Effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum and rumen protected fat on meat quality,oxidative stability,and chemical composition of finishing goats

Background Clostridium butyricum(CB)is a probiotic that can regulate intestinal microbial composition and improve meat quality.Rumen protected fat(RPF)has been shown to increase the dietary energy density and provide essential fatty acids.However,it is still unknown whether dietary supplementation with CB and RPF exerts beneficial effects on growth performance and nutritional value of goat meat.This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CB and RPF supplementation on growth performance,meat quality,oxidative stability,and meat nutritional value of finishing goats.Thirty-two goats(initial body weight,20.5±0.82 kg)were used in a completely randomized block design with a 2 RPF supplementation(0 vs.30 g/d)×2 CB supplementation(0 vs.1.0 g/d)factorial treatment arrangement.The experiment included a 14-d adaptation and 70-d data and sample collection period.The goats were fed a diet consisted of 400 g/kg peanut seedling and 600 g/kg corn-based concentrate(dry matter basis).Result Interaction between CB and RPF was rarely observed on the variables measured,except that shear force was reduced(P<0.05)by adding CB or RPF alone or their combination;the increased intramuscular fat(IMF)content with adding RPF was more pronounced(P<0.05)with CB than without CB addition.The pH24h(P=0.009),a*values(P=0.007),total antioxidant capacity(P=0.050),glutathione peroxidase activities(P=0.006),concentrations of 18:3(P<0.001),20:5(P=0.003)and total polyunsaturated fatty acids(P=0.048)were increased,whereas the L*values(P<0.001),shear force(P=0.050)and malondialdehyde content(P=0.044)were decreased by adding CB.Furthermore,CB supplementation increased essential amino acid(P=0.027),flavor amino acid(P=0.010)and total amino acid contents(P=0.024)as well as upregulated the expression of lipoprotein lipase(P=0.034)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ)(P=0.012),and downregulated the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase(SCD)(P=0.034).The RPF supplementation increased dry matter intake(P=0.005),averaged daily gain(trend,P=0.058),hot carcass weight(P=0.046),backfat thickness(P=0.006),concentrations of 16:0(P<0.001)and c9-18:1(P=0.002),and decreased the shear force(P<0.001),isoleucine(P=0.049)and lysine content(P=0.003)of meat.In addition,the expressions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase(P=0.003),fatty acid synthase(P=0.038),SCD(P<0.001)and PPARγ(P=0.022)were upregulated due to RPF supplementation,resulting in higher(P<0.001)content of IMF.Conclusions CB and RPF could be fed to goats for improving the growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality,and promote fat deposition by upregulating the expression of lipogenic genes of Longissimus thoracis muscle.

Designated critical habitats for U.S.imperiled species are not protected from climate and land-use change

Designation of critical habitat is an important conservation tool for species listed as threatened or endangered under the United States(U.S.)Endangered Species Act(ESA).While this is an important protective mechanism,lands designated as critical habitat could still be subject to degradation and fragmentation if they are not also in a protected status that prioritizes biodiversity conservation.Additionally,most designations of critical habitat do not explicitly take climate change into account.The objective of our study was to determine whether and to what extent critical habitats for species listed under the ESA are located within protected areas and areas previously identified as climate refugia or climate corridors,to inform management strategies to better conserve and recover these species.We mapped the designated critical habitats of 153 ESA-listed species and measured their overlap with previously-identified areas of climate refugia and corridors(CRC),and also with lands designated as nature-protected by U.S.Geological Survey’s Gap Analysis Project(GAP Status 1 or 2)and working lands with wildlife habitat potential(GAP Status 3).Only 18%of all designated critical habitat is located on lands that are both in CRC and nature-protected,and only 9%of species had over half of their designated critical habitats in such lands.84%of species had<25%overlap of their critical habitats with these areas.Critical habitats may therefore not fulfill their essential role of helping imperiled species persist and recover.

