Comparative assessment of the frying efficiency of standard and low linolenic rapeseed oils: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

In this research,the performance of regular rapeseed oil(RSO)and modified low-linolenic rapeseed oil(LLRO)during frying was assessed using a frying procedure that commonly found in fast-food restaurants.Key physicochemical attributes of these oils were investigated.RSO and LLRO differed for initial linolenic acid(12.21%vs.2.59%),linoleic acid(19.15%vs.24.73%).After 6 successive days frying period of French fries,the ratio of linoleic acid to palmitic acid dropped by 54.49%in RSO,higher than that in LLRO(51.54%).The increment in total oxidation value for LLRO(40.46 unit)was observed to be significantly lower than those of RSO(42.58 unit).The changes in carbonyl group value and iodine value throughout the frying trial were also lower in LLRO compared to RSO.The formation rate in total polar compounds for LLRO was 1.08%per frying day,lower than that of RSO(1.31%).In addition,the formation in color component and degradation in tocopherols were proportional to the frying time for two frying oils.Besides,a longer induction period was also observed in LLRO(8.87 h)compared to RSO(7.68 h)after frying period.Overall,LLRO exhibited the better frying stability,which was confirmed by principal component analysis(PCA).

Preparation, friction and wear properties of hydrophobic lanthanum borate nanorods in rapeseed oil

Oleic acid (denoted as OA) surface-caped lanthanum borate nanorods, abbreviated as OA/LaBO3·H2O, were prepared via hydrothermal method. The microstructures of the as-prepared OA/LaBO3·H2O nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The friction and wear properties of OA/LaBO3·H2O nanorods in rapeseed oil were evaluated with a four-ball tribo-tester. The results show that the as-prepared OA/LaBO3·H2O nanorods are hydrophobic and display nanorods morphology with uniform diameter of about 50 nm and length of up to 500 nm. In the meantime, OA/LaBO3·H2O nanorods can obviously improve the anti-wear and friction-reducing capacities of rapeseed oil, and the optimal anti-wear and friction-reducing properties of rapeseed oil were obtained at an OA/LaBO3·H2O content of 1% (mass fraction).

Friction and wear performances of magnesium alloy against steel under lubrication of rapeseed oil with S-containing additive

A S-containing additive, sulfuration modified rapeseed oil （named as SRO）, was prepared by chemical modification of rapeseed oil with sulfur compounds. The results indicate that the friction and wear of the magnesium alloy-steel tribomates could be effectively reduced by formulating SRO into rapeseed oil lubricant. The friction coefficients and the wear volumes of magnesium alloy decrease with increasing contents of SRO. The surface lubricated with SRO-doped rapeseed oil was characterized by less wear as compared with that lubricated with neat rapeseed oil. The enhanced anti-wear and friction-reducing abilities of rapeseed oil by SRO in the lubrication of magnesium alloy against steel were ascribed to the formation of a composite boundary lubrication film due to the strong adsorption of SRO and rapeseed oil onto the lubricated surfaces and their tribochemical reactions with magnesium alloy.

Study Rheological Behavior for Rapeseed Oils

Rheological behavior of this article presents rapeseed oil. Dynamic viscosity of rapeseed oil was determined at temperatures between 40 ℃-90 ℃ and shear rates ranging from 3.3-120 s1. All types of oils studied Bingham fluid behavior in the temperature range from 313-363 K. Correlation coefficients have similar values to one for all oils studied.

