Reservoir prediction using pre-stack inverted elastic parameters

This is a case study of the application of pre-stack inverted elastic parameters to tight-sand reservoir prediction. With the development of oil and gas exploration, pre-stack data and inversion results are increasingly used for production objectives. The pre-stack seismic property studies include not only amplitude verse offset （AVO） but also the characteristics of other elastic property changes. In this paper, we analyze the elastic property parameters characteristics of gas- and wet-sands using data from four gas-sand core types. We found that some special elastic property parameters or combinations can be used to identify gas sands from water saturated sand. Thus, we can do reservoir interpretation and description using different elastic property data from the pre-stack seismic inversion processing. The pre- stack inversion method is based on the simplified Aki-Richard linear equation. The initial model can be generated from well log data and seismic and geologic interpreted horizons in the study area. The input seismic data is angle gathers generated from the common reflection gathers used in pre-stack time or depth migration. The inversion results are elastic property parameters or their combinations. We use a field data example to examine which elastic property parameters or combinations of parameters can most easily discriminate gas sands from background geology and which are most sensitive to pore-fluid content. Comparing the inversion results to well data, we found that it is useful to predict gas reservoirs using λ, λρ, λ/μ, and K/μ properties, which indicate the gas characteristics in the study reservoir.

Direct pre-stack depth migration on rugged topography

Engineering seismic exploration aims at shallow imaging which is confused by statics if the surface is uneven. Direct pre-stack depth migration （DPDM） is based on accurate elevations of sources and receivers, by which static correction is completely abandoned before migration and surely the imaging quality is remarkably improved. To obtain some artificial shot gathers, high-order staggered-grid finite-difference （FD） method is adapted to model acoustic wave propagation. Since the shot gathers are always disturbed by regular interferences, the statics still must be applied to supporting the interference elimination by apparent velocity filtering method. Then all the shot gathers should be removed back to their original positions by reverse statics. Finally, they are migrated by pre-stack reverse-time depth migration and imaged. The numerical experiments show that the DPDM can ideally avoid the mistakes caused by statics and increase imaging precision.

Pre-stack-texture-based reservoir characteristics and seismic facies analysis

Seismic texture attributes are closely related to seismic facies and reservoir characteristics and are thus widely used in seismic data interpretation.However,information is mislaid in the stacking process when traditional texture attributes are extracted from poststack data,which is detrimental to complex reservoir description.In this study,pre-stack texture attributes are introduced,these attributes can not only capable of precisely depicting the lateral continuity of waveforms between different reflection points but also reflect amplitude versus offset,anisotropy,and heterogeneity in the medium.Due to its strong ability to represent stratigraphies,a pre-stack-data-based seismic facies analysis method is proposed using the selforganizing map algorithm.This method is tested on wide azimuth seismic data from China,and the advantages of pre-stack texture attributes in the description of stratum lateral changes are verified,in addition to the method＇s ability to reveal anisotropy and heterogeneity characteristics.The pre-stack texture classification results effectively distinguish different seismic reflection patterns,thereby providing reliable evidence for use in seismic facies analysis.

Pre-stack inversion for caved carbonate reservoir prediction:A case study from Tarim Basin,China

The major storage space types in the carbonate reservoir in the Ordovician in the TZ45 area are secondary dissolution caves.For the prediction of caved carbonate reservoir,post-stack methods are commonly used in the oilfield at present since pre-stack inversion is always limited by poor seismic data quality and insufficient logging data.In this paper,based on amplitude preserved seismic data processing and rock-physics analysis,pre-stack inversion is employed to predict the caved carbonate reservoir in TZ45 area by seriously controlling the quality of inversion procedures.These procedures mainly include angle-gather conversion,partial stack,wavelet estimation,low-frequency model building and inversion residual analysis.The amplitude-preserved data processing method can achieve high quality data based on the principle that they are very consistent with the synthetics.Besides,the foundation of pre-stack inversion and reservoir prediction criterion can be established by the connection between reservoir property and seismic reflection through rock-physics analysis.Finally,the inversion result is consistent with drilling wells in most cases.It is concluded that integrated with amplitude-preserved processing and rock-physics,pre-stack inversion can be effectively applied in the caved carbonate reservoir prediction.

