Comprehensively promoting curriculum ideological and political education is a strategic measure to implement the fundamental task of establishing moral integrity and educating people.Culinary raw materials is the core...Comprehensively promoting curriculum ideological and political education is a strategic measure to implement the fundamental task of establishing moral integrity and educating people.Culinary raw materials is the core curriculum of culinary majors,which is rich in ideological and political elements.In this study,taking livestock and poultry raw materials as an example,the teaching design of integrating curriculum ideological and political education into culinary raw materials were investigated by sorting out its teaching contents and excavating its ideological and political elements.Taking livestock and poultry raw materials in Teochew Cuisine Raw Materials as an example,the teaching design of curriculum ideological and political education was conducted,aiming to provide some reference and guidance for curriculum ideological and political education of the curriculum.展开更多
Chinese traditional handmade papers,due to their numerous names,have been misunderstood by the public about raw materials for a long time.This manuscript aims to introduce the raw materials of traditional Chinese hand...Chinese traditional handmade papers,due to their numerous names,have been misunderstood by the public about raw materials for a long time.This manuscript aims to introduce the raw materials of traditional Chinese handmade paper in a botanical aspect in chronological order.Chinese handmade paper’s raw materials are divided into two groups,bast fiber and grass fiber.Bast fiber paper includes ramie-made rag paper,mulberry and paper mulberry paper,Thymelaeaceae paper,and vine paper.Stalk and grass fiber paper includes bamboo paper,grass paper,and stalk paper.展开更多
The traditional alumina-silicate raw materials, for example, clays, in the precalcining technique of cement production, have been replaced by low grade and high silica content sandstones, shales, and industrial waste ...The traditional alumina-silicate raw materials, for example, clays, in the precalcining technique of cement production, have been replaced by low grade and high silica content sandstones, shales, and industrial waste residues, including fly ashes, slag, and others. The results are the change of compositions and characteristics of raw materials applied and a great effect on cement calcination process and clinker formation. In this work, the cement clinker formation process of different alumina-silicate raw materials to replace clay raw material was studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and high temperature microscope based on the characteristics of the alumina-silicate raw materials. The formation heat of the clinker was determined by the acid dissolution method. Influence of different alumina-silicate raw materials on the clinker burnability and formation process was studied. The results show that the changing of alumina- silicate raw materials, especially using industrial waste residues, can reduce the formation temperature of high temperature liquid phases, improve the burnability of raw materials, reduce the formation temperature and formation heat of clinker. And this study also observed the formation temperature and transformation of high temperature liquid phases in the heating process of raw materials by high temperature microscope.展开更多
β-Sialon based composites were successfully prepared from fly ash and carbon black under nitrogen atmosphere by carbothermal reduction-nitridation process. Effects of heating temperature and raw materials composition...β-Sialon based composites were successfully prepared from fly ash and carbon black under nitrogen atmosphere by carbothermal reduction-nitridation process. Effects of heating temperature and raw materials composition on synthesis process were investigated, and the formation process of the composites was also discussed. The phase composition and microstructure of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy. The results show that increasing heating temperature or mass ratio of carbon black to fly ash can promote the formation of β-Sialon. The β-Sialon based composites can be synthesized at 1723 K for 6 h while heating the sample with mass ratio of carbon black to fly ash of 0.56. The as-received β-Sialon in the composites exists as granular with an average particle size of 2-3 μm. The preparation process of β-Sialon based composites includes the formation of O′-Sialon, X-Sialon and β-Sialon as well as the conversion processes of O′-Sialon and X-Sialon to β-Sialon.展开更多
Thirty four α-substituted or α, α-disubstituted-( 1-methylcyclohexen-4-yl )methanols and α-substituted or α,α-disubstituted-(4-methylcyclohexyl) methanols weresynthesized. Thirty two of them are new compounds. 1...Thirty four α-substituted or α, α-disubstituted-( 1-methylcyclohexen-4-yl )methanols and α-substituted or α,α-disubstituted-(4-methylcyclohexyl) methanols weresynthesized. Thirty two of them are new compounds. 1H NMR and IR spectra of allthe compounds were determined, MS spectra of some of them were obtained as well.The characteristic odors were evaluated.Keywords Fragrance raw materials,α-Terpineol analogues, Synthesis, Structuredetermination展开更多
The distribution of refractory raw material resources , its throughput capacity, product varieties and quality as well as market situation in China were investigated.
