A Real-Time System for Monitoring Distant Dynamic Displacement of Structures

Based on digital image processing technique, a real-time system is developed to monitor and detect the dynamic displacement of engineering structures. By processing pictures with a self-programmed software, the real-time coordinate of an object in a certain coordinate system can be obtained, and further dynamic displacement data and curve of the object can also be achieved. That is, automatic gathering and real-time processing of data can be carried out by this system simultaneously. For this system, first, an untouched monitoring technique is adopted, which can monitor or detect objects several to hundreds of meters apart; second, it has flexible installation condition and good monitoring precision of sub-millimeter degree; third, it is fit for dynamic, quasi-dynamic and static monitoring of large engineering structures. Through several tests and applications in large bridges, good reliability and dominance of the system is proved.

Velocity plus displacement equivalent force control for real-time substructure testing

This paper employs a velocity plus displacement（V＋D）-based equivalent force control（EFC） method to solve the velocity/displacement difference equation in a real-time substructure test. This method uses type 2 feedback control loops to replace mathematical iteration to solve the nonlinear dynamic equation. A spectral radius analysis of the amplification matrix shows that the type 2 EFC-explicit, Newmark-β method has beneficial numerical characteristics for this method. Its stability limit of Ω = 2 remains unchanged regardless of the system damping because the velocity is achieved with very high accuracy during simulation. In contrast, the stability limits of the central difference method using direct velocity prediction and the EFC-average acceleration method with linear interpolation are shown to decrease with an increase in system damping. In fact, the EFC-average acceleration method is shown to change from unconditionally stable to conditionally stable. We also show that if an over-damped system with a damping ratio of 1.05 is considered, the stability limit is reduced to Ω =1.45. Finally, the results from an experiment with a single-degree-of-freedom structure installed with a magneto-rheological（MR） damper are presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to follow both displacement and velocity commands with moderate accuracy, resulting in improved test performance and accuracy for structures that are sensitive to both velocity and displacement inputs. Although the findings of the study are promising, additional test data and several further improvements will be required to draw general conclusions.

Real-time Monitoring Scheme of Soil Moisture Content in Paddy Field

The monitoring of soil moisture content in paddy field is one of important parts and contents of regional soil moisture monitoring. But a good monitoring scheme hasn’t been established. A real-time monitoring scheme of soil moisture content in paddy field was put forward from two key links of soil moisture content monitoring and field water-layer monitoring. This scheme could meet the alternative monitoring requirements of soil moisture content in water layer and none-water layer. It had a good maneuverability and could provide references for practical work.

Predicting seismic permanent displacement of soil walls under surcharge based on limit analysis approach

Seismic permanent displacement of the soil walls plays an important role in design of these structures. Due to the increase in growth of urban areas and the limitations in use of flat grounds, many structures are built near slopes and retaining walls. During earthquakes, these structures can apply an additional surcharge on the wall. The intensity and location of the surcharge is of considerable importance on the seismic displacements of the soil wall. In this study, by using the limit analysis and upper bound theorem, seismic permanent displacement of the soil wall under surcharge has been analyzed. Thus, a formulation is presented for calculating the yield acceleration and seismic displacement for different surcharge conditions. The effect of seismic acceleration, surcharge intensity, its location and soil properties is investigated. A parameter called the ＂displacement coefficient＂ is proposed, and is a potential modification for Newmark’s sliding-block method.

Displacement characteristic of landslides reinforced with flexible piles: field and physical model test

A field monitoring system was established in an active river bank landslide in the Three Gorges area, China, and a consecutive monitoring for about 5 years were conducted to understand the displacement characteristics of flexible piles and the surrounding soil. It was found that piles deformed elastically under reservoir operation, and the soil in front of piles was gradually separated from piles. The movement of the pile heads exceeded that of the soil between and behind piles. This phenomenon was further studied by a large-scale physical model test to gain insights into the pile-soil interaction. The displacement relationship between pile heads and the surrounding soil is in good agreement with the field data. The physical model test shows that the deformation process of pile-reinforced landslides can be divided into two stages: firstly, when the piles head movement exceeds soil movement, the soil arching is mainly affected by the deflection of the piles, the arches between and behind piles bent upwards;but when the soil movement exceeds piles head movement, the arches near the upslope and downslope bent downwards and upwards, respectively. Furthermore, the different deformation of two adjacent piles and the pile stiffness influenced the arch’s shape and formation;the flexible piles exhibit great coordinated deformation with the landslide, and caused the soil arch on the downslope.