Elastic modulus extraction based on generalized pre-stack PP–PS wave joint linear inversion

Joint PP–PS inversion offers better accuracy and resolution than conventional P-wave inversion. P-and S-wave elastic moduli determined through data inversions are key parameters for reservoir evaluation and fluid characterization. In this paper, starting with the exact Zoeppritz equation that relates P-and S-wave moduli, a coefficient that describes the reflections of P-and converted waves is established. This method effectively avoids error introduced by approximations or indirect calculations, thus improving the accuracy of the inversion results. Considering that the inversion problem is ill-posed and that the forward operator is nonlinear, prior constraints on the model parameters and modified low-frequency constraints are also introduced to the objective function to make the problem more tractable. This modified objective function is solved over many iterations to continuously optimize the background values of the velocity ratio, which increases the stability of the inversion process. Tests of various models show that the method effectively improves the accuracy and stability of extracting P and S-wave moduli from underdetermined data. This method can be applied to provide inferences for reservoir exploration and fluid extraction.

Impedance inversion of pre-stack seismic data in the depth domain

The extensive application of pre-stack depth migration has produced huge volumes of seismic data,which allows for the possibility of developing seismic inversions of reservoir properties from seismic data in the depth domain.It is difficult to estimate seismic wavelets directly from seismic data due to the nonstationarity of the data in the depth domain.We conduct a velocity transformation of seismic data to make the seismic data stationary and then apply the ridge regression method to estimate a constant seismic wavelet.The estimated constant seismic wavelet is constructed as a set of space-variant seismic wavelets dominated by velocities at different spatial locations.Incorporating the weighted superposition principle,a synthetic seismogram is generated by directly employing the space-variant seismic wavelets in the depth domain.An inversion workflow based on the model-driven method is developed in the depth domain by incorporating the nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm,which avoids additional data conversions between the time and depth domains.The impedance inversions of the synthetic and field seismic data in the depth domain show good results,which demonstrates that seismic inversion in the depth domain is feasible.The approach provides an alternative for forward numerical analyses and elastic property inversions of depth-domain seismic data.It is advantageous for further studies concerning the stability,accuracy,and efficiency of seismic inversions in the depth domain.

Study and application of PS-wave pre-stack migration in HTI media and an anisotropic correction method

Anisotropy correction is necessary during the processing of converted PS- wave seismic data to achieve accurate structural imaging, reservoir prediction, and fracture detection. To effectively eliminate the adverse effects of S-wave splitting and to improve PS- wave imaging quality, we tested methods for pre-stack migration imaging and anisotropic correction of PS-wave data. We based this on the propagation rules of seismic waves in a horizontal transverse isotropy medium, which is a fractured medium model that reflects likely subsurface conditions in the field. We used the radial （R） and transverse （T） components of PS-wave data to separate the fast and slow S-wave components, after which their propagation moveout was effectively extracted. Meanwhile, corrections for the energies and propagation moveouts of the R and T components were implemented using mathematical rotation. The PS-wave imaging quality was distinctly improved, and we demonstrated the reliability of our methods through numerical simulations. Applying our methods to three-dimensional and three-component seismic field data from the Xinchang-Hexingchang region of the Western Sichuan Depression in China, we obtained high-quality seismic imaging with continuous reflection wave groups, distinct structural features, and specific stratigraphic contact relationships. This study provides an effective and reliable approach for data processing that will improve the exploration of complex, hidden lithologic gas reservoirs.

Fast pre-stack multi-channel inversion constrained by seismic reflection features