Carboxyethylation pretreatment was used to prepare microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)in this study.In order to evaluate the adaptability of this pretreatment method,carboxyethylated MFC was prepared from six different ce...Carboxyethylation pretreatment was used to prepare microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)in this study.In order to evaluate the adaptability of this pretreatment method,carboxyethylated MFC was prepared from six different cellulosic materials.The carboxyl content,degree of polymerization,water retention value,charge density,chemical structure,size distribution,and micromorphology of the materials before and after pretreatment and grinding were studied and compared.The viscosity,ultraviolet(UV)transmittance,and thermal stability of the MFC samples at a certain concentration were determined.The results showed that the carboxyl content,water retention value,charge density,degree of polymerization,size distribution,and micromorphology of the pretreated and ground samples varied with those of the raw materials.The initial viscosity varied based on the type of raw material used.The MFC suspension prepared from cotton linter pulp had the highest UV transmittance,while the MFC prepared from bleached softwood kraft pulp had the highest viscosity at a low shear rate.After thermal degradation,the amount of residual char from the MFC prepared with the thermo-mechanical pulp was slightly higher than that of the other MFCs.This study demonstrates that carboxyethylation is an effective pretreatment method for different cellulosic materials.展开更多
1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were...1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were synthesized. Structures of the nineteen new compounds were determined by 1H NMR, IR and MS. Their odors are evaluated.展开更多
The present study examines material quarrying, utilization, and exploitation strategy with respect to availability, quality and distribution at Donggutuo, a Lower Pleistocene archeological site in the Nihewan Basin of...The present study examines material quarrying, utilization, and exploitation strategy with respect to availability, quality and distribution at Donggutuo, a Lower Pleistocene archeological site in the Nihewan Basin of North China. Through identification of the bedrocks in the vicinity, the analysis reveals that raw materials available at the Donggutuo site are mainly chert, dolomicrite, siliceous dolomite, siliceous limestone, tectonic breccia, quartzite and intermediate lava. Related documents and a geological survey of the area demonstrate that the chert was quarried from dolomite within the Gaoyuzhuang Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Changcheng Group, and the quartzite from the Yousuopu Formation of the Archeozoic Qianxi Group, as well as from Jurassic volcanic lava. Fractures formed by tectonic movements of the Yanshan Stage and the Himalaya Stage made it convenient to quarry these materials. It is observed that fragmentary rock pieces were directly collected and quarried from local fracture belts and that this became the principal strategy of raw material exploitation adopted by the Donggutuo toolmakers. In general, raw materials were not efficiently used, and many of them could have been reduced, retouched and used again. Some suggestions are also proposed to improve the understanding of earlyhumans’ tool complex in the Nihewan Basin.展开更多
Background:The simplest and most convenient food technology is the using of dry composite mixtures.They have a lot of advantages.Dry composite mixtures,which would completely be the basis for the production of persona...Background:The simplest and most convenient food technology is the using of dry composite mixtures.They have a lot of advantages.Dry composite mixtures,which would completely be the basis for the production of personalized food concentrates,are not represented.The development of such dry composite mixtures is actual and of scientific and practical interest.The purpose of this research is the selection and justification of local import-substituting raw materials components for dry composite mixtures used as the basis for the production of food concentrates.As the objects of research,the raw materials components of the starch,fruit and vegetable,industry were selected.The work uses currently accepted standard research methods for organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters of raw materials components.The research was carried out within of the project“Theoretical Substantiation of Production Technology and the Development of Import-Substituting Food Products of Functional Purpose Based on Dry Composite Mixtures”,funded by the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Basic Research.Based on the researches,it was found out that in the composition of dry composite mixtures for the production of food concentrates it is expedient to use the following raw materials:potato starch,extruded corn starch,dried carrots,dried beets,dried topinambur and dried apples in chopped form.展开更多
