A pore network model was used in this paper to investigate the factors, in particular, throat radius, wettability and initial water saturation, causing water block in low permeability reservoirs. A new term - ＇relati...A pore network model was used in this paper to investigate the factors, in particular, throat radius, wettability and initial water saturation, causing water block in low permeability reservoirs. A new term - ＇relative permeability number＇ （RPN） was firstly defined, and then used to describe the degree of water block. Imbibition process simulations show that the RPN drops in accordance with the extension of the averaged pore throat radius from 0.05 to 1.5 μm, and yet once beyond that point of 1.5 μm, the RPN reaches a higher value, indicating the existence of a critical pore throat radius where water block is the maximum. When the wettability of the samples changes from water-wet to weakly water-wet, weakly gas-wet, or gas（oil）-wet, the gas RPN increases consistently, but this consistency is disturbed by the RPN dropping for weakly water-wet samples for water saturations less than 0.4, which means weakly waterwet media are more easily water blocked than water-wet systems. In the situation where the initial water saturation exceeds 0.05, water block escalates along with an increase in initial water saturation.展开更多
基金support from the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (Grant No: 2008ZX05054)the Non-main Petroleum Subject Cultivating Fund of China University of Petroleum.
文摘A pore network model was used in this paper to investigate the factors, in particular, throat radius, wettability and initial water saturation, causing water block in low permeability reservoirs. A new term - ＇relative permeability number＇ （RPN） was firstly defined, and then used to describe the degree of water block. Imbibition process simulations show that the RPN drops in accordance with the extension of the averaged pore throat radius from 0.05 to 1.5 μm, and yet once beyond that point of 1.5 μm, the RPN reaches a higher value, indicating the existence of a critical pore throat radius where water block is the maximum. When the wettability of the samples changes from water-wet to weakly water-wet, weakly gas-wet, or gas（oil）-wet, the gas RPN increases consistently, but this consistency is disturbed by the RPN dropping for weakly water-wet samples for water saturations less than 0.4, which means weakly waterwet media are more easily water blocked than water-wet systems. In the situation where the initial water saturation exceeds 0.05, water block escalates along with an increase in initial water saturation.
文摘为了研究高频纳秒脉冲电场(ns PEFs)杀伤肿瘤细胞的机理,结合笛卡尔传输网格(CTL)和动态电穿孔等效电路模型对1个典型的2维多细胞系统在ns PEFs作用下的穿孔特性进行了仿真。利用Pspice仿真软件建立了该多细胞系统电路模型,并分析了其穿孔数量和穿孔半径变化特性。首先施加了10个场强、频率和脉宽分别为5k V/cm、1 MHz和500 ns的高频纳秒脉冲到该多细胞系统模型,结果表明随脉冲个数增加穿孔区域分布变化不大,而穿孔半径分布有明显的累积效应,细胞外膜和细胞核膜上部分孔的半径逐渐增大。同时比较了电场强度为3、5和10 k V/cm时该系统中穿孔数量和最大孔径随脉冲个数增加的变化情况。结果显示场强增加时穿孔数量明显增加,特别是场强从3 k V/cm提高到10 k V/cm时,系统整个细胞核膜从未穿孔到穿孔数量增加到2.658 4×105个。另外,穿孔半径仍然存在累积效应。仿真结果说明适当参数的高频ns PEFs能使细胞核膜发生穿孔,并起到扩大细胞部分穿孔半径的作用,可为后续实验研究选择高频纳秒脉冲参数提供依据。
