Development and Characterizations of EST-SSR Markers in Rubber Tree(Hevea brasiliensis)

To further develop EST-SSR marker in rubber tree, we assembled the sequences downloaded from NCBI and Malaysia EST databases of rubber tree. By analyzing the assembled 3 733 unigenes, we identified 566 potential SSR sites in this study. That is to say, there was one EST-SSR in every 3.96 kb. The di-nu-cleotide repeat was the most abundant type, fol owed by tri-, hexa-, tetra- and pen-ta-nucleotide repeat. The most common number of repeat units was 5, fol owed by more than 12, 6 and 7. Of 51 SSR motifs identified in this study, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats were 6, 26, 5, 3 and 11 types, respectively. The GA/CT di-nucleotide repeat was the most abundant motif, fol owed by TC/AG, AT/TA, CTT/GAA, TTC/AAG and TCT/AGA. In total, 158 new EST-SSRs were developed and amplified with the DNA of RRIM600 as a template. The results showed that the PCR products of 99 EST-SSRs generated clear amplifying bands. The EST-SSR markers developed in this study further enrich the number of molecular marker in rubber tree, and they wil be widely applied in DNA fingerprinting, genetic diversity, marker-assisted selection and genetic mapping, etc.

Haplotyping of Rice Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers Associated with Salt Tolerance

Salt stress is a major problem in most of the rice growing areas in the world. A major QTLSaltol associated with salt tolerance at the seedling stage has been mapped on chromosome 1 in rice.This study aimed to characterize the haplotype diversity at Saltol and additional QTLs associated withsalt tolerance. Salt tolerance at the seedling stage was assessed in 54 rice genotypes in the scale of 1to 9 score at EC = 10 dSm^-1 under controlled environmental conditions. Seven new breeding linesincluding three KMR3/O. rufipogon introgression lines showed similar salt tolerant ability as FL478 andcan be good sources of new genes/alleles for salt tolerance. Simple sequence repeat （SSR） markerRM289 showed only two alleles and RM8094 showed seven alleles. Polymorphic information contentvalue varied from 0.55 for RM289 to 0.99 for RM8094 and RM493. Based on 14 SSR markers, the 54lines were clearly separated into two major clusters. Fourteen haplotypes were identified based onSaltol linked markers with FL478 as the reference. Alleles of RM8094 and RM3412 can discriminatebetween the salt tolerant and susceptible genotypes clearly and hence can be useful in marker-assistedselection at the seedling stage. Other markers RM10720 on chromosome 1 and RM149 and RM264 onchromosome 8 can also distinguish tolerant and susceptible lines but with lesser stringency.

Genetic Variation in Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum Landraces from China Assessed by EST-SSR Markers

It was helpful for the wheat improvement to evaluate the genetic resources of Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum landraces. In this study, 68 turgidum landraces accessions, belonging to four geographic populations in China, were investigated by using EST-SSR markers. A total of 63 alleles were detected on 22 EST-SSR loci, and the number of alleles on each locus ranged from 1 to 5, with an average of 2.9. The results of the analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） indicated that 92.5% of the total variations was attributed to the genetic variations within population, whereas only 7.5% variations among populations. Although the four populations had similar genetic diversity parameters, Sichuan population was yet distinguished from other populations when comparing the population samples in pairs. Significant correlations were detected by the statistic analysis among six genetic diversity parameters among each other. The selection difference between heterozygosty and homozygosty was also observed among different EST-SSR locus. The genetic similarity （GS） ranged from 0.18 to 0.98, with the mean of 0.72, and all accessions could be clustered into 7 groups. The dendrogram suggested that the genetic relationships among turgidum accessions evaluated by EST-SSR markers were unrelated to their geographic distributions. These results implied that turgidum landraces from China had the unique characters of genetic diversity.