This publication considers the possibilities of achieving sustainable indicators for the quality of biscuit products through management of purchasing processes, risk analysis and impact study of raw materials as part ...This publication considers the possibilities of achieving sustainable indicators for the quality of biscuit products through management of purchasing processes, risk analysis and impact study of raw materials as part of the quality management system. On the basis of the results from this research it can be assumed that the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis （FMEA） can be applied in risk management and risk analysis of raw materials used in manufacturing the product and in achieving sustainable quality of the finished product. Analysis of raw materials impact was carried out with the aim of achieving sustainable sensory indicators for biscuit products. It was established that the integrated approach, applied in managing and solving problems related to authenticity, quality and safety of raw materials, contributes to manufacturing biscuit products with sustainable quality and in conformity with customer requirements.展开更多
Recently the State Council decided to extend the period ofduty exemption for imports of equipment and raw materials by foreign-invested enterprises below US$30 million.In order to administrate import and export activi...Recently the State Council decided to extend the period ofduty exemption for imports of equipment and raw materials by foreign-invested enterprises below US$30 million.In order to administrate import and export activities in light ofinternational practice and apply a unified, fair and standardizedpolicy toward import duties, the State Council, on December28,1995, decided to reform and adjust the policies of import duties by fairly significant reduction of the overall import tariff leveland elimination of preferences of import-duty exemption for mostimport items, which was also applicable to imports of equipmentand raw materials by foreign-invested enterprises set up since April1st, 1996. At the same time, with a view to maintaining the policycontinuity and relative stability, those enterprises established before March 31, 1996 were allowed an extended duty-exemptionperiod of one to two years for importation of equipment and rawmaterials(referring to construction materials, etc.) if such importswere below the value of their total investments, and for展开更多
On April 20-22 2011,China＇s Refractories Raw Materials SYmposium,co-sponsored by Refractories Branch of The Chinese Society for Metals and China Henan Refractory Industry Association,was held successfully in Zhengzhou.
The refractory raw materials used in recent years were introduced,including metal and intermetallic compounds（ aluminum,silicon,ferrosilicon,etc.）,nonoxide raw materials（ Si3N4 and ferrosilicon nitride）.The develo...The refractory raw materials used in recent years were introduced,including metal and intermetallic compounds（ aluminum,silicon,ferrosilicon,etc.）,nonoxide raw materials（ Si3N4 and ferrosilicon nitride）.The developmental tendency of China＇s raw refractories in the future was also discussed.展开更多
基金Supported by 2021 Continuing Education Teaching Reform and Research Practice Project of Continuing Education Quality Improvement Project in Guangdong Province(JXJYGC2021KY0667)2021 Online and Offline Mixed First-class Undergraduate Curriculum"Culinary Raw Materials"of Hanshan Normal University.
文摘Comprehensively promoting curriculum ideological and political education is a strategic measure to implement the fundamental task of establishing moral integrity and educating people.Culinary raw materials is the core curriculum of culinary majors,which is rich in ideological and political elements.In this study,taking livestock and poultry raw materials as an example,the teaching design of integrating curriculum ideological and political education into culinary raw materials were investigated by sorting out its teaching contents and excavating its ideological and political elements.Taking livestock and poultry raw materials in Teochew Cuisine Raw Materials as an example,the teaching design of curriculum ideological and political education was conducted,aiming to provide some reference and guidance for curriculum ideological and political education of the curriculum.
文摘Chinese traditional handmade papers,due to their numerous names,have been misunderstood by the public about raw materials for a long time.This manuscript aims to introduce the raw materials of traditional Chinese handmade paper in a botanical aspect in chronological order.Chinese handmade paper’s raw materials are divided into two groups,bast fiber and grass fiber.Bast fiber paper includes ramie-made rag paper,mulberry and paper mulberry paper,Thymelaeaceae paper,and vine paper.Stalk and grass fiber paper includes bamboo paper,grass paper,and stalk paper.