Friction and Wear Performance of Magnesium Alloy against Steel under Lubrication of Rapeseed Oil with BN-containing Additive

A BN-containing additive,the boron and nitrogen modified rapeseed oil (abbreviated as BNR),was prepared by chemical modification of rapeseed oil with boric and nitrous compounds.The friction and wear performances of the AZ91D magnesium alloy against the GCr15 bearing steel under lubrication of rapeseed oil containing BNR were evaluated on a SRV tribotester.The topography and chemical species of the worn surfaces of magnesium alloy were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS),respectively.The test results indicated that the friction and wear of the magnesium alloy-steel tribomates could be effectively reduced by incorporating BNR into the rapeseed oil lubricant.The friction coefficients and the wear scars of magnesium alloy decreased with an increasing content of BNR.The surface lubricated with the BNR-doped rapeseed oil demonstrated less wear as compared with that lubricated with neat rapeseed oil.The enhanced anti-wear and friction-reducing abilities of rapeseed oil provided by BNR in the lubrication of magnesium alloy against steel were ascribed to the formation of a composite boundary lubrication film due to the strong adsorption of BNR and rapeseed oil onto the lubricated surfaces and their tribochemical reactions with magnesium alloy.

Dielectric Permittivity of Rigid Rapeseed Oil Polyol Polyurethane Biofoams and Petrochemical Foams at Low Frequencies

Early investigations of dielectric permittivity of rigid polyurethane foams at low frequencies were made on petrochemical-origin foams,mainly by means of parallel plate capacitors.In the present investigation biopolyol was synthesized from Latvia-grown rapeseeds’oil by the transesterification method with triethanolamine,in an environmentally friendly process,without emission of harmful substances,at temperatures 175℃±5℃.Rigid,closed-cell rapeseed oil polyol polyurethane biofoams and petrochemical foams were made ensuring content of the renewable rapeseed oil polyol in ready foams 27 wt.%–29 wt.%.Dielectric permittivity of the polyurethane foams and the underlying monolithic petrochemical-origin polyurethane and biopolyurethane was measured with a non-destructive dielectric spectrometer equipped with a capacitive sensor of one-side access type at 16 discrete frequencies distributed geometrically over the band 10 Hz,…,330 kHz.Permittivity value of the gaseous phase in the closed-cells was estimated to beεg≈1.001 that corresponds to the values,characteristic for the most of gases.Dielectric permittivity of petrochemical polyurethane foams and the mentioned biofoams was compared with permittivity of polyurethane foams from industrial producers Sika JSC and General Plastics Manufacturing Co.Polyurethane foams of the developed formulation exhibit competitive,low dielectric permittivity,not exceeding that of the foams from industrial producers:petrochemical foams up to 550 kg/m^(3) and the mentioned biofoams,comprising the renewable rapeseed oil polyol,up to densities 230–250 kg/m^(3).Considering petrochemical-origin polyurethane foams as a heterogeneous media“Polymer—gaseous phase”,the applicability of the rule of mixture and Maxwell–Garnett equation to model mathematically the dependence of effective dielectric permittivity on the volume fraction of phases was showed.

Synthesis of Two Novel Additives and Study of Their Tribological Properties in Rapeseed Oil

Two novel ashless additives - benzothiazole derivatives containing boron and chlorine, OBC and BBC, were synthesized. The tribological performances of OBC and BBC at different mass ratios as additives in rapeseed oil （RO） were examined on a four-ball machine. The worn surfaces of the lower steel balls lubricated by oil samples were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The test results showed that OBC and BBC had good solubility in the base oil, and could effectively increase the load-carrying capacity of the base oil. The maximum non-seizure load of oil sample containing 1.5 m% BBC was 1117 N, which was 2.3 times as much as that of the base oil. Both OBC and BBC could improve the anti-wear and corrosion inhibiting performance and thermal stability of the base oil, whose initial decomposition temperatures was above 350 ~C. However, OBC and BBC at different concentrations could increase the friction coefficient of the base oil. The SEM morphology of steel balls lubricated by oil samples containing 1.5 m% additives seemed to be more uniform and smoother than that of the base oil, and the scars formed were very shallow.

