Alternation and Evolution of the Fables of Pre-Qin Scholars Along With the Contextual Changes

The fables of Pre-Qin scholars occupied an important position in the history of the development of Chinese culture,thoughts,and literature,hence had profound and extensive influence on later generations.As a kind of carrier of thoughts,the fables of the Pre-Qin scholars were not immutable and frozen,for they have been influenced by various aspects in the process of transmitting and recognizing.This article attempts to study the evolution of the function,expression,and connotation of the fables of the Pre-Qin scholars.

Features of Gardens of Shu Kingdom in Pre-Qin Period of China

After the illustration of Shu Kingdom in pre-Qin period, the origin of Sichuan gardens has been discussed. Through the research on relevant materials of old Shu Kingdom, and by comparing with the archaeological discovery of Yangzi Mountain Terrace, the paper has proposed that the origin of Sichuan gardens can trace back to gardens in the period of Duyu King. It is considered that gardens in pre-Qin period are dominated by imperial gardens, emperors' or aristocratic cemeteries, among which the historical function and features of Yangzi Mountain Garden, Nanzhong Garden and Wudan Mountain Cemetery have been introduced. On this basis, characteristics of Sichuan gardens in pre-Qin period have been concluded, and the grand manner manifested through "Great Stone Worship" in ancient Shu Kingdom has been highlighted.

Discussion on Agricultural Religion in the Pre-Qin Period of China

Since ancient times,agricultural religion has been infiltrated into all aspects of economic,political and social life in China. Using rich historical data such as archeology,anthropology and ethnology,this paper discussed the historical process of agricultural religion in the pre-Qin period from animal worship to agricultural worship. It also discussed the agricultural objects,land,celestial nature,and labor ghosts.Finally,it revealed the inevitable trend of combination of social sacrificing activities.

Inheritance and Development of Three Pre-Qin Classics of Confucianism——An Application of Topic Modeling in Classical Chinese Text Analysis

The Analects, Mengzi and Xunzi are the top-three classical works of pre-Qin Confucianism, which epitomized thoughts and ideas of Confucius, Mencius and XunKuang1. There have been lots of spirited and in-depth discussions on their ideological inheritance and development from all kinds of academics. This paper tries to cast a new light on these discussions through “machine reading2”.

The History of Xu-style Garden in the Pre-Qin Period

Based on ancient documents and archaeology,this paper studied the general situation and landscape conditions of ancient Xuzhou in the pre-Qin period,including regional changes,economic development,and gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens.The study found that ancient Xuzhou had been inhabited by human beings as early as 6,000 years ago,and villages and kingdoms had gradually formed.When Yu the Great ruled the country(also known as Jiuzhou,or nine states),Xu was one of the nine states,known as Xuzhou.Local natural geographical environment was superior,the transportation was convenient,economy and society was relatively developed,thus by the Zhou Dynasty,ancient Xuzhou region had already had a large number of early garden forms.This period was the incubation period of Xu-style garden.

On the Ancient Educational Thought under the Opposite View of Human Nature of the Pre-Qin Scholars--On its Value to Contemporary Higher Education

The pre-qin Scholars’views on human nature could be divided into two types:malleable human nature and immalleable human nature.Based on the theory of the malleability of human nature,Confucianism formed an educational concept aiming at shaping the ideal personality of Confucianism.The theory of immutability of human nature has become the root of the two distinct educational concepts of Taoism,which advocates letting nature take its course,and Taoism,which aims at reforming human behavior.Either idea has its reasonableness.All of these have a very important impact on our higher education today.