Transcriptome analysis of the endangered Notopterygium incisum: Coldtolerance gene discovery and identification of EST-SSR and SNP markers

Notopterygium incisum C. C. Ting ex H. T. Chang(Apiaceae) is an endangered perennial herb in China. The lack of transcriptomic and genomic resources for N. incisum greatly hinders studies of its population genetics and conservation. In this study, we employed RNA-seq technology to characterize transcriptomes for the flowers, leaves, and stems of this endangered herb. A total of 56 million clean reads were assembled into 120,716 unigenes with an N50 length of 850 bp. Among these unigenes, 70,245(58.19%) were successfully annotated and 65,965(54.64%) were identified as coding sequences based on their similarities with sequences in public databases. We identified 21 unigenes that had significant relationships with cold tolerance in N. incisum according to gene ontology(GO) annotation analysis. In addition, 13,149 simple sequence repeats(SSRs) and 85,681 single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected as potential molecular genetic markers. Ninety-six primer pairs of SSRs were randomly selected to validate their amplification efficiency and polymorphism. Nineteen SSR loci exhibited polymorphism in three natural populations of N. incisum. These results provide valuable resources to facilitate future functional genomics and conservation genetics studies of N. incisum.

Effective Procedure for Development of EST-SSR Markers Using cDNA Library

The present study was conducted to develop EST-SSR markers using the cDNA library from rice plant. Total RNA extracted from the leaves of brown plant hopper resistance gene originated from a rice cultivar “Cheongcheong” and sensitive rice cultivar “Nakdong” were used to synthesize a cDNA library. As a result of analyzing the cDNA library, the 17 EST-SSR primer sets were developed. This study enables to provide effective marker assisted selection (MAS) methods on the selection of white-backed planthopper resistance gene originated from a rice plant more simply, quickly and precisely. Furthermore, using this marker’s advantage of deriving from cDNA, it is possible to identify the white-backed planthopper resistance gene. In addition, this study introduces a technique for construction of a cDNA library safely without using radioactivity.

Confirmation of Pearl Millet-Napiergrass Hybrids Using EST-Derived Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

Prospects for deploying perennial grasses that are currently considered leading candidates for dedicated energy crops over large acreages are debatable because of several limitations, including vegetative propagation or small seed size, low biomass production during the first growing season, and incomplete assessments of crop invasiveness risk. Pearl Millet-Napiergrass hybrids (“PMN”;Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br. × P. purpureum Schumach.), in contrast, are large-seeded, sterile feedstocks capable of high biomass production during establishment year. Novel methods are warranted for confirmation of PMN hybrids, as traditional morphological observations can be inconclusive and chromosome number determination using cytological methods is laborious and time consuming. Six putative PMN lines were produced in this study, and 10 progeny from each line were evaluated using morphological traits, seed fertility, flow cytometry, and expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. All putative hybrid lines were sterile and failed to produce seed. The PMN hybrids could not be distinguished from either parent using flow cytometry due to highly similar nuclear genome DNA contents. A number of paternal napiergrass-specific EST-SSRs were identified for each PMN line, and four paternal-specific EST-SSRs conserved across all napiergrass accessions were selected to screen the putative PMN hybrids. These EST-SSRs confirmed that all F1 individuals analyzed were PMN hybrids. The use of paternal-specific markers therefore provides a valuable tool in the development of both “Seeded-yet-Sterile” biofuel PMN feedstocks and additional PMN cultivar-and parental species-specific markers.

Analysis of Simple Sequence Repeats Information from Floral Expressed Sequence Tags Resources of Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i>L.)