Non-native species in marine protected areas: Global distribution patterns

Marine protected areas(MPAs)across various countries have contributed to safeguarding coastal and marine environments.Despite these efforts,marine non-native species(NNS)continue to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems,even within MPAs.Currently,there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the inventories,distribution patterns,and effect factors of NNS within MPAs.Here we show a database containing over 15,000 occurrence records of 2714 marine NNS across 16,401 national or regional MPAs worldwide.To identify the primary mechanisms driving the occurrence of NNS,we utilize model selection with proxies representing colonization pressure,environmental variables,and MPA characteristics.Among the environmental predictors analyzed,sea surface temperature emerged as the sole factor strongly associated with NNS richness.Higher sea surface temperatures are linked to increased NNS richness,aligning with global marine biodiversity trends.Furthermore,human activities help species overcome geographical barriers and migration constraints.Consequently,this influences the distribution patterns of marine introduced species and associated environmental factors.As global climate change continues to alter sea temperatures,it is crucial to protect marine regions that are increasingly vulnerable to intense human activities and biological invasions.

Experimental analysis of ballistic trauma in a human body protected with 30 layer packages made of biaxial and triaxial Kevlar^(■)29 fabrics

Behind armour blunt trauma(BABT)is a body injury resulting from the deformation of the back surface of armour as a result of a bullet impact.In the case of textile body armour,the severity of the injury may depend on the material of the fibres,but also on the geometric structure of the fabric.The article focuses on experimental research into injuries of the human body protected by ballistic packets made of biaxial and triaxial fabrics,during a non-penetrating impact from a Parabellum 9 mm×19 mm Full Metal Jacket(FMJ)bullet,at a speed of 406±5 m/s.In experimental research,the fabrics had a comparable surface weight and were made of the same Kevlar^(■)29 yarn.The ballistic packages were made of 30 layers.As part of the work,a physical model of the human body was developed.The human body model consisted of a model of the heart,lungs,and skeletal and muscular systems.During the bullet impact,the pressure forces were recorded using sensors located at selected points of the human body.The bullets hit five selected places on the body that were considered critical,from the point of view of maintaining a human’s vital functions.It was found that,during firing,pressure increases both at the site of impact and in the internal organs,which can lead to multi-organ damage.As a result of the experimental analysis,it has been shown that the pressures exerted on specific organs are always lower in the case of body protection with a ballistic packet made of triaxial fabrics,compared to a packet made of biaxial fabrics.

Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the Identification and Management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): A Review

The article discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in marine conservation, specifically in relation to the protection of marine ecosystems and the definition of marine protected areas (MPAs). It highlights the threats that marine ecosystems face due to human activities and emphasizes the importance of effective management and conservation efforts. By improving data gathering, processing, monitoring, and analysis, artificial intelligence, and automation, they can revolutionize marine research. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of AI and automation in marine conservation responsibly and ethically. In order to integrate these technologies into decision-making processes, stakeholders and marine conservation professionals must collaborate. Through the use of artificial intelligence and automation, marine conservation efforts can be transformed by establishing new methods of collecting and analyzing data, making informed decisions, and managing marine ecosystems.

Assessment of the Effects of Supplemental Rumen Protected B Vitamins and Choline for Periparturient Cows: A Meta-Analysis of 28 Feeding Studies

There are currently no prescribed requirements for B vitamins or choline for dairy cows during the transition period, but many recent studies have shown a variety of benefits from supplying these nutrients to periparturient cows. The purpose of this research effort was to determine the potential benefit of including a rumen protected blend composed of B vitamins (riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B12) and choline (RPBlend, Jefo Nutrition Inc., St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada) for dairy cows during the transition period, based on results from 28 on-farm feeding studies (USA-12, Mexico-7, Canada-4, Chile-3, Australia-1, Brazil-1) conducted between 2011 and 2018. All farms participated in monthly herd management record keeping systems and were selected to participate in studies due to their excellent management. Meta-analyses in which risk differences were determined were used to assess the effects of the supplemental RPBlend on health parameters and reproduction. The effect size was used as the determinant of the possible contribution of RPblend on the yields of milk, energy corrected milk (ECM), fat and protein yields during the first four weeks of lactation. Results showed that the inclusion of RPblend reduced (P < 0.05) involuntary culling and mastitis by cows during the first 30 days after calving. There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for reduced retained placenta and metritis. The meta-analyses revealed that the risk of the displaced abomasum and milk fever did not diminish (P > 0.10) with the inclusion of the BPBlend. The incidence rate of subclinical ketosis, determined as blood beta hydroxy butyric acid greater than 1.2 mM was lower (P (than those not supplemented. The proportion of cows confirmed pregnant by 100 days in milk was greater for cows given the BPBlend (P < 0.05). Milk yield and ECM were greater for cows receiving the RPBlend (1.13 and 0.93 kg/cow respectively, P < 0.05). There was no change in fat yield (P > 0.10) while the yield of milk protein was greater (P < 0.05) when the cows received the blend. These results suggest that the inclusion of rumen protected B vitamins and choline can assist cow health, reproduction and production at the start of lactation.