Integrated real-time roof monitoring

CSIRO has recently developed a real-time roof monitoring system for under-groundcoal mines and successfully tried the system in gate roads at Ulan Mine.The systemintegrated displacement monitoring,stress monitoring and seismic monitoring in onepackage.It included GEL multianchor extensometers,vibrating wire uniaxial stress meters,ESG seismic monitoring system with microseismic sensors and high-frequency AE sensors.The monitoring system automated and the data can be automatically collected by acentral computer located in an underground nonhazardous area.The data are then transferredto the surface via an optical fiber cable.The real-time data were accessed at anylocation with an Internet connection.The trials of the system in two tailgates at Ulan Minedemonstrate that the system is effective for monitoring the behavior and stability of roadwaysduring Iongwall mining.The continuous roof displacement/stress data show clearprecursors of roof falls.The seismic data (event count and locations) provide insights intothe roof failure process during roof fall.

Effects of foundation rocking and uplifting on displacement amplification factor

Prediction of displacement demand to assess seismic performance of structures is a necessary step where nonlinear static procedures are followed.While such predictions have been well established in literature for fixed-base structures,fewer bodies of researches have been carried out on the effect of rocking and uplifting of shallow foundations supported by soil,on such prediction.This paper aimed to investigate the effect of soil structure interaction on displacement amplification factor C1 using the beam on nonlinear Winkler foundation concept.A practical range of natural period,force reduction factors,and wide range of anticipated behavior from rocking,uplifting and hinging are considered and using thousands nonlinear time history analysis,displacement amplification factors are evaluated.The results indicate that the suggested equations in current rehabilitation documents underestimate displacement demands in the presence of foundation rocking and uplift.Finally,using regression analyses,new equations are proposed to estimate mean values of C1.

Longitudinal vibration characteristics of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of surrounding soil and construction disturbance

This research is concentrated on the longitudinal vibration of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of the surrounding soil and construction disturbance.First,the pile-soil system is partitioned into finite segments in the vertical direction and the Voigt model is applied to simulate the vertical support of the surrounding soil acting on the pile segment.The surrounding soil is divided into finite ring-shaped zones in the radial direction to consider the construction disturbance.Then,the shear complex stiffness at the pile-soil interface is derived by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the soil from the outermost to innermost zone.The displacement impedance at the top of an arbitrary pile segment is obtained by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the pile and is combined with the vertical support of the surrounding soil to derive the displacement impedance at the bottom of the upper adjacent segment.Further,the displacement impedance at the pile head is obtained based on the impedance function transfer technique.Finally,the reliability of the proposed solution is verified,followed by a sensitivity analysis concerning the coupling effect of the pile parameters,construction disturbance and the vertical support of the surrounding soil on the displacement impedance of the pile.

加固软土地基路堤分层填筑数值模拟分析

以江苏某高速公路为研究背景,采用水泥土搅拌桩、土工格栅以及0.5 m砂垫进行地基处理,运用有限元软件PLAXIS分析分层填筑施工过程后路基土竖向沉降、水平位移变形规律。研究结果表明:采用水泥土搅拌桩处理后的竖向沉降量降低了45.6%;处理后的水平位移为未处理前的39%,且最大水平位移出现的位置由路堤脚趾处向下移动至水泥土搅拌桩底部位置;分层填筑施工过程中,每填筑一层水平位移和竖向位移均出现一定程度的增长,离路堤中心距离越远,竖向位移影响越小,水平位移呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。