Evolution of the Pre-Qin Theory of Shi Yan Zhi and Different Interpretations

The phrase,shi yan zhi(poetry expressing aspirations)is ancient China’s first ontology of poetry,and therefore its significance should be examined from the ontological perspective.This paper explores the historical context in which this theory is created in three respects:the maturity of the artistic form that integrates poetry,music,and dance,the establishment of governance through an education system,and the establishment of an ethical system.This paper holds that as an ancient and classical theory,shi yan zhi was embraced and carried forward by the scholar-officials of the Spring and Autumn Period when reciting poems,and later was cited and further expanded by the pre-Qin philosophers.Zhi is the unique attribute of The Book of Odes to distinguish it from other classics.This paper also investigates the evolution history from shi yan zhi to the six music language skills and six forms of poetry described in“The Office of Spring”in The Rites of Zhou,as well as the six essential elements mentioned in the Introduction to Mao’s Version of The Book of Odes,highlighting the contribution of“The Record of Music”in The Book of Rites to the development of shi yan zhi.

Connotations and Internal Cultural Meanings of Chinese Jade in Chu Culture at Pre-Qin Period

The thesis conducts its analysis fromthe perspective of cultural characteristics of Chu state of Pre-Qin period in ancient China.The culture of Chu,usually focusing on ceremony sacrifice and several other activities,presents unique characteristics of the development of Chinese society and culture.Actually,the jade artifact at that time shows cultural features both at artistic and spiritual level and bears prominent cultural connotations like national spirit of solemnness and generosity.Chinese jade of Chu state of Pre-Qin period due to its abundant cultural connotations and meanings,poses to be an essential element of traditional Chinese culture,which shows artistic and national features of traditional jade culture and can directly influence development of modern society and culture.

从“氏族之人”到“编户齐民”——试论先秦时期社会成员身份的变迁

夏商西周时期,社会上几乎所有的人都生活于“族”之中。这些族,夏商时期称为“氏族”,西周时期则多称为“宗族”。春秋战国时期,虽然“人”“民”多混用无别,但两者的使用却出现了有所侧重的情况。“民”能够以地域为称,但并不以族为称,它所表现的是社会成员的地域特征,而“人”则可以表现其作为某族的血缘关系特征。社会成员间血缘关系的影响在削弱,而国家地域关系的影响在增强。社会成员身份的巨大变化是由氏族(宗族)之人,变成了国家控制下的编户齐民。“编户齐民”肇端于战国时期诸国授田制度的实施,到秦代则成为国家控制天下民众的最主要的制度。这种居民身份的变化深刻地影响着古代中国的历史发展。

先秦时期生态文化述论

先秦时期是中华民族的先民在中华大地上筚路蓝缕、开疆扩土、探索生态环境并协调人与自然关系的早期阶段。在该阶段,中华大地优越的生境保证了先民的稳态延续,而先民在与纷繁的自然环境互动的同时也创造了灿烂的生态文化。如钻木取火和刀耕火种提高了生计水平,治水保卫了生境安全,历法和节气提高了人们对自然规律的掌握,生态保护律法减小了对环境的破坏力度,专门的生态论著则使生态保护上升到哲学的高度等。而其中蕴含的敬畏自然、艰苦探索、遵德循礼、居安思危的生态理念维护了先秦时期人与自然的和谐共生。这些生态文化尽管历史久远,但是仍对我国新时代生态文明建设留下了宝贵的精神财富,赋予了诸多参考和借鉴的意义。

教育家精神:先秦儒家师道的文化内核与价值赓续

先秦儒家经典中的师道文化展现出了强烈的中国特质和坚韧的文化内核,为弘扬践行教育家精神提供了厚重的文化注释和理论引导。教育家精神的理想信念与道德情操彰显了中国文人士子的教育情结,家国情怀、仁爱之心与弘道追求是中国文人气质的当代追求。弘扬教育家精神,要以文化为根基构筑为师者的精神家园,从中华优秀传统文化中汲取师道智慧和精神滋养,从地方文化资源中挖掘教师文化特色。让教师在文化熏陶中不断提升自身素养;以伦理为基点涵养为师者的道德底色,强调教师的道德责任和职业操守;以专业为视点成就为师者的教育智慧,激励教师在专业领域不断探索和创新;以学习为支点赋能教师的精神发展,使教师在持续学习中不断完善和超越自我。