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most economically, medicinally and nutritionally important tropical fruit crops. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are more valuable as they are derived from conserved genic portion. Development of EST-SSRs markers through in silico approach is cheaper, less time consuming and labour-intensive. In this study, we aimed to mine SSRs and developed EST-SSR primers from papaya floral ESTs. A total of 75,846 papaya floral ESTs were downloaded from public database National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A total of 26,039 floral unigenes (7961 contigs and 18,078 singletons) were generated after assembly of these ESTs. From these floral unigenes, 433,782 perfect SSRs, 204,968 compound SSRs and 6061 imperfect SSRs were mined, respectively. In perfect SSRs, mononucleotide repeats were most abundant (94.7%) followed by tri- (3.1%) and di-nucleotide repeats (1.7%). The frequencies of tetra-, hexa- and penta-nucleotide repeats accounted for only (0.17%), (0.04%) and (0.03%), respectively. In mononucleotide repeats, the most abundant motif was A/T (69.3%) and in di- and tri-nucleotide repeats were AG/CT (61%) and AAG/CTT (31%), respectively. In imperfect SSRs, mononucleotide repeats (56.5%) were most abundant. 176 different types of motifs were identified. A total of 3807 primer pairs for floral papaya ESTs were successfully designed. These developed EST-SSR primers are being used for the genetic improvement of papaya such as study of cross-transferability across genera/species, evaluation of genetic diversity, and identification of sex-specific markers. These EST derived SSRs can also be used in filling gaps in existing linkage maps in papaya.

基于转录组数据的马氏珠母贝EST-SSR位点的信息分析及其多态性检测

为获得稳定可靠的马氏珠母贝SSR分子标记,本文利用MISA软件对转录组测序数据进行了大规模的EST-SSR标记发掘,并分析了位点信息及其多态性。结果表明,马氏珠母贝转录组测序所获得的74007条Unigenes中检测出9872个EST-SSR位点,位点出现频率为13.34%,平均每5102 bp含有1个SSR位点。在转录组SSR中共有132种重复基元类型,其中单核苷酸重复基元为主要类型,占SSR总数的81.46%;单核苷酸重复以A/T基序为主,占SSR总数的71.27%。基于筛选的SSR序列,应用Primer3软件进行引物的批量设计,共为5922条EST-SSR序列成功设计出17766对引物。随机选择80对引物对EST-SSR多态性进行检测,共有62对引物成功扩增出稳定条带,占引物总数的77.5%;其中,17对EST-SSR引物表现出个体多态性,多态性比率为27.42%。以上研究为马氏珠母贝遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建及分子辅助育种研究提供了有效工具,对于马氏珠母贝种质资源保护、优良品种培育和珍珠养殖业的健康发展均具有重要意义。

兰属植物EST-SSR标记开发及应用

本研究利用兰属植物杂交种转录组测序数据开发EST-SSR标记,分析标记的多态性及兰属种质的遗传多样性,为兰属植物种质资源的创新和分类研究提供参考。结果表明,转录组测序分析获得113780条Unigene,从中共识别到23709个SSR位点,SSR位点出现频率为20.84%。从设计的200对引物中筛选出20对具有多态性,并且扩增条带大小与预期相符的EST-SSR标记引物,对48份兰属种质材料进行PCR扩增,平均多态位点数为3.0,共检测到81.00个等位基因,平均每对引物检测到4.05个等位基因。观测杂合度平均值为0.3208,期望杂合度平均值为0.5070;Shannon’s信息指数的变化范围为0.2338~1.4724,平均值为0.9321,多态信息含量为0.1103~0.6622。对4个参试兰属植物种群进行遗传多样性分析,春兰和大花蕙兰的F1杂交种群与大花蕙兰种群亲缘关系较近,与春兰种群的亲缘关系较远。聚类分析结果表明,遗传相似系数为0.72时,48份种质聚成7类,春兰和大花蕙兰的F1代杂交种群大多聚入第I类,春兰种群聚入第V类,第II类、第III类、第IV类、第VII类均为大花蕙兰种群。

香菇EST-SSR标记的开发及应用

从NCBI中下载了12 184条香菇（Lentinula edodes）表达序列标签（expressed sequence tag,EST）序列,处理后得到全长3 681 177 bp的4 684个Unigene。在其中共发掘出142个简单重复序列（simple sequencerepeat,SSR）,分布于120条EST中,分布频率为2.99%（平均分布距离：25.924 kb）。其中,单、二、三核苷酸重复是主要的重复类型,A/T,AG/CT,ACG/CTG是单、二、三核苷酸的主要重复基序,分别占所有EST-SSR的23.23%、21.83%和10.56%。利用引物设计软件PrimerPremier5.0设计了40对引物,并利用6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶在18个香菇品种中进行检测。其中,22对引物为多态性引物,多态率为55%。应用NTSYS软件的聚类方法分析表明,18份材料遗传相似系数范围为0.375-0.984,与前人研究结果相符。