倾斜桩水平承载变形特性现场试验研究

倾斜桩因具有良好的承载性能逐渐应用于桩基工程与基坑支护工程之中,但目前缺乏运用工程试验系统性研究倾斜桩水平受荷在桩身不同位置处产生变形的案例。为此,进行了软土地区现场倾斜桩水平承载试验,对桩身范围内进行了深层水平位移的量测,并结合ABAQUS有限元模拟结果,研究了倾斜桩在水平荷载下的承载变形及桩间协同变形特性。研究结果表明:负斜桩组合承载性能优于正斜桩组合及双排桩,夹角相同的不同倾斜桩组合在受到相同荷载时承载性能不同;倾斜桩桩身变形与竖直桩相似,不同之处在于倾斜桩桩身下部易产生反弯现象,且荷载越大反弯现象越明显,20d(d为桩径)深度内桩身水平位移易受荷载因素影响;实际工程中可将桩距控制在4d以上,此时桩身受荷对邻近桩变形的影响几乎可以忽略。

浅埋超大矩形顶管小净距下穿既有箱涵的变形特性分析

大断面顶管施工不可避免地会引起临近既有结构物的变形,准确分析与预测其变形规律是采取针对性保护措施的前提。本研究基于三维数值模拟,分析浅埋超大矩形顶管左右密贴顶进小净距下穿既有箱涵变形特性的影响规律。结果表明:(1)箱涵变形随着顶管的顶进呈现出先隆起后沉降的变化趋势;顶管顶进对箱涵造成3次明显扰动,分别对应顶管头部位于箱涵前部、箱涵中部、箱涵后部三个位置。(2)左线顶管穿越后,箱涵整体沉降呈V字型的分布规律;右线顶管施工会造成箱涵二次沉降,最大沉降变形由9.33 mm增至11.18 mm。(3)箱涵水平位移整体呈中间大、两头小的倒V字型分布,最大水平位移为15.7 mm;且既有箱涵水平位移大于竖向沉降变形。(4)顶管顶进过程中,箱涵迎土面土压力呈现先增加后减少,再趋于稳定的变化趋势。(5)参数敏感性分析表明,与管土摩擦系数相比,掌子面支护比对箱涵变形的影响效应更显著。

基于弱光纤光栅感测技术的盾构隧道深层土体位移研究

为研究盾构隧道施工引起的深层土体位移规律,本文以苏州轨道交通11号线工程为研究背景,选取其施工条件最为复杂的区域,通过布置弱光纤光栅应变感测系统,收集盾构施工过程中深层土体变形数据。研究结果显示:盾构隧道开挖过程中引起的深层土体位移变形具有差异性,不同土层的变形规律不同,距盾构隧道距离较近的部分深层土体受挤土效应会产生隆起变形,且距隧道距离越近,隆起变形越大;同一横断面盾构开挖导致的沉降变形范围大于盾构机盾尾注浆引起的隆起变形范围,且不同性质的土层隆沉情况不同。弱光纤光栅感测技术可以实现深层土体位移变形的自动化监测,监测结果可以为盾构开挖引起的地下建筑物及管线变形提供数据支撑。

Back analysis for soil slope based on measuring inclination data

Based on the analysis of several objective functions,a new method was proposed.Firstly,the feature of the inclination curve was analyzed.On this basis,the soil could be divided into several blocks with different displacements and deformations.Then,the method of the soil division was presented,and the characteristic of single soil block was studied.The displacement of the block had two components:sliding and deformation.Moreover,a new objective function was constructed according to the deformation of the soil block.Finally,the sensitivities of the objective functions by traditional method and the new method were calculated,respectively.The result shows that the new objective function is more sensitive to mechanical parameters and the inversion result is close to that obtained by the large direct shear apparatus.So,this method can be used in slope back analysis and its effectiveness is proved.