Classical multi-channel technology can significantly reduce the pre-stack seismic inversion uncertainty, especially for complex geology such as high dipping structures. However, due to the consideration of complex structure or reflection features, the existing multi-channel inversion methods have to adopt the highly time-consuming strategy of arranging seismic data trace-by-trace, limiting its wide application in pre-stack inversion. A fast pre-stack multi-channel inversion constrained by seismic reflection features has been proposed to address this issue. The key to our method is to re-characterize the reflection features to directly constrain the pre-stack inversion through a Hadamard product operator without rearranging the seismic data. The seismic reflection features can reflect the distribution of the stratum reflection interface, and we obtained them from the post-stack profile by searching the shortest local Euclidean distance between adjacent seismic traces. Instead of directly constructing a large-size reflection features constraint operator advocated by the conventional methods, through decomposing the reflection features along the vertical and horizontal direction at a particular sampling point, we have constructed a computationally well-behaved constraint operator represented by the vertical and horizontal partial derivatives. Based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) optimization, we have derived a fast algorithm for solving the objective function, including Hadamard product operators. Compared with the conventional reflection features constrained inversion, the proposed method is more efficient and accurate, proved on the Overthrust model and a field data set.

Pre-stack AVO inversion with adaptive edge preserving smooth filter regularization based on Aki-Richard approximation

With the development of exploration of oil and gas resources,the requirements for seismic inversion results are getting more accurate.In particular,it is hoped that the distribution patterns of oil and gas reservoirs can be finely characterized,and the seismic inversion results can clearly characterize the location of stratigraphic boundaries and meet the needs of accurate geological description.Specifically,for pre-stack AVO inversion,it is required to be able to distinguish smaller geological targets in the depth or time domain,and clearly depict the vertical boundaries of the geological objects.In response to the above requirements,we introduce the preprocessing regularization of the adaptive edge-preserving smooth filter into the pre-stack AVO elastic parameter inversion to clearly invert the position of layer boundary and improve the accuracy of the inversion results.

Application of Gaussian beam pre-stack depth migration in rugged seabed

Strong fluctuation of seabed,abrupt variation in depth and dip of seabed bring seismic imaging problems,such as irregular reflection waves,obvious multiple waves,serious lateral wave development,poor imaging on base surface and depression structure,low signal-to-noise ratio of middle and deep layers.In this paper,Gaussian beam migration imaging method is used to analyze the imaging effect of rugged seabed in deep water area,and the ray tracing method of wavefront construction method is used to analyze the kinematic characteristics of seismic waves.By improving the design of seismic data acquisition and observation system,imaging quality of fine structures is improved.

Fluid identification method and application of pre-stack and poststack integration based on seismic low-frequency

Seismic low-frequency component included more fluid information,which was still a focus in geophysics.Seismic pre-stack data contained more fluid information,but signal to noise ratio(SNR)was low.By comparison,seismic post-stack data had a high SNR,but some fluid information was lost during data processing.Different angel stacks reflected different fluid seismic amplitude,compared with nearangle stacks.Far angle stacks had more low frequency components,which were more benefit for fluid identification.Based on this principle,combined with the pre-stacks and post-stacks seismic data,more fluid information would be included.In this study,a new fluid identification method was proposed.This method combined the post-stack seismic and pre-stack seismic data,it took into consideration high SNR of the post-stack seismic data and the large fluid amplitude differences of the pre-stack different angles.Field testing indicated this method was quite effective in detecting fluids.

中基性火山岩多种叠前反演算法对比、优选及应用——以查干花地区火石岭组为例

目前应用最广泛的叠前同时反演算法是基于各项同性水平介质的Zoeppritz方程近似表达式,但对于具有岩性横向变化快且纵向多期叠置特点的中基性火山岩储层,凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩具有相近的测井和地球物理响应,叠前同时反演在火山岩岩性、物性的区分上存在一定的局限性。通过褶积模型正演定性分析火山岩储层地震响应特征,井上岩石物理分析火山岩储层岩性、物性敏感参数,通过模型试算和实际数据计算对比分析6种Zoeppritz方程近似的二项式和三项式叠前反演算法在该地区的适用性,从而优选出SMITH&GIDLOW,FATTI近似算法,输入纵波阻抗、横波阻抗和密度的反射系数进行叠前反演,应用叠前纵波阻抗反演结果对该地区凝灰岩进行预测,应用叠前密度反演结果对有效储层物性进行预测。支撑部署1口评价井,预测符合率为76.0%,部署1口水平井,预测符合率为84.6%,均获得工业气流。

