Performance analysis and comparison of PoW,PoS and DAG based blockchains

In the blockchain,the consensus mechanism plays a key role in maintaining the security and legitimation of contents recorded in the blocks.Various blockchain consensus mechanisms have been proposed.However,there is no technical analysis and comparison as a guideline to determine which type of consensus mechanism should be adopted in a specific scenario/application.To this end,this work investigates three mainstream consensus mechanisms in the blockchain,namely,Proof of Work(PoW),Proof of Stake(PoS),and Direct Acyclic Graph(DAG),and identifies their performances in terms of the average time to generate a new block,the confirmation delay,the Transaction Per Second(TPS)and the confirmation failure probability.The results show that the consensus process is affected by both network resource(computation power/coin age,buffer size)and network load conditions.In addition,it shows that PoW and PoS are more sensitive to the change of network resource while DAG is more sensitive to network load conditions.

A Systematic Literature Review on Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms’ Security: Applications and Open Challenges

This study conducts a systematic literature review(SLR)of blockchain consensus mechanisms,an essential protocols that maintain the integrity,reliability,and decentralization of distributed ledger networks.The aim is to comprehensively investigate prominent mechanisms’security features and vulnerabilities,emphasizing their security considerations,applications,challenges,and future directions.The existing literature offers valuable insights into various consensus mechanisms’strengths,limitations,and security vulnerabilities and their real-world applications.However,there remains a gap in synthesizing and analyzing this knowledge systematically.Addressing this gap would facilitate a structured approach to understanding consensus mechanisms’security and vulnerabilities comprehensively.The study adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines and computer science standards and reviewed 3749 research papers from 2016 to 2024,excluding grey literature,resulting in 290 articles for descriptive analysis.The research highlights an increased focus on blockchain consensus security,energy efficiency,and hybrid mechanisms within 60%of research papers post-2019,identifying gaps in scalability,privacy,and interoperability for future exploration.By synthesizing the existing research and identifying the key trends,this SLR contributes to advancing the understanding of blockchain consensus mechanisms’security and guiding future research and structured innovation in blockchain systems and applications.

A New Theoretical Framework of Pyramid Markov Processes for Blockchain Selfish Mining

In this paper,we provide a new theoretical framework of pyramid Markov processes to solve some open and fundamental problems of blockchain selfish mining under a rigorous mathematical setting.We first describe a more general model of blockchain selfish mining with both a two-block leading competitive criterion and a new economic incentive mechanism.Then we establish a pyramid Markov process and show that it is irreducible and positive recurrent,and its stationary probability vector is matrix-geometric with an explicitly representable rate matrix.Also,we use the stationary probability vector to study the influence of orphan blocks on the waste of computing resource.Next,we set up a pyramid Markov reward process to investigate the long-run average mining profits of the honest and dishonest mining pools,respectively.As a by-product,we build one-dimensional Markov reward processes and provide some new interesting interpretation on the Markov chain and the revenue analysis reported in the seminal work by Eyal and Sirer(2014).Note that the pyramid Markov(reward)processes can open up a new avenue in the study of blockchain selfish mining.Thus we hope that the methodology and results developed in this paper shed light on the blockchain selfish mining such that a series of promising research can be developed potentially.

A comprehensive research framework for Bitcoin’s energy use:Fundamentals,economic rationale,and a pinch of thermodynamics

The energy use of Bitcoin is fiercely debated among academics,practitioners,and the general public.This debate is often biased and characterized by a lack of understanding.Therefore,I start this paper with a discussion of the fundamentals of Bitcoin,which includes the clarification of widely held misconceptions.Next,I illustrate how Bitcoin is related to energy and describe the underlying incentive mechanism.In the main body of the paper,I discuss various components of Bitcoin’s energy use,including the amount,composition,and geographical distribution of the energy,as well as emerging positive and negative effects.These components are then combined into a comprehensive framework that provides a solid foundation for future academic research and presents practitioners with the big picture of how and why Bitcoin requires energy and whether this can be justified from an environmental point of view.

A Novel PoW Scheme Implemented by Probabilistic Signature for Blockchain

PoW(Proof of Work)plays a significant role in most blockchain systems to grant an accounting right over decentralized participants and ensure tamper resistance.Though hash functions are generally exploited for PoW due to their merits on summering,anti-collision,and irreversibility,they cannot certify that the bookkeeper is exactly the worker.Thereafter,such insistence may lead to abuse or even embezzlement of computing power for the benefit of malicious miners.To preserve the functionality of PoW but also bind the miners’signing keys with their works,we build a post-quantum PoW scheme by changing the approximate closest vector norm for probabilistic NTRUSign.Different from the schemes based on hash functions,our scheme takes signing as the proof of work where signature verification is just the evidence of block reward.We also presented a method to adjust the difficulty of signing by modifying the probability of generating a correct signature.The performance of our scheme is also analyzed theoretically and experimentally,which implies its practicability and advantages.

Evolution of blockchain consensus algorithms: a review on the latest milestones of blockchain consensus algorithms

Blockchain technology has gained widespread adoption in recent years due to its ability to enable secure and trans-parent record-keeping and data transfer.A critical aspect of blockchain technology is the use of consensus algorithms,which allow distributed nodes in the network to agree on the state of the blockchain.In this review paper,we exam-ine various consensus algorithms that are used in blockchain systems,including proof-of-work,proof-of-stake,and hybrid approaches.We go over the trade-offs and factors to think about when choosing a consensus algorithm,such as energy efficiency,decentralization,and security.We also look at the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm as well as their potential impact on the scalability and adoption of blockchain technology.