先秦文学神游书写的文化隐义

先秦文学中有丰富的神游书写,其所涉及山水客体内隐着丰富的文化要义。时间流逝伴随着神游主体记忆的消亡,时间永恒引发的理想诉求,有无相生,动机效果关系,凡此种种,体现了古人对于山水的哲学思辨。神游主体之于山水客体的美丑感受,神游书写展示出的雄伟、缥缈、轻盈、朦胧、谲怪、奇诡等审美意象,开发了中国古典美学多种审美范式。神游中的山水与神仙的结盟,固化为一种“仙山”理念,开创了中国本土宗教中仙道文化的先河。这些文化隐义对中国古代文学中的神仙赋、游仙诗、玄言诗、梦境文学的形成产生了深远的影响。

功能冲突论视域下先秦冲突的军事考古学观察

科塞功能冲突论可为以古代军事遗存及行为为主要研究对象的军事考古学研究,提供不同的视角和思路。在简要梳理其主要观点的基础上,从先秦冲突的原因、影响和调控诸方面切入,探讨其对军事考古学研究的启示,以期深化古史研究及认识当今面临的问题。先秦冲突爆发的原因可主要分为物质性和非物质性两大类,其中物质性原因主要与各方对资源占有和(或)使用的规则存在异议有关,不同的异议可能会影响冲突的模式和新规则的制定,神权因素在早期社会和国家形态的冲突中也占有重要位置。先秦时期冲突和角逐对华夏文化圈、早期文化共同体以及早期国家的形成和初步发展在某种意义上有着较显著的激发作用,但其形式上的暴力性、残酷性和复杂性也在日益增长,春秋战国以降尤其如此。冲突双方的会盟誓诅、和亲、质物交换等敌意替代、转移或释放机制可一定程度地调控冲突,但往往因未彻底解决核心矛盾难以取得稳定长效,特别在神权和王权逐渐淡出盟誓核心后。而一些对外冲突的原因中,不排除存在因统治者不愿或不敢直面自身内部矛盾,试图将敌对情绪转移至外部的可能,属于激进极端的敌意替代举措,未及矛盾根本。在军事考古学研究中,应始终坚持和平导向,以史为鉴,为促进社会和谐稳定发展,推动人类命运共同体构建提供学科支持。

先秦时期北方地区民族交错地带的变迁及特点

先秦时期,长城以南、黄河中下游以北地区是北方各族与华夏民族交往交流交融的主要发生地。这一区域具有开放包容、丰富多元的文化样态及其文化积淀,并呈现出局部稳定和整体波动的变迁过程。近两千年的交往互动,使各民族及其文化发展都得到了相应的回报,为更大规模、更大范围、更多民族的融合奠定了深厚的经济、政治、人文基础。到战国中后期,秦赵燕长城修筑后,该区域皆被纳入中原王朝的管辖范围。

先秦文学交融活动与“中华统绪”的早期形态

近年来,中国古代各民族交往交流交融研究方兴未艾。在文学交融领域,针对文学活动和文学作品的整理研究较多,针对文学交融“何以中华”的观念与路径梳理尚不充分。自孟子提出“创业垂统”,历代多以“垂统”或“统绪”来称述具有示范性与合法性的政治权力。“中华统绪,不绝如线”正是在此脉络下形成的政治文化表述。不同于现代文学观,先秦文学具有近于人文或文明的历史语境,以“中华统绪”作为理论话语追溯早期文学交融发生的历史语境,可从关联性维度关照中华文明中人文、地理、政治、风俗等混一的特性,从“天下-四方”的空间秩序生成辨析“夷夏”与“中国”的文化政治秩序,从而厘清先秦文学交融演进的路径、方向与秩序。

