Power cost minimization in data centers Via Lyapunov optimization

With the advent of big data,the demand for computing has been increasing in a very large scale for the past decade,so geographically distributed data centers are erected in the direction of cloud computing development. A Lyapunov optimization approach is considered for the problem of minimizing energy cost for distributed Internet data centers( IDCs). By capturing the power cost of servers and cooling systems,the Lyapunov optimization technique is formulated to design a decisive strategy that offers provable power cost minimization and Qo S guarantees. The algorithm performance and effectiveness are validated via simulations driven by real world traces.

ZTE DSLAM Improves Operators' Carbon Footprint and Slashes Power Costs

ZTE Corporation (ZTE), a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, revealed on May 6, 2008 that its award winning Broadband Universal Access System could help operators make a major impact on their carbon footprint as well as save millions of dollars a year in power costs. ZTE’s DSLAM ZXDSL FSAP 9806H overreaches the European code of conduct on energy consumption for broadband equipment, offering a significant power consumption savings per port.

Reactive Power and FACTS Cost Models’ Impact on Nodal Pricing in Hybrid Electricity Markets

In a competitive environment reactive power management is an essential service provided by independent system operator taking into account the voltage security and transmission losses. The system operator adopts a transparent and non-dis-criminatory procedure to procure the reactive power supply for optimal deployment in the system. Since generators’ are the main source of reactive power generation and the cost of the reactive power should be considered for their noticeable impact on both real and reactive power marginal prices. In this paper, a method based on marginal cost theory is presented for locational marginal prices calculation for real and reactive power considering different reactive power cost models of generators’ reactive support. With the presence of FACTS controllers in the system for more flexible operation, their impact on nodal prices can not be ignored for wheeling cost determination and has also to be considered taking their cost function into account. The results have been obtained for hybrid electricity market model and results have also been computed for pool model for comparison. Mixed Integer Non-linear programming (MINLP) approach has been formulated for solving the complex problem with MATLAB and GAMS interfacing. The proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS).

Analysis and Research on Low-Cost and Non-Intrusive Power Metering Chip

Metering technology is one of the core technologies of the smart power grid. The overall metering solution and related products have a wide market space in the whole process of power production, which bring new opportunities for power distribution development from automation to intelligentialize, and provide technical supports for the power metering system platform. Because of the importance of metering products and their market demand, this paper focuses on the design of a simple power metering chip with low-cost, low-precision and non-invasive, so as to lay the foundation for the development and practical technology accumulation of power metering products. The design achieves low cost by reducing the acquisition accuracy, simplifying the collection and sampling methods. This paper studies the chip accuracy, sampling methods, collection methods, and the inference of the chip characteristics requirements.

A Power Grid Optimization Algorithm by Direct Observation of Manufacturing Cost Reduction

With the recent advances of the VLSI technologies, stabilizing the physical behavior of VLSI chips is becoming a very complicated problem. Power grid optimization is required to minimize the risks of timing error by IR drop, defects by electro migration (EM), and manufacturing cost by the chip size. This problem includes complicated tradeoff relationships. We propose a new approach by observing the direct objectives of manufacturing cost, and timing error risk caused by IR drop and EM. The manufacturing cost is based on yield for LSI chip. The optimization is executed in early phase of the physical design, and the purpose is to find the rough budget of decoupling capacitors that may cause block size increase. Rough budgeting of the power wire width is also determined simultaneously. The experimental result shows that our approach enables selection of a cost sensitive result or a performance sensitive result in early physical design phase.

Probabilistic Analysis of Life Cycle Cost for Power Transformer

The selection of power transformer is very important to power sector. Most methods are utilized according to the initial cost and don’t consider the synthetical evaluation of economy and technology. Based on previous research, this paper addresses a new practical probabilistic life cycle cost model. Then, in order to demonstrate the practicability of probabilistic life cycle cost for the power transformer, illustrative investment alternatives of actual power transformers are discussed. From the result of the numerical investigation, it may be positively stated that the optimum investment alternative for the power transformer based on the probabilistic life cycle cost model proposed in this study will lead to a more rational, economical and effective procedure compared with the conventional method only considering the initial cost.