基金Funded by the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Program)(No.2009CB623102)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China("863"Program)(No.2013AA031602)
文摘The traditional alumina-silicate raw materials, for example, clays, in the precalcining technique of cement production, have been replaced by low grade and high silica content sandstones, shales, and industrial waste residues, including fly ashes, slag, and others. The results are the change of compositions and characteristics of raw materials applied and a great effect on cement calcination process and clinker formation. In this work, the cement clinker formation process of different alumina-silicate raw materials to replace clay raw material was studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and high temperature microscope based on the characteristics of the alumina-silicate raw materials. The formation heat of the clinker was determined by the acid dissolution method. Influence of different alumina-silicate raw materials on the clinker burnability and formation process was studied. The results show that the changing of alumina- silicate raw materials, especially using industrial waste residues, can reduce the formation temperature of high temperature liquid phases, improve the burnability of raw materials, reduce the formation temperature and formation heat of clinker. And this study also observed the formation temperature and transformation of high temperature liquid phases in the heating process of raw materials by high temperature microscope.
基金Project (51074038) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (N100302002) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China
文摘β-Sialon based composites were successfully prepared from fly ash and carbon black under nitrogen atmosphere by carbothermal reduction-nitridation process. Effects of heating temperature and raw materials composition on synthesis process were investigated, and the formation process of the composites was also discussed. The phase composition and microstructure of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy. The results show that increasing heating temperature or mass ratio of carbon black to fly ash can promote the formation of β-Sialon. The β-Sialon based composites can be synthesized at 1723 K for 6 h while heating the sample with mass ratio of carbon black to fly ash of 0.56. The as-received β-Sialon in the composites exists as granular with an average particle size of 2-3 μm. The preparation process of β-Sialon based composites includes the formation of O′-Sialon, X-Sialon and β-Sialon as well as the conversion processes of O′-Sialon and X-Sialon to β-Sialon.
文摘Thirty four α-substituted or α, α-disubstituted-( 1-methylcyclohexen-4-yl )methanols and α-substituted or α,α-disubstituted-(4-methylcyclohexyl) methanols weresynthesized. Thirty two of them are new compounds. 1H NMR and IR spectra of allthe compounds were determined, MS spectra of some of them were obtained as well.The characteristic odors were evaluated.Keywords Fragrance raw materials,α-Terpineol analogues, Synthesis, Structuredetermination
基金The text of this paper was translated from Chinese into English by Mr. Peng Xigao revised by Mrs.Zhang Yongfang, Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research.
文摘The distribution of refractory raw material resources , its throughput capacity, product varieties and quality as well as market situation in China were investigated.
基金the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0307901,2017YFE0102500).
文摘Carboxyethylation pretreatment was used to prepare microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)in this study.In order to evaluate the adaptability of this pretreatment method,carboxyethylated MFC was prepared from six different cellulosic materials.The carboxyl content,degree of polymerization,water retention value,charge density,chemical structure,size distribution,and micromorphology of the materials before and after pretreatment and grinding were studied and compared.The viscosity,ultraviolet(UV)transmittance,and thermal stability of the MFC samples at a certain concentration were determined.The results showed that the carboxyl content,water retention value,charge density,degree of polymerization,size distribution,and micromorphology of the pretreated and ground samples varied with those of the raw materials.The initial viscosity varied based on the type of raw material used.The MFC suspension prepared from cotton linter pulp had the highest UV transmittance,while the MFC prepared from bleached softwood kraft pulp had the highest viscosity at a low shear rate.After thermal degradation,the amount of residual char from the MFC prepared with the thermo-mechanical pulp was slightly higher than that of the other MFCs.This study demonstrates that carboxyethylation is an effective pretreatment method for different cellulosic materials.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were synthesized. Structures of the nineteen new compounds were determined by 1H NMR, IR and MS. Their odors are evaluated.