An efficient method to extract DNA from refined rapeseed oil

Genetically modified oilseeds were used as processing raw material for edible oils. The protection of consumer rights to information as well as the genetically modified orgamisms （GMO） labe-ling polily required analytical methods to determine whether the oils contained genetically modified ingre-dient or not. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） - based method was used commonly to determine the presence of GMOs. Adulteration attracted peoples concern also. Thus it was crucial that enough DNA ex-tracts can be obtained successfully from oil samples. For the purpose, three DNA extraction methods （modified emulsification method, the kits Wizard Magnetic DNA purification system for food and Nucleospin Food） ,were applied to 3 different grades of rapeseed oil samples. Those methods were compared by the amplification of Brassica napus reference gene CruA using real - time PCR. The results demonstra-ted that both the modified emulsification and the Nucleospin methods were able to extract enough DNA from refined oils. The modified emulsification method was superior to the kit of Nucleospin food due to smaller volume of required sample.

Sensitivity and Compatibility Analysis of Sulfur and Phosphorus Type Additives in Rapeseed Oil

The effects of sulfur type additives T321 and phosphorous type additives P120 on the EP and AW abilities of rapeseed oil were investigated by a four-ball testing machine using the rapeseed oil as base oil.The effect of T321 mixed with P120 on the tribochemical performance of the rapeseed oil was studied.The result shows that the load carrying,extreme pressure and abrasion capacities of lubricant film can be improved by adding T321 and P120 as additives in rapeseed oil, respectively. The SEDX analysis on the surface of steel balls reveals that tribochemical reactions occur during the friction process, the barrier lubricating film is formed containing triglyceride and the additives can improve the anti-wear ability and load-carrying capacity.

Tribological Behaviors of S,B-Containing Morpholine Derivatives as Additives in Rapeseed Oil

Two novel ashless and non-phosphorus S, B-containing morpholine derivatives, MBOC and MBOD, were prepared and their tribological behaviors in rapeseed oil （RSO） were evaluated using a four-ball tester. Thermal degradation tests were conducted to identify their thermal stabilities using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The worn surfaces of the steel balls were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indicated that the additives possessed high thermal stabilities and good load-carrying capacities. Moreover, they both had good anti-wear and friction reducing property at a relatively high concentration （1.5 m%） and under all test loads. The results of XPS analyses illustrated that the prepared compounds as additives in RSO could form a protective film containing inorganic sulfide, sulfate, oxidized compounds and organic nitrogen-containing compounds on the metal surface during the sliding process.

Tribological Behavior of Benzothiazoline Derivative as Additive in Rapeseed Oil

A novel lubricating oil additive 3-((2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,2,6-dioxazaborocan-6-yloxy)methyl) benzo[d] thiazole-2(3H)-thione(BTD) was synthesized.The product was characterized by FTIR,elemental analysis,and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).Four-ball tribological tests showed that the addition of a definite concentration of this additive to rapeseed oil could effectively increase both the load-carrying capacity,resistance to wear,and friction-reducing abilities of the oil.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observations have confirmed that the additive could result in a reduced diameter of the wear scar.

Characterization of Rapeseed Oil Using FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance （FTIR-ATR） spectroscopy was employed to characterize rapeseed oils. The spectral features of rapeseed oils were first investigated. Spectral data was processed using principal component analysis （PCA） and linear discriminant analysis （LDA） to discriminate the oils from three cultivars of rapeseeds. As a result, 100% discrimination accuracy was obtained by LDA. Furthermore, the applicability of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy to characterize the changes of rapeseed oils caused by thermal treatment was studied. The rapeseed oil at 60 ℃ was regularly subjected to spectral measurement, and the spectral changes induced by thermal treatment were analyzed and discussed. This study had demonstrated the good performance of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in characterizing rapeseed oils.