民本之解蔽:先秦民本观的构型及调适

先秦民本观不宜宽泛地以“民本”统称,而是具体分为四种构型。以“民惟邦本”为代表的民本论呈现出功能主义的话语效用,为诸子所共享,但存在“民本悖论”这一有待突破的理论困境。孟子主张的“民贵君轻”可称为民贵论,具有一定的思辨性特征,但其极限版本“汤武革命”成本过高,不宜作为常态化的实践方案。民意论和民约论分别可从儒家和墨家思想中建构出来。儒家民意论是不同于官方民本论的一种理想化的理论形态,是中国传统政治哲学的现代性延伸。墨家民约论对儒家民意论具有调和作用,可以丰富后者的实践面向。此四种构型各有侧重,层层递进且互有补充,共同呈现了先秦诸子对人民地位的整体态度,并在后世得以发展完善,对当代中国及世界都具有较为深刻的历史镜鉴意义。

论先秦工匠精神形成的文化氛围

先秦社会并不像其后的社会那样贬低工匠及其技术活动。“圣人创物”不仅表明早期先民对劳动的尊重和对发明创造者的尊崇,也为工匠的造物活动树立了榜样,影响着工匠对自身职业的认知。“工执艺事以谏”一方面表明工匠的社会地位不低,另一方面与“圣人创物”的观念相契合,共同形成一种有利于工匠精神形成的文化氛围。诸子百家对待工匠及其技术活动的态度虽有不同,但基本上都是在一定范围内予以肯定。工匠精神得以产生与社会对工匠及其技术活动的这种肯定密切相关。

先秦时期婚姻中媒人谫论

媒人在古代婚姻中发挥着重要作用,这是在先秦时期奠定的基础。最早的媒人,当出现于人类进入族外婚的史前时代。每个部族的女性祖先,应该就是该部族祭祀的负责人口繁衍与男女婚姻的女神“高禖”(高媒),比如夏人的涂山氏、商人的简狄、周人的姜嫄等。《周礼》中的“媒氏”,是周代官方的婚姻媒介组织,负责婚姻男女的统计与管理工作,实施劝导早婚多育,为适龄单身男女提供组成婚姻家庭的机会,其最高长官应是由颇有生育管理经验的老年女性担任。《仪礼·士昏礼》中的“使者”“使”“宾”,应该是在贵族婚姻过程中担任说合任务的媒人。《左传》记载了一些诸侯国君之间的跨国婚姻,媒人级别也比较高,一般由该国的执政大臣或宰相担任。《诗经》“国风”中反映家庭、婚姻、爱情的诗篇,多有平民阶层婚姻的媒人,应是当时社会主要的媒人群体。作为一个古老且重要的社会角色,媒人需要有较高的职业修养和语言能力,非一般人所能胜任。

刘邦称帝与贵族政治的终结

对于先秦时代的中国社会,学界有诸多讨论,就制度而言也是言人人殊。夏商周是中国的贵族时代,政治则为贵族政治。春秋战国时期的历史剧变,正是贵族政治瓦解、士大夫政治发生发展的过程。秦朝统一中国,秦国制度推行全国,中国的贵族政治告别历史。但是,在最高领导人出身问题上,还保留了贵族政治的最后一点残余。秦末农民战争中,平民出身的刘邦脱颖而出。刘邦称帝成功,宣告中国历史告别了贵族时代。新的历史如何概括,史家多有讨论。赵翼曾经用“布衣将相”概括西汉初期的政治局面,基于历史实际与理论思考,本文认同并使用“士大夫政治”这个概念。

出土《日书》所见先秦礼俗的特点

出土《日书》作为一种实物史料,弥补了传世文献记载的不足之处,为学者们提供了一个直接了解先秦社会礼俗的契机。出土《日书》能够看出先秦礼俗具有实用性、地域性、传承性及约束性,这些特点是礼俗自身发展的结果。从生子、服饰、建筑、农业及祭祀礼俗等方面可以看出《日书》中礼俗的实用性,从内容的设置方面也能看出先秦《日书》中礼俗的实用性。目前发现的先秦《日书》主要包括秦、楚二国,从这两种《日书》可以看出秦楚两国礼俗的差异。《日书》所见先秦礼俗具有传承性主要体现在生命礼俗、生活礼俗及生产礼俗方面。《日书》中关于礼俗的约定性可以从相关礼俗的禁忌日期与禁忌后果两方面看出。