利用EST-SSR、IT-ISJ分子标记研究四倍体与八倍体柳枝稷的遗传多样性

柳枝稷是重要的能源植物之一,为研究四倍体Alamo与通过秋水仙素加倍后的八倍体之间的遗传差异,本研究以65份四倍体Alamo与其诱变的八倍体为研究材料,通过EST-SSR与IT-ISJ两种分子标记进行遗传分析。结果表明,EST-SSR引物共扩增出245条带,多态性比率为99.59%,观测等位基因Na为1.9878,有效等位基因Ne为1.1718,基因多样性指数H为0.1308,Shannon信息指数I为0.2388,其中四倍体Alamo的各遗传参数(226条,88.93%,1.8816,1.1823,0.1349,0.2398)多高于八倍体Alamo(217条,92.24%,1.9184,1.1652,0.1228,0.2234)。IT-ISJ引物共扩增出165条条带,多态性比率为96.36%,观测等位基因Na为1.9878,有效等位基因Ne为1.5777,基因多样性指数H为0.3354,Shannon信息指数I为0.4999,四倍体Alamo各项指数(145条,94.55%,1.9333,1.6366,0.3602,0.5280)均高于八倍体Alamo(139条,84.24%,1.7515,1.4377,0.2573,0.3864)。通过UPGMA分析表明,65个柳枝稷材料中四倍体与八倍体没有明显区分开,表明其没有产生明显的遗传分化。通过AMOVA分析表明,EST-SSR和IT-ISJ的遗传变异分别有94.78%和80.76%发生在倍性内,有5.22%和19.24%发生在倍性间,表明柳枝稷倍性间没有明显的差异。

剑麻斑马纹病菌EST-SSR标记开发与评价

剑麻斑马纹病是剑麻生产中具有破坏性的一种真菌病害。本研究从Gen Bank(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucest)中随机下载10 525条寄生疫霉EST序列,经过去冗余处理后得到5 519条无冗余EST。利用MISA(MIcro SAtellite identification tool)软件进行SSR发掘,从中共搜索到199个1~6碱基SSR,其中三核苷酸重复基元类型最多,共鉴定到55个,占SSR总数的27.6%;其次是二核苷酸重复基元类型和单核苷酸重复基元类型,分别鉴定到51和47个,各占所鉴定SSR总数的25.6%和23.6%。进一步分析表明,AG/CT二核苷酸重复基元类型为优势重复类型,占二核苷酸SSR总数的76.5%。而AAG/CTT和AGC/CTG 2个基元类型在三核苷酸中出现频率最多,分别为15和11次,分别占三核苷酸SSR总数的27.3%及20.0%。从鉴定的199个SSR中,选取含有SSR的合适区段设计了22对引物,并通过18个剑麻斑马纹病菌菌株的基因组DNA进行了评价,结果只有其中9对引物能从剑麻斑马纹病菌基因组DNA中有效扩增,其扩增移效率为40.9%。由此表明,利用此方法来开发剑麻斑马纹病菌的分子标记具有可行性,只是存在一个转移效率问题。

红麻EST-SSR标记的开发及其多态性评价

红麻是最重要的自然纤维作物之一,然而SSR标记的匮乏限制了其遗传改良。本研究从红麻90 175个EST序列中挑出含有转录因子的EST,开发了94对SSR引物。以24份不同红麻种质资源的DNA为模板,利用9%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测多态性。结果表明,85对引物(占90.4%)至少在2个材料之间存在多态性,表明开发的EST-SSR具有很好的多态性。其中,三核苷酸重复所占比例最多,重复基元AAT和ATG的多态性较高。聚类分析表明,24份红麻种质资源的遗传相似系数变化在0.62~0.92之间,表现出丰富的遗传基础。这些结果不仅丰富了红麻的分子标记数量,而且为红麻的遗传分析提供资源。