文摘The present study examines material quarrying, utilization, and exploitation strategy with respect to availability, quality and distribution at Donggutuo, a Lower Pleistocene archeological site in the Nihewan Basin of North China. Through identification of the bedrocks in the vicinity, the analysis reveals that raw materials available at the Donggutuo site are mainly chert, dolomicrite, siliceous dolomite, siliceous limestone, tectonic breccia, quartzite and intermediate lava. Related documents and a geological survey of the area demonstrate that the chert was quarried from dolomite within the Gaoyuzhuang Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Changcheng Group, and the quartzite from the Yousuopu Formation of the Archeozoic Qianxi Group, as well as from Jurassic volcanic lava. Fractures formed by tectonic movements of the Yanshan Stage and the Himalaya Stage made it convenient to quarry these materials. It is observed that fragmentary rock pieces were directly collected and quarried from local fracture belts and that this became the principal strategy of raw material exploitation adopted by the Donggutuo toolmakers. In general, raw materials were not efficiently used, and many of them could have been reduced, retouched and used again. Some suggestions are also proposed to improve the understanding of earlyhumans’ tool complex in the Nihewan Basin.
文摘Background:The simplest and most convenient food technology is the using of dry composite mixtures.They have a lot of advantages.Dry composite mixtures,which would completely be the basis for the production of personalized food concentrates,are not represented.The development of such dry composite mixtures is actual and of scientific and practical interest.The purpose of this research is the selection and justification of local import-substituting raw materials components for dry composite mixtures used as the basis for the production of food concentrates.As the objects of research,the raw materials components of the starch,fruit and vegetable,industry were selected.The work uses currently accepted standard research methods for organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters of raw materials components.The research was carried out within of the project“Theoretical Substantiation of Production Technology and the Development of Import-Substituting Food Products of Functional Purpose Based on Dry Composite Mixtures”,funded by the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Basic Research.Based on the researches,it was found out that in the composition of dry composite mixtures for the production of food concentrates it is expedient to use the following raw materials:potato starch,extruded corn starch,dried carrots,dried beets,dried topinambur and dried apples in chopped form.
文摘This publication considers the possibilities of achieving sustainable indicators for the quality of biscuit products through management of purchasing processes, risk analysis and impact study of raw materials as part of the quality management system. On the basis of the results from this research it can be assumed that the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis （FMEA） can be applied in risk management and risk analysis of raw materials used in manufacturing the product and in achieving sustainable quality of the finished product. Analysis of raw materials impact was carried out with the aim of achieving sustainable sensory indicators for biscuit products. It was established that the integrated approach, applied in managing and solving problems related to authenticity, quality and safety of raw materials, contributes to manufacturing biscuit products with sustainable quality and in conformity with customer requirements.
文摘Recently the State Council decided to extend the period ofduty exemption for imports of equipment and raw materials by foreign-invested enterprises below US$30 million.In order to administrate import and export activities in light ofinternational practice and apply a unified, fair and standardizedpolicy toward import duties, the State Council, on December28,1995, decided to reform and adjust the policies of import duties by fairly significant reduction of the overall import tariff leveland elimination of preferences of import-duty exemption for mostimport items, which was also applicable to imports of equipmentand raw materials by foreign-invested enterprises set up since April1st, 1996. At the same time, with a view to maintaining the policycontinuity and relative stability, those enterprises established before March 31, 1996 were allowed an extended duty-exemptionperiod of one to two years for importation of equipment and rawmaterials(referring to construction materials, etc.) if such importswere below the value of their total investments, and for
文摘On April 20-22 2011,China＇s Refractories Raw Materials SYmposium,co-sponsored by Refractories Branch of The Chinese Society for Metals and China Henan Refractory Industry Association,was held successfully in Zhengzhou.
文摘The refractory raw materials used in recent years were introduced,including metal and intermetallic compounds（ aluminum,silicon,ferrosilicon,etc.）,nonoxide raw materials（ Si3N4 and ferrosilicon nitride）.The developmental tendency of China＇s raw refractories in the future was also discussed.