Investigation on seismic response of a three-stage soil slope supported by anchor frame structure

Based on a typical prototype of a soil slope in engineering practice, a numerical model of a three-stage soil slope supported by the anchor frame structure was established by means of FLAC3D code. The dynamic responses of three-stage soil slope and frame structure were studied by performing a series of bidirectional Wenchuan motions in terms of the failure mode of three-stage structure, the acceleration of soil slope, the displacement of frame structure, and the anchor stress of frame structure. The response accelerations in both horizontal and vertical directions are the most largely amplified at the slope top of each stage subjected to different shaking cases. The platforms among the stages reduce the amplification effect of response acceleration. The residual displacement of frame structure increases significantly as the intensity of shaking case increases. The frame structure at each stage presents a combined displacement mode consisting of a translation and a rotation around the vertex. The anchor stress of frame structure is mainly increased by the first intense pulse of Wenchuan seismic wave, and it is sensitive to the intensity of shaking case. The anchor stress of frame structure at the first stage is the most considerably enlarged by earthquake loading.

Effectiveness of Fiber Bragg Grating monitoring in the centrifugal model test of soil slope under rainfall conditions

Centrifugal model testsare playing an increasingly importantrolein investigating slope characteristics under rainfall conditions. However, conventional electronic transducers usually fail during centrifugal model tests because of the impacts of limitedtest space, high centrifugal force, and presence of water, with the result that limited valid data is obtained. In this study, Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) sensing technology is employed in the design and development of displacement gauge, an anchor force gauge and an anti-slide pile moment gauge for use on centrifugal model slopes with and without a retaining structure. The two model slopes were installed and monitored at a centrifugal acceleration of 100 g. The test results show that the sensors developed succeed in capturing the deformation and retaining structure mechanical response of the model slopes during and after rainfall. The deformation curvefor the slope without retaining structure shows a steepresponse that turns gradualfor the slope with retaining structure. Importantly, for the slope with the retaining structure, results suggest that more attention be paid to increase of anchor force and antislide pile moment during rainfall. This study verifies the effectiveness of FBG sensing technology in centrifuge research and presents a new and innovative method for slope model testing under rainfall conditions.

Soil Cellulase Activity and Fungal Community Responses to Wetland Degradation in the Zoige Plateau, China

Four soil types(peat, marsh, meadow, and sandy) in the Zoige Plateau of China are associated with the severity of wetland degradation. The effects of wetland degradation on the structure and abundance of fungal communities and cellulase activity were assessed in these 4 soil types at 3 depths using DGGE(Denatured Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), q PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR),and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assays. Cellulase activity and abundance of the fungal community declined in parallel to the level of wetland degradation(from least to most disturbed). DGGE analysis indicated a major shift in composition of fungal communities among the4 soil types consistent with the level of degradation.Water content(WC), organic carbon(OC), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available nitrogen(AN), and available phosphorus(AP) were strongly correlated with cellulase activity and the structure and abundance of the fungal community.The results indicate that soil physicochemical properties(WC, OC, TN, TP, AN, and AP), cellulase activity, and diversity and abundance of fungal communities are sensitive indicators of the relative level of wetland degradation. WC was the major factorinvolved in Zoige wetland degradation and lower WC levels contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of the fungal community and reduction in cellulase activity.

Failure mode and dynamic response of a double-sided slope with high water content of soil

A double-sided slope with high water content in sandy clay was considered under the action of seismic load. Its failure mode and dynamic response were investigated using a hydraulic servo shaking table test. The typical characteristic of failure mode and dynamic responses of the double-sided slope were analyzed. Experimental results show that slope failure undergoes a process of progressive deformation. The slope failure mode can be explained as creep sliding landslide. AFA(Amplification Factor of Acceleration) at the surface and inner parts of the slope shows an increasing trend with the increase of relative elevation. The relationship between AFA and EAA(Excitation Amplitude of Acceleration) is nonlinear. An empirical formula is proposed to describe preferably the relationship between AFA,relative elevation and dimensionless EAA. The AFA at the middle and upper parts of the slope increases apparently with increasing EFA(Excitation Frequency of Acceleration).