Status quo and Development Strategies for Protected Vegetable Industry in Qinghai Province

The study introduced protected agriculture development in Qinghai province and concluded its development scale, type and structure, as well as technology supports. Besides, existing problems were proposed such as lower production-level, poor equipment, fewer specialized bases, and countermeasures include the following： leading protected agriculture development by macro-control; strengthening market supervision; improving scientific research and innovation to help S ＆ T achievement transformation.

Review and Application Prospect of Agricultural Film for Protected Horticulture

The development of Chinese agriculture is now facing the grim situation of decreasing farmland area, increasing population and social demands, so the devel- opment of protected horticulture becomes necessary to solve the issue. This paper reviewed the characteristics of traditional horticulture films and application prospects of new functional films.

Discussion on the Prevention and Control Countermeasures of Sudden Disasters on Protected Vegetable in Hebei Province

Protected vegetable production made the traditional agriculture gradually get rid of the shackles of nature, broke the seasonal traditional agriculture and realized the anti season list of agricultural products. While protected vegetables often encountered sudden disasters in production and were restricted with the conditions of low temperature and weak light. Aimed at the sudden disasters of protected vegetable production in Hebei Province,the countermeasures for disaster prevention and control were put forward from the aspects of variety selection, seedling treatment technology,grafting technique,cultivation and management,flower and fruit retention technology,application of exogenous substance,rational fertilization,transgenic technology and so on,in order to reduce production risks and cut loss,realize that protected vegetable production is safe,good-quality and efficient.

Study on Pesticide Residues of Phorate and Emamectin Benzoate in Cauliflower with Ball Well Protected

In order to study the difference between cauliflower varieties with ball well protected and unprotected in terms of pesticide residue and its causes, Jinpin 70, a new male sterile cauliflower variety with ball well protected, and Xuebao with ball unprotected were sprayed with high-toxic pesticide phorate and efficient bio-pesticide emamectin benzoate at a regular dose to investigate the impact of different cauliflower varieties on the pesticide residue. The results showed that from the 3rd to the 5th day after spraying, phorate and emamectin benzoate residues in Jinpin 70 with ball well protected reduced by 76.47%-87.65% and 67.86%-80.82% re- spectively compared with Xubao, and decreased by 9.23%-81.82% and 57.14%- 79.84% respectively compared with Jinpin 70 with ball unprotected. The results above demonstrates that inner leaves of cauliflower with ball well protected can prevent the ball from being polluted by phorate and emamectin benzoate, thereby improving its edible safety.

Application and Development of Protected Horticulture Intelligent Monitoring System

Protected horticulture makes use of related facilities, engineering technolo- gy and management technologies to create or improve local environment in order to provide optimal environment concerning controllable temperature, humidity, and light for farming and breeding industry, as well as product storage. Protected horticulture is independent to some extent, instead of relying greatly on nature, targeting full use of soil, climate and biological potential. The research concluded production characteristics of protected horticulture and analyzed the application of protected hor- ticulture intelligent monitoring system in protected greenhouse cultivation. In addition, the future development was proposed on protected horticulture intelligent monitoring system.