利用弹性参数反演预测潮汕坳陷目标构造的含油气性

【研究目的】潮汕坳陷构造隆起部位受砂岩储层发育程度和构造条件的双重控制,其侧翼洼陷为其提供烃源,是油气聚集最有利区。利用地震反演的弹性参数进行含油气性预测的潮汕坳陷中生界砂岩储层具有明显的低密度特征,而其他岩性的密度偏高。【研究方法】利用叠前地震全道集资料直接反演密度、泊松比等弹性参数,通过密度反演成果预测砂岩储层发育情况和烃类分布,实现对中生界含油气性的预测。【研究结果】泊松比对烃类比较敏感,储层含烃后具有明显的低泊松比特征。【结论】利用地震反演的弹性参数进行含油气性预测表明,烃类异常特征明显,预测构造隆起部位具有较好的含油气性。叠前弹性参数反演技术使无井区域储层预测的多解性与不确定性大大降低,提高了反演结果的准确性和可靠性,这项技术的应用对于类似研究新区的储层预测和烃类检测工作,具有很好的应用推广价值。

密井网区叠前高分辨率反演及其在薄储层预测的应用

针对大庆长垣油田密井网区SⅡ油层组陆相河流-三角洲相沉积微相类型变化快、井间厚度2 m以下的窄小河道砂体预测误差大、河道走向预测多解性强、砂体间连通关系判别差异性大等问题,以长垣油田A区块为例,开展叠前井控道集处理技术、基于改进的Xu-White岩石物理模拟技术、基于“波形指示马尔科夫链-蒙特卡洛”随机模拟算法的叠前波形指示反演技术研究。结果表明:研究区砂岩储层具有低纵波阻抗、低纵横波速度比值的特征,纵波阻抗为3.8~8.2 Gg/(m^(2)·s),纵横波速度比为1.7~2.1;随时砂岩厚度的增加,其纵波阻抗及纵横波速度比有减小的趋势。通过70口后验井的定量分析及评价,在密井网区叠前波形指示反演对厚度为[1,2)m的薄互层砂体识别精度为80.7%,对厚度大于等于2 m的砂体识别精度为85.1%。研究成果对河流―三角洲相薄储层开发方案的合理制定及措施调整具有指导意义。

大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水边界综合确定

为确定大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水界面,综合钻井、测井、地震资料,结合岩心含油产状分析和老井油水层二次解释,基于双相介质理论的叠后属性油气检测以及基于叠前地震波形指示反演的流体识别等技术,探讨构造油气藏外扩区油水边界的综合确定方法。研究区油水边界具有以下特征:岩心含油产状为油斑以上;测井解释外推为油层或油水同层;叠后属性低高频能量比大于0.85;叠前反演预测含水饱和度小于75%。因此,以“井点定深度、地震定边界、动态来验证”为原则,从“点—线—面—空”,经过综合分析,确定最终油水边界位置。研究成果有效指导了研究区外扩评价部署,对同类型构造油田油水边界研究具有参考意义。

页岩油储层裂缝正演模拟及叠前各向异性反演预测方法

济阳坳陷陆相断陷湖盆页岩油油气资源丰富,裂缝发育,勘探开发潜力巨大。裂缝对页岩油开发的有利方面表现为能有效提高页岩油储层的产能,而不利方面主要是增加了钻井难度,造成钻井过程中井涌井漏频发,严重影响了钻井的效率,因此裂缝的准确预测是该区块页岩油勘探开发中亟需解决的主要问题。文中开展了纵波反射系数各向异性理论的分析,利用正演模拟研究了页岩储层裂缝方位、裂缝角度、裂缝组系等对反射系数特征的影响,同时结合研究区页岩油裂缝的发育特征和分布规律,利用OVT域数据研究分方位道集叠加及地震属性差异,并进行叠前AVAZ反演预测裂缝的发育特征。与实际的钻井情况及成像测井结果对比表明,叠前各向异性反演预测的裂缝结果可靠性高,可为后续的页岩油勘探开发提供有效的技术支持。