Evaluation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel Produced from Rapeseed Oil

The objective of the present study is to examine and compare the performance and emission characteristic of two biodiesel fuels produced from rapeseed oil via transesterification method.Tested biodiesel fuels(ROME(Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester)and ROEE(Rapeseed Oil Ethyl Ester))were selected based on their properties obtained from an optimization of transesterification conditions.A Yanmar diesel engine has led to evaluating their performance parameters such as fuel consumption rate,exhaust gas temperature and emission characteristic corresponding to nitrogen oxides(NOx),carbone monoxide(CO)and carbon dioxide(CO2).A comparative analysis was carried out using normal diesel fuel tested in same experimental conditions.Fuel consumption rate was measured by observing the volumetric rate from the fuel tank of the engine supported by stopwatch.The exhaust gas temperature and emission characteristic were measured simultaneously by using a testo 350 flue gas analyzer.According to the results,biodiesel fuels showed a higher fuel consumption rate and exhaust gas temperature under an increase of engine speed.They also exhibited lower NOx emission with a slight rise in CO and CO2 emission compared to mineral diesel fuel.ROME exhibited low emission gas compared to ROEE and mineral diesel.It can be evaluated as a promising alternative fuel for diesel engine.

Tribological properties and tribomechanism of nickel nanoparticles in-situ synthesized in rapeseed oil

Nickel(Ni)nanoparticles can be enriched on the surface of iron-based frictional pairs,which provides the possibility to get rid of the competitive adsorption between the polar species of vegetable oil and the surface-active nano-additives thereon.In this paper,nickel acetylacetonate was used as a precursor to in-situ synthesize nickel nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 12 nm in rapeseed oil(RO)as the reducing agent,surface modifier,and solvent as well.The tribological properties of the as-synthesized Ni nanoparticles were evaluated with a four-ball tribometer,and their tribomechanism was investigated based on the characterizations of the tribofilm on rubbed steel surfaces by the scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It was found that the Ni nanoparticles in-situ prepared in the RO with a mass fraction of 0.3%can reduce the wear scar diameter(WSD)of the steel ball by 36%.This is because,on the one hand,the Ni nanoparticles are adsorbed on the rubbed steel surfaces to repair or fill up the micro-pits and grooves thereon.On the other hand,Ni nanoparticles participate in tribochemical reactions with atmospheric O and steel substrate to form the tribochemical reaction film on the rubbed steel surfaces with the assistance of friction-induced heat and applied normal load.In addition,an amorphous carbon film is formed on the rubbed surface via the carbonization of base oil under the catalysis of Ni nanoparticles.The adsorbed Ni layer,the tribochemical reaction film,and the carbon layer comprise a composite tribofilm composed of amorphous carbon,polar fatty acid,metallic nickel,iron oxides,and nickel oxides on the rubbed steel surfaces,which contributes to significantly improving the antiwear ability and load-carrying capacity of the RO for the steel-steel sliding pair.

Preparation and tribological properties of lanthanum-doped TiO_2 nanoparticles in rapeseed oil

Oleic acid （denoted as OA） surface-capped lanthanum-doped titanium dioxide composite nanoparticles, abbreviated as OA/La-TiO2, were prepared via sol-gel method in association with surface modification by oleic acid. The microstructure of as-prepared OA/La-TiO2 was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and their thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Moreover, the tribological properties of OA/La-TiO2 as lubricant additives in rapeseed oil were evaluated with a four-ball friction and wear tester. The morphology as well as elemental composition and chemical characteristics of worn steel surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results showed that as-prepared OA/La-TiO2 particles were of spherical shape and had an average diameter of 20 nm. In the meantime, OA/La-TiO2 particles doped with 1.5% （molar ratio; the same hereafter） and 2.5% of lanthanum could markedly improve the anti-wear and friction-reducing capacities of rapeseed oil. This is attributed to the formation of a complex boundary lubrication film mainly composed of the oxides of iron, titanium and lanthanum as well as the formation of an adsorption film of oleic acid on steel sliding surfaces.