浅析Java语言中访问控制权限protected的使用

Java中的访问控制修饰符实现了对类的封装,其中较复杂的情况笔者一直没有系统、全面的研究。该文结合笔者在Java语言教学中的经验,针对Java语言中访问控制修饰符protected的使用规则进行分析,希望读者读完后能有所收获。

The Synthesis of Vasoactive Protected L-Arginine

Under the catalysis of dioxygenase L-arginine is converted to L-citrulline and nitric oxide,the latter exhibits endothelium derived relaxing factor(EDRF)-like actions.N^G-nitro-L-arginine has an inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of EDRF in vitro and in vivo,hence it is an EDRF antagonist.The results of the present work indicate that both N^G-NO_2-L-Arg-OH and HCl·N^G-NO_2-L- Arg-OCH_3 have vasodilating effect in vitro,but produced dose-depending increase in mean arterial blood pressure(MAP)in vivo.In vitro HCl·N_G-NO_2-L-Arg-N_G-NO_2-L-Arg-OCH_3 relaxed rat aortic strip pretreated with noradrenaline(NE).In vivo,however,it produced biphasic effect,i.e,decreased MAP at lower dose and increases MAP at higher dose, N_G-Tos-L-Arg-N_G-Tos-L-Arg-OH produced dose-depending vasodilating and hypotensive actions.

Fissure evolution and evaluation of pressure-relief gas drainage in the exploitation of super-remote protected seams

Based on nonlinearity contact theory and the geological structure of the Xieqiao Coal Mine in the newly developed Huainan coal field,rock movements,mining fissures and deformation of overlying strata were simulated by using the interface unit of FLAC3D to evaluate the pressure-relief gas drainage in the exploitation of super-remote protected seams.The simulation indicates that the height of the water flowing fractured zone is 54 m in the overlying strata above the protective layer.The maximum relative swelling deformation of the C13 coal seam is 0.232%,while the mining height is 3.0 m and the distance from the B8 roof to the C13 floor is 129 m,which provides good agreement with a similar experiment and in situ results.The feasibility of exploitation of a super-remote protective coal seam and the performance of the pressure-relief gas drainage in a super-remote protected layer are evaluated by comparisons with practice projects.It demonstrates that the relieved gas in the super-remote protected layers could be better drained and it is feasible to exploit the B8 coal seam before the C13 super-remote protected coal seam.The method is applicable for the study of rock movements,mining fissures and deformation of the overburden,using the interface unit to analyze the contact problems in coal mines.

Synthesis of protected aminoalkyl sulfinyl dilactones from α-amino acids

Aim To synthesize protected aminoalkyl sulfinyl dilactones which were useful as the synthetic intermediates or the Cterminal pharmacophores of potential peptidomimetic proteasome inhibitors. Methods Organic reactions such as reduction, oxidation, olcfmation, and dihydroxylation were used. Results A convenient synthetic procedure to afford a series of aminoalkyl sulfinyl.dilactones was presented, which would be useful in the synthesis of five- or six-member sulfmyl dilactones. Conclusion Four aminoalkyl sulfmyl dilactones connecting different α-amino acids were synthesized.

A journey towards shared governance: status and prospects for collaborative management in the protected areas of Bangladesh

Establishment of Protected Areas （PAs）, in the face of rapid deforestation, forest degradation and climate change has been one of the key efforts in conservation of biodiversity worldwide in recent times. While Bangladesh has gained a degree of prominence in the world for its successful social forestry programs, the concept of collaborative pro- tected area management is rather new in the country, initiated in 2004 by the Bangladesh Forest Department in five PAs with financial assistance from USAID. Based on empirical evidence from three of the pilot PAs, we examined the achievements and associated challenges and prospects for co-management. Our fieldwork revealed a number of challenges faced by co-management institutions： （1） institutions were dominated by the elite group, overshadowing the voice of the community people; （2） mutual trust and collective performance are key to good governance but had not taken root in the PAs; （3） encroachment onto forest land and subsequent conversion to agriculture remained a serious problem that discouraged forest-dependent people from participating actively in co-management initiatives; （4） legal provisions （including acts, rules and policies） were not clearly and adequately disseminated and understood at the community level; （5） there remained a degree of ambiguity regarding the roles and responsibilities of forest department （FD） and co-management committees （CMC） in field operations, and this was not enhancing transparency and accountability of the overall initiative; （6） the long-term sustainability of co-management institutions was another major concern, as the local intuitional structure was still in a nascent stage, and provisioning of resources （either internally or externally） remained somewhat uncertain. We offer recommendations for improve- ment.