A Novel PSO Algorithm for Optimal Production Cost of the Power Producers with Transient Stability Constraints

The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.

基于Power BI的核电大修工单成本分析工具开发与应用

介绍了基于Power BI搭建大修工单成本分析数据模型的开发过程以及应用情况。通过与工单系统的动态关联,准确统计出大修某个工单、某个系统、某个子项、某个区域或是某次大修的成本。基于对大修成本数据的精细分析,从单纯的财务指标计划驱动完成了向业务精益驱动的过程管控转变,持续挖掘大修成本的精益空间,单次大修直接经济效益均超过1000万元,累计效益达7648万元,同时提升成本管理的事前决策支持与业务指导能力,促进大修业务管理水平的持续提升。

Power Pool中发电公司的竞价策略

研究了电力联营体 (Power Pool)中发电公司的报价策略。在非完全竞争的 Power Pool中 ,发电公司可以作为一个价格接受者 ,也可利用其市场势力操纵市场价格。发电公司作为价格接受者时将基于边际成本曲线报价 ,但其最低报价必须根据市场行情而变化 ;具有市场势力的发电公司可以采取限制产量、抬高电价的策略。 Power Pool中市场势力的存在不利于资源的优化配置和利用。

How to Realize Power Price Reduction in China?

In order to make power price truly reflect the cost of electric power and a reasonable profit without making the price unaffordable to the public, the government would have to adopt measures including tax reduction, surcharge reduction, debt relief and coal price reduction.

基于Power On项目管理系统房地产项目成本控制探究

利用项目管理软件集成系统进行企业级项目管理得到了许多尝试和推广,是企业提高管理效率、有效控制成本的工具,为企业带来了很好的管理效果。运用项目管理软件,建立项目管理模型,在项目管理的各个环节中进行成本控制研究。房地产企业通过在Power On平台上做项目管理与成本控制的尝试,主要从企业的组织管理机构、项目前期策划、设计、招投标、施工、竣工验收维修等阶段,探究开发过程中成本控制效果。

可视化软件包Power World Simulator在最优潮流计算中的应用

介绍了在考虑输电阻塞的情况下,采用可视化软件包Power World Simulator展示电力系统中以发电成本最小为目标的最优潮流的计算和分析方法,实例表明该软件包能够直观、形象地展示出配电网最优潮流的计算结果和分析过程.

A Novel Hybrid Approach to Estimate Customer Interruption Costs for Industry Sectors

The power system infrastructure, operations and market have gone through radical changes for the last couple of decades. The society has become more dependent to the continuous electric power supply and hence the concept of electric power reliability has become more significant. At this point, understanding the economic outcomes of power outages is vital and imperative for both utilities and the customers. There are certain methodologies to understand the costs of power interruptions. This paper suggests a novel hybrid method that comprises of customer surveys and direct analytical methods to reach customer specific, objective and reliable results for the industry sector customers. The paper also brings a statistical approach to censor the zero and extreme responses given via the surveys.

A 2.4-GHz-Low-Power CMOS RF Transmitter for IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

This paper presents the experimental results of a low-power RF transmitter for 2.4-GHz-band IEEE 802.15.4 standard in 0.18-μm CMOS technology. In order to make an adaptive RF transmitter, several factors must be considered. The most important factors are performances, power consumption, output power, noise factor, and cost. The RF transmitter comprises a quadrature passive mixer, and a power amplifier. The proposed RF transmitter consumes only 10.8-mW under a supply voltage of 1.8-V.

Technical and Economical Merits of Power Systems Interconnection

This work aims at exploring the effects of the interconnection between isolated electric power systems upon some important aspects such as enhancing reliability levels along with reducing installation and operation costs. To discern the advantages associated with this study, the developed methodology has been applied to three existing power systems in the northern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia presently within the concession domain of the Saudi Electric Company (SEC). These systems have been established to meet the present loads and to withstand future electrical demands for a period of time before additional generation and transmission reinforcements are needed. In this work, reliability measures have been utilized to determine the period that these systems can fulfill the present and future loads without affecting the reliability levels and the threshold that an additional capacity should be added to maintain those required reliability levels. In application to the reliability criteria, technical, operational and economic advantages can be realized, i.e., higher reliability levels and lower installation and operation costs after the proposed interconnection between these selected isolated power systems take place.