CFD Analysis of an 800 kV HVDC Transformer Using Rapeseed Oil as the Cooling Fluid

This study aims to analyze rapeseed oil’s effectiveness as a coolant of a high-voltage direct current(HVDC)converter transformer while comparing it with mineral oil.We employed a numerical model,assisted by Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)tools,to simulate the convective heat transfer inside a HVDC converter transformer,which is an oil-directed air forced(ODAF)type.The model seeks to obtain the temperature and velocity fields at the critical points of the fluid domain.The simulation domain reproduces a 2D cross-sectional model in the center of the structure.The results show that rapeseed oil requires more time to gain heat from the core and windings due to its lower thermal conductivity.However,the average temperature of rapeseed and mineral oils will not significantly differ once the channel temperature reaches a stable value.It indicates that the rapeseed oil can effectively replace mineral oil under the same heating conditions.Also,a slower flow of the rapeseed oil allows the fluid to smoothly enter the cooling channel.Therefore,the rapeseed oil cools these channels by pushing the fluid in them and absorbs heat from the sources earlier than mineral oil.The improvement in cooling indicates that rapeseed oil is better than mineral oil as a coolant and electrical insulating fluid for power transformers.

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Rapeseed Oil Using K_2O/γ-Al_2O_3 as Nano-Solid-Base Catalyst

Nano-solid-base catalyst K2O/γ-Al2O3 was prepared and adopted for the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol. The particle diameter of the catalyst was about 50 nm, which was measured by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The variables affecting the yield of biodiesel during transesterification, such as mass ratio of KNO3 to γ-Al2O3, calcination temperature, calcination time, catalyst content, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. The catalyst obtained by calcining a mixture of KNO3 and γ-Al2O3 （mKNO3/mγ-Al2O3 =70 %） at 600℃ for 3 h, was found to be the optimum one, which gave the highest catalytic activity in the reaction. With 3% （mcatalyst/moil） catalyst, when the transesterification was carried out at a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 12 ： ：1, a reaction temperature of 70℃, and a reaction time of 3 h, yield of 94% was achieved.

Research progress and strategies for multifunctional rapeseed： A case study of China

financially supported by the Key R＆D Program of Jiangxi Province of China （20152ACF60010）;the Key Projects of Hunan Science and Technology Support Program of China （Application research of Guiye A male sterile line）;the Research Project of Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities of Jiangxi Province, China（JC1315）;supported by Emmy Noether DFG grant MA 6473/1-1

Tribological Performance of Two Potential Environmentally Friendly Ashless Vegetable Oil Additives

Two potential novel environmentally friendly ashless vegetable oil additives, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives, di-n-dodecyl-[2-（2-benzothiazolyl）thio]ethylborane （LBN） and di-n-dodecylthio-[2-（2-benzothiazolyl） thio]ethylborane （LBNS）, were synthesized and their tribological performance as additives in rapeseed oil （RSO） was evaluated using a four-ball wear tester. Their anti-corrosive properties and thermal stability were also examined. The worn surface of the steel ball was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The results showed that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives exhibited excellent anti-corrosive property and high thermal stability. Moreover, they both had good load-carrying capacities and anti-wear and friction-reducing properties. The PR values of samples decreased in the following order： LBNS〉 LBN〉RSO. The results of XPS examination illustrated that the excellent tribological behavior of the prepared compounds used as additives in RSO was attributed to the formation of a protective lubrication film on the worn surface, which consisted of an adsorption layer and a reaction layer containing Fe3O4, FeS, Fe2（SO4）3, FeB, and organic nitrogen-containing compounds.

Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms for Degradation of Minimal Oils and Fats at Low Temperatures

The isolation of microorganisms for biodegradation of minimal fats and oils at low temperatures was reported. By using rapeseed oil as a sole carbon source, six strains were isolated from five kinds of oils/fats-contaminated wastewater, soil, and active sludge. Among them, two strains which show the highest oil removal ratios were identified as Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas mendocina, respectively. The experiments of orthogonal impact conditions show that the optimal oil degradation condition is at pH 8.0, 5 ℃ and 100 mg/L oil. Under this condition, the rapeseed oil degradation ratios of two strains after 24 hours amount to 92.6% and 92.0% respectively, whereas the removal ratios of lard decrease to 39.5% and 54.3%.