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.

Evaluation of Ecological Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Northwest China

Protected areas(PAs) have experienced explosive growth in Northwest China over the last three decades, but their effectiveness in representing regional ecological system diversity has not attracted considerable attention. Low effectiveness would exacerbate the conservation-development conflicts, particularly those that arise as a result of the Great Western Development Strategy(GWDS). Thus, an assessment of the effectiveness of the PA network has become quite important. We proposed natural vegetation communities to represent regional ecological system diversities, and proposed Global 200 Priority Ecoregions, Important Bird Areas, and ecosystem function regions to represent important conservation areas. To determine their effectiveness, we studied the extent to which ecological system diversities and important conservation areas are represented by the existing 96 PAs. Our results indicated that the total coverage of vegetation communities in PAs in Northwest China is not sufficiently comprehensive. As the PA system has expanded, the growth in the total area of the PAs has been greater than that of their vegetation community richness. While most of the important conservation areas are covered by PAs, some regions have not yet reached the 10% threshold; further, PAs are distributed unevenly and conservation gaps remain in the region. Therefore, these regions should receive more attention when planning new PAs. It is vital that more biodiversity datasets and assessment of ecosystem function regions are integrated in order to provide a basis for the government to formulate appropriate protection and development strategies.

Productive performance and blood metabolites as affected by protected protein in sheep

This investigation included two experiments. Experiment 1 was executed to study the effect of feeding different rations of protected protein of canola meal on digestibility and nutritive values within sheep. Twenty male, healthy sheep were divided into five treatments according to the methods of protein protection (control, heat, sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde, and acetic acid treatments). Experiment 2 was carried out on developing lambs to investigate the effect of protected protein on growth performance and some blood metabolites. Animals in this ex-periment were also divided into the same treatments as Experiment 1. Animals in the first and second experiment were fed concentrate ration (80%) and wheat straw (20%) to cover the feed requirements. Nutritive values expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN %) and digestible crude protein (DCP%) of the experimental rations was calculated. In the second experimental all animals were weighed biweekly and the amounts of rations were adjusted throughout the experimental period (120 days) according to their body weight change. Results indicated that in the first experimental protected protein by heat (HE) and sodium hydroxide (NH) had positive (P<0.05) effects on most of digestibility coefficients of different nutrients. Protein protection methods also improved (P<0.05) the nutritive values (TDN and DCP) in the HE treatment and NH treatment. In the second experiment body weight increased by 14% and 7% and also daily gain by 27% and14 % in HE and NH, respectively, while FM and AC decreased body weight by 8% and 4.4%. Higher values (P<0.01) in both thyroid hormones were observed in HE and NH than those other treatments. Also, higher values (P<0.01) of total protein, albumin, and glucose were observed in HE and NH than other treatments. The control (CTL) group recorded higher concentrations of urea-N and creatinine at different periods of the experiment in comparison with other treatments. Generally, from the present investigation it can be concluded that protected protein of canola meal by heat or sodium hydroxide treatments were more efficient for productive performance and some blood metabolites of sheep.

Landscape planning and ecology construction of wetland comprehensive protected area system in the Sanjiang Plain

Wetland is one of the richest biodiversity areas in the earth. The main purpose of establishing wetland protected area is to protect biodiversity, and the protection of ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity is the key to protect biodiversity. In order to protect regional ecosystem and landscape, it is a good way to establish wetland comprehensive protected area which connected wetland nature reserves by habitat corridors. The Sanjiang Plain as a study area, its landscape evaluation index system on wetland protected area was studied, and some problems on landscape planning and ecology construction were further approached in this paper.It showed that establishing wetland comprehensive protected area is very important to protect regional wetlands, to maintain ecological balance, and to improve the sustainable development of agriculture and industry in this region.