多波地震联合技术精细雕刻隐蔽河道砂体——以四川盆地西北部ZT地区沙溪庙组为例

四川盆地陆相致密砂岩气资源丰富,是目前天然气增储上产的重要领域,但侏罗系沙溪庙组沙一段河道砂体纵向多期叠置,横向同期交汇且河道砂体类型多样,隐蔽性强,形成了复杂多变的地震反射特征,准确刻画河道砂体难度极大。为了解决四川盆地西北部(以下简称川西北)ZT地区沙溪庙组一段(以下简称沙一段)多期河道砂体及储层刻画不清晰、精度低的问题,采用新采集的三维地震三分量转换横波(PS波)资料,结合PP波叠前数据和常规叠后地震资料,在正演模拟基础上,形成了多波地震联合雕刻河道砂体关键技术,并分析了河道砂体多波地震响应特征随砂体孔隙度的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)砂体顶界PP波地震响应随孔隙度增大由强波峰转变为强波谷,而PS波地震响应不随物性变化发生极性反转,基于横波对岩性的刻画可有效识别多期隐蔽河道砂体;(2)相较反映横波阻抗变化率的叠前P-G属性,PS波振幅能量更聚焦,雕刻的河道砂体横向展布特征更清晰,边界更清楚;(3)叠前P-G属性具有更高的纵向分辨率,有利于区分叠置砂体,并落实砂体的发育期次。结论认为,多波地震技术联合充分发挥P-G的高分辨率优势确定纵向砂体发育期次,发挥PS波横向连续性优势刻画横向边界,实现了ZT地区沙一段河道砂体的完整精细雕刻,生产应用效果显著,并为该区井位部署和储量升级提供了有力技术支撑,为四川盆地陆相致密砂岩气规模效益开发奠定了坚实的基础,同时有力推进了多波地震勘探技术的发展。

裂缝密度反演的页岩储层地应力地震预测方法及应用

页岩储层地应力地震预测法通常运用弹性参数计算水平应力差异比(DHSR),但是存在不足:一是预测方程中含有各向异性参数(裂缝柔度),不容易求取,造成地应力预测难度较大;二是预测方程中的杨氏模量、泊松比等参数是由间接反演求取的,精度较低,难以满足页岩气地质工程一体化的要求。为此,提出了基于裂缝密度反演的页岩储层地应力地震预测方法。建立了基于杨氏模量、泊松比和裂缝密度的纵波方位各向异性AVO方程直接反演弹性参数,推导了由泊松比和裂缝密度表示的DHSR公式。根据井数据进行页岩储层各向异性岩石物理建模,并开展叠前方位各向异性反演,利用反演的泊松比和裂缝密度估算DHSR,运用DHSR评价页岩储层的地应力特征。应用实例表明:DHSR越小,水力压裂会产生不同方向的正交复杂裂缝网,可以更好地改造储层的物性和渗流通道,储层改造体积越大,越利于储层压裂;DHSR越大,水力压裂会产生平行于水平最大主应力的非正交平面裂缝,形成孤立裂缝,不利于体积改造。同时,DHSR预测结果与现有的测井地应力计算、压裂监测及产量测试等结果的一致性很高,并且符合地质认识,说明了所提方法的有效性和可靠性。

组合高精度速度建模技术在渤海工区潜山成像中的应用

速度分析是地震数据处理的最重要环节之一,准确的速度场为偏移成像提供了最基础的保障,高精度的速度模型是提高潜山成像质量的关键。基于叠前深度偏移方法的速度建模过程中要同时兼顾好项目运行周期、建模效率、建模精度等不同要求。因此针对不同构造区,采用合适的速度建模方法尤为重要。文章以渤海某工区为例,首先探讨了不同速度建模方法的优缺点,然后根据工区目的层状况选择优势互补的速度建模方法。即针对浅层以平层构造为主的目的层采用网格层析方法,针对中深层潜山构造采用非线性反演方法,针对潜山内幕及基底构造区采用速度扫描的立体层析方法。实际资料处理结果表明:组合高精度速度建模方法可以比较快速的得到高精度速度模型,速度反演结果与测井数据及地震剖面高度吻合,在大大缩短项目运行周期的同时,提高了潜山构造区成像精度,验证了组合高精度速度建模技术的可行性、实用性和有效性。

射线域弹性阻抗反演在阿姆河右岸碳酸盐岩气藏储层预测中的应用

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