Supply Chain Cooperation between Coal Enterprise and Electric Power Enterprise in China

Based on the two-stage Stackelberg game method, value creation of supply chain cooperation between coal enterprise and power utilities is studied by formulating profit functions of coal and power enterprises and calculating the maximum profit. According to the analysis, it is found that the profit from supply chain cooperation between coal and power enterprises is more than that of non- cooperation. The cooperation is validated to be beneficial for both units; however, the profit is mainly taken by the power enterprise. Thus, it is necessary to set up the incentive mechanism to distribute cooperation value between coal and power enterprises to promote their continual cooperation.

Evaluation of Medical Costs of Kidney Diseases and Risk Factors in Japan

Background: Kidney (renal) diseases and dialysis are among the most costly disorders and represent a worldwide burden. In this study, we evaluate the medical costs for individuals with kidney diseases and risk factors for the diseases in Japan. Data and Methods: The dataset used contained 113,979 medical checkups and 3,172,066 medical cost records obtained from 48,022 individuals in one health insurance society. The sample period was April 2013 to March 2016. We evaluated the distribution of all medical costs, and those of kidney diseases specifically. Then the power transformation Tobit model was used to remove the effects of other variables. Finally, a probit analysis was used to analyze the risk factors. Results: In 0.25% of all cases, individuals were diagnosed with kidney diseases. An individual with kidney disease cost 14.5 times more than those without kidney disease. If the diseases progressed into chronic kidney disease (CKD), the medical costs increased substantially. Even disregarding various characteristics of individuals, this conclusion did not vary. We found important risk factors included diabetes and blood pressure problems. In particular, an individual with both factors had a high probability of developing kidney disease. Conclusion: Kidney diseases are much costlier than other diseases. Screening high-risk individuals, educating patients, and ensuring that treatment begins at an early stage are critically important to controlling medical costs. Limitations: The dataset was observatory, and the sample period was only 3 years.

Power Generation Optimization in ASEAN by 2030

The vast growing economic development in South East Asia (ASEAN) region leads to the increase of energy demand particularly electricity. Almost all the ASEAN member countries are planning to develop nuclear power plant in the near future, despite having quite enormous number of renewable energy potential such as geothermal (Indonesia and Philippines), high solar radiation (between 3 - 5 kW/m2/day), biomass and hydro the countries still required more sophisticated and more reliable source of power for its based load such as nuclear power. Philippines has built the first nuclear power plant back in 1980 in Bataan, however the commissioning of this plant was postponed due to the political power turbulence. The question whether nuclear or renewable energy could be the best option in term of cost effectiveness will be assessed in this paper. The optimization methodology has been used by using GAMS (General Algebraic Model), the econometric based on time series (1999-2010) is used to predict the increases of national power generation up to year 2030. The increases of electricity demand is assumed to be linear with the increased country GDP (Gross Domestic Products) and population. The optimization predicted that In Malaysia, the renewable energy could be the best option, since it shows lower cost compare to the fossil fuel based power plant. Geothermal in the Philippines shows cheaper to be commissioned compare to fossil fuel and nuclear power plant. While Indonesia the cost of nuclear still not competitive enough compare to fossil fuel, mainly due to cost of subsidy.

Investigating Practical Measures to Reduce Power Outages and Energy Curtailments

This work attempts to investigate some practical measures that may reduce severe power outages that lead to energy curtailments. The first step of this attempt is to explore, from the consumer’s perspective, the adverse effects of the energy curtailments that reflect enormous damages (tangible and intangible) to the residential sector in the city of Riyadh (the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The second step is to propose, analyze, and employ energy conservation strategies that lead to both energy conservation and costs savings. The study results show that some customers will suffer enormous tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. In order to reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse effects and consequences, the study proposes proper practical measures and solutions without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.