Synthesized from Dihydroxyacetone

A new cyclic carbonate, 2,2-ethylenedioxypropane-1,3-diol carbonate (EOPDC), was synthesized through a two-step reaction from dihydroxyacetone dimer, and polymerized in bulk initiated by Sn(Oct)2 to give a high molecular weight polycarbonate. The structure of monomer and the polymer were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. The cytotoxicity of the obtained polycarbonate was investigated by MTT assay.

Surface Modification of Polycarbonate Urethane by Covalent Linkage of Heparin with a PEG Spacer

Heparin was grafted onto polycarbonate urethane (PCU) surface via a three-step procedure utilizing α, ωdiamino-poly(ethylene glycol) (APEG, M n =2 000) as a spacer. In the first step, isocyanate functional groups were introduced onto PCU surface by the treatment of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. In the second step, APEG was linked to the PCU surface to obtain the APEG conjugated PCU surface (PCU-APEG). In the third step, heparin was covalently coupled with PCU-APEG in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamidopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC). The amount of heparin (1.639 μg/cm 2 ) covalently immobilized on the PCU-APEG surface was determined by the toluidine blue method. The modified surface was characterized by water contact angle, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hemocompatibility was preliminarily studied by platelet adhesion test. The results indicated that heparin was successfully grafted onto the PCU surface, and meanwhile the hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of the modified PCU surface were improved significantly compared with the blank PCU surface.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of Polyamide 6/Polycarbonate

Blends of polyamide 6 and polycarbonate were prepared by a Brabender mixer （ PLV- 151） at 240 ℃ with 30 rpm for time 15, 8 and 6 minutes respectively. The thermal properties of blends with constituent ratio of 100/0, 60/40 and 20/80 are examined by Differential scanning calorimetry. DSC measures the temperatures and heat flow associated with transitions in materials as a function of time and temperature. The melting point temperature （Tm）, crystalline temperature （Tc）, and glass transition temperature （Tg） are observed.

Rheological properties of novel thermo-responsive polycarbonates aqueous solutions

Thermo-responsive multiblock polycarbonates were facilely synthesized by covalently binding poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) and poly(propylene glycol)(PPG) blocks,using triphosgene as coupling agent and pyridine as catalyst.The aqueous solutions of thermo-responsive polycarbonates were investigated by rheological measurements.Steady-state shear measurements reveal that the polycarbonate solutions exhibit shear-thinning behavior and the hydrophilic content has a pronounced effect on the flow behavior of the polycarbonates aqueous solutions.The shear viscosity decreases with increasing poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) composition.The increase of viscosity with increasing concentration is probably attributed to the formation of stronger network owing to interchain entanglement of PEO block at higher concentration.When the flow curves are fitted to the power law model,flow index is obtained to be less than 1,as exhibiting typical pesudoplastic fluid.The viscoelastic properties of the system also show close dependence on the composition of polycarbonates.Temperature sweep confirms that the multiblock polycarbonates exhibit thermo-responsive properties.For 7% aqueous solution of polycarbonate with composition ratio of EO to PO of 1/1,the sol-gel transition occurs at 37 ℃,which makes the system suitable as an injectable drug delivery system.

Morphology and Compatibility of Compatibilized Polyethersulfone and Polycarbonate Blends

A PES-PC （polyethersulfone-polycarbonate） multi block random copolymer was synthesized with two oligomers, polyethersulfone and polycarbonate. The effects of the copolymer, as a compatibilizer, on the morphology and compatibility of the PES-PC blends were investigated. It was found that the addition of this copolymer to the PES-PC blends could improve their compatibility.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Aliphatic Polycarbonates Bearing Pendant Allyl Ether Groups

A new six-membered cyclic carbonate monomer, 5-allyloxytrimethylene carbonate （ATMC）, was synthesized starting from glycerol, and the corresponding polycarbonates, poly（5-allyloxytrimethylene carbonate）（PATMC） were further synthesized by ring-opening polymerization in bulk at 150℃ using stannous octanoate as an initiator. The structures of the monomer and the polymers were confirmed by IR, IH-NMR, 13C-NMR, and GPC analysis.

Study of Flame Retardation of Polycarbonate Modified by Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane and Caged Bicyclic Phosphate

The flame-retarded polycarbonate（PC） has been made with octaphenyl polyhedral silsesquioxane（OPS） and/or caged bicyclic phosphate（Trimer）.Thermal gravimetric analysis（TGA）,Fourier-transform infrared（FTIR）,TGA-FTIR,limiting oxygen index（LOI）,and mechanical tests have been employed to characterize the modified PC.The additives of OPS and Trimer in PC have been proved to be effective flame-retardants because of the synergistic interaction between the elements of P and Si.The role of OPS and Trimer in PC degradation are different：OPS participates in the charring of PC,while Trimer makes PC degrade in advance.In addition,OPS and Trimer induced obvious differences in the mechanical properties of PC.

MODIFICATION OF SURFACE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYCARBONATE BY B^+ AND O^+ IONS IMPLANTATION

By implanting B+ and O+ ions respectively into polycarbonate (PC) plates, the surface mechanical properties of PC have been improved. Measurement by Nano Indenter II showed that the hardness of samples increased 7-25 times than that before implantation; and the modulus of elasticity raised 2-5 times. The wear-resistance was tested by ball crusher; the width and depth of the wear-streak decreased by 1/3-1/2 or even more. The structure, deformation and appearance were analyzed by using Micro-FTIR Spectra, ESCA method and the steps instrument. These analyses showed that the structure of PC had been modified: a series of new cross-linking yielded, it depends on the Linear Energy Transition (LET) of implanted ions in the high polymer compounds.

Unveiling chain–chain interactions in CO2-based crystalline stereocomplexed polycarbonates by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations

CO2-based stereocomplexed polycarbonates derived from the intermolecularly interlocked interaction between the enantiopure polymers with the opposite configuration exhibit high crystallinity, excellent thermal and mechanical stabilities. Deep insights into the mechanism of stereocomplexation are of particular importance to the design and manufacture of new promising and sustainable polycarbonates with enhanced physicochemical properties. Our solid-state NMR experiments linking with DFT computations clearly reveal the specific chain-chain interactions in a typical stereocomplexed poly（4,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo[5.1.0] octane carbonate）（PCXC）.13C CP/MAS NMR,1H DUMBO MAS NMR and 13C/1H relaxation-time measurements indicate that the formation of stereocomplex reduces the local mobilities of carbonyl, methine and methylene groups in each chain of PCXC significantly. Through a combination of two-dimensional 1H-13C HETCOR NMR and DFT calculation analysis, the cis-/trans-conformations and packing models of PCXC chains in the amorphous, enantionpure isotactic and stereocomplexed polycarbonates are identified. The splitting of 13C and 1H NMR chemical shifts of methine groups in the backbone carbon region demonstrates the ordered interlock interactions between the R-and S-chain in the stereocomplexed PCXC.