Analytical expressions for determining the stability of cohesionless soil slope under generalized seismic conditions

In recent major earthquakes, the researchers have found the need for consideration of vertical seismic acceleration for the stability analysis of the man-made and natural slopes. However, in most past studies, the performance of slopes has been assessed by accounting only the horizontal seismic component of the ground motion, without giving due weightage to the effect of vertical component. In the present study, analytical expressions are derived to determine the factor of safety, yield seismic coefficient and consequently the seismic displacement of cohesionless soil slope under combined horizontal and vertical components of the ground motion. The derivation uses the Newmark's sliding block approach, in which the soil slope with a planar failure surface within the framework of conventional pseudo-static analysis is assumed to follow the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The effects of vertical seismic coefficient on the stability of cohesionless slope have been studied through a set of graphical presentations for a specific range of soil parameters. It is observed that overlooking the effect of the vertical component of the ground motion on factor of safety and the displacement while designing the slope may be detrimental, resulting in the slope failure. The general expressions presented in this paper may be highly useful in the field of earthquake geotechnical engineering practice for designing the cohesionless soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loads.

泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽路面表层动力响应研究

市政道路下伏管道沟槽常采用土、砂子、碎石等传统散体材料回填,由于沟槽空间受限,压实度难以满足设计要求,管道破损渗漏或交通荷载作用下,容易造成路面开裂,甚至塌陷。泡沫轻质土具有轻质、高强、自密实、抗渗漏等特性,可以将其应用于管道沟槽回填工程。为了研究泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽的路面动力响应特性,以振动加速度和动位移为动力响应指标,开展泡沫轻质土回填段和中砂回填段的路面动力响应现场试验。试验车速分别为20,40和60 km/h,车重分别为空载、半载、满载,共9种试验工况。研究结果表明,泡沫轻质土回填区段测点振动加速度最大值、动位移最大值分别为31.93 mm/s^(2)、6.23μm,而中砂回填区段分别为35.79 mm/s^(2)、6.90μm。振动加速度峰值、动位移峰值均随车重、车速的增加而增大。车重由空载变为满载时,泡沫轻质土回填区段测点动位移峰值变化幅度仅为中砂回填区段测点的15.2%~51.0%;车速由20 km/h增加至60 km/h时,动位移峰值变化幅度为中砂回填区段测点的16.8%~66.8%。泡沫轻质土回填区段振动加速度峰值衰减率、动位移峰值衰减率分别为中砂回填区段的1.16~1.38倍及1.15~1.33倍,削减了沟槽回填区段路面测点振动的高频和低频成分,泡沫轻质土回填区段整体刚度较好,减振效果良好。研究成果可为泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽的设计施工提供参考。

高速铁路土工格栅加筋膨胀土边坡作用机制

土工格栅加筋处治是解决膨胀土边坡问题的关键技术。为深入研究格栅与膨胀土相互作用机制,依托南宁铁路改柳南线工程,开展加筋设计及格栅抗拔稳定性计算。将考虑膨胀土侧向膨胀影响及格栅反包约束作用的设计方案应用于实际工程中,并通过预埋设的监测元件,对自然降雨−蒸发气候下加筋边坡的含水率、应力、位移及格栅应变的变化特征进行长期监测。研究结果表明:在考虑侧向膨胀及格栅约束的影响下,土工格栅的抗拔稳定安全系数仍满足规范要求。基于监测数据发现,受大气环境影响,体积含水率的波动幅度由浅至深逐渐减弱;格栅应变变化趋势与土体应力变化趋势基本一致,随季节性干湿气候呈“波浪”式变化;靠近坡面土体受大气干湿循环的影响更为显著,对降雨入渗敏感,其土工格栅应变变化迅速,峰值出现时间早;格栅应变峰值远小于格栅允许拉应变,且边坡累积水平位移量较小,表明加筋边坡滑移破坏风险较低;在降雨过程中,格栅对边坡土体施加弹性约束,允许坡面发生一定程度的膨胀,释放坡体因增湿产生的膨胀势,从而避免边坡因侧向应力增大形成渐进式滑坡,体现了土工格栅加筋膨胀土边坡“以柔治胀”的作用机制。研究成果可为高速铁路膨胀土边坡的土工格栅加筋设计与施工提供理论和技术支撑。