利用ACGM和EST-SSR标记对云贵高原野生山蚂蝗属种质的遗传多样性分析

山蚂蝗属野生种质是一个具有巨大经济价值的资源。本研究利用基于基因表达序列数据库开发的2种分子标记ACGM和ESTSSR共85对引物对山蚂蝗属9个种46个野生种质资源进行多样性分析。结果显示，ACGM引物中有扩增产物的引物比例为86．49％，远高于EST—SSR引物的54．17％。同时，ACGM的多态性比率也大于EST-SSR，可见ACGM在山蚂蝗属野生种质中的转移性优于EST—SSR。通过ACGM和EST—SSR分析得到的遗传相似性系数为0．523-0．967，平均相似系数为0．703，这表明山蚂蝗属野生种质资源间存在较高的遗传多样性。此外，ACGM分析能有效区分46个山蚂蝗属种质基因型，而EST—SSR只能区分绝大多数山蚂蝗属基因型。在UPGMA聚类图上46个供试材料被分成9组，与传统分类结果不完全一致。说明基于禾本科和豆科基因表达序列开发的分子标记能用于山蚂蝗属植物的遗传分析，同时这也为其他野生种质资源的遗传多样性研究提供了有益的借鉴。

油菜简单重复序列SSR(simple sequence repeat)研究进展

简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat, SSR)是重复单元少于6个核苷酸重复序列,广泛分布于动植物基因组中,呈孟德尔遗传,已被作为一种理想的共显性标记应用于动植物遗传研究中。本文重点介绍了SSR分类、特点,及近几年来油菜SSR标记的开发和SSR技术在油菜基因定位、品种鉴定中的应用,并对SSR标记在油菜中的应用进行了探讨。

基于转录组序列的羊肚菌EST-SSR标记开发与遗传多样性分析

利用羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)转录组数据开发EST-SSR(表达序列标签-简单重复序列)标记,并对33份羊肚菌材料进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,转录组测序共获得73781条Unigene序列,其中25461条Unigene序列中含有41814个简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeats,SSR)位点,SSR位点发生频率为34.51%,平均分布距离为2.51 kb。优势重复序列类型为单核苷酸,占总SSR位点数量的51.39%,其次为三核苷酸和二核苷酸,分别占总SSR位点数量的28.04%和13.35%。A/T、AG/TC、AGC/TCG分别是单核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸的优势重复基元。以33份羊肚菌和1份酵母菌为材料,从61对SSR引物中筛选出15对多态性引物,经扩增得到130条多态性条带,多态性比例为100%。遗传多样性分析结果显示,平均每个位点的等位基因数(N a)为4.8667个,平均有效等位基因数(N e)为2.1242个,平均多样性指数(I)为0.9583,平均观察杂合度(H o)为0.1911,平均期望杂合度(H e)为0.4951,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.4835,表明筛选出的15对SSR引物的扩增产物具有较好的遗传多样性。通过非加权组平均法(Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)聚类分析,可将33份羊肚菌材料分为4类。试验结果可为羊肚菌的种质资源鉴定、品种鉴别和分子标记辅助育种等研究提供依据。

Genetic Diversity of Tropical Hybrid Rice Germplasm Measured by Molecular Markers

Investigation of genetic diversity and relationships among breeding lines is of great importance to facilitate parent selection in hybrid rice breeding programs.In this study,we characterized 168 hybrid rice parents from International Rice Research Institute with 207 simple sequence repeat （SSR） and 353 single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers.A total of 1 267 SSR and 706 SNP alleles were detected with the averages of 6.1 （SSR） and 2.0 （SNP） alleles per locus respectively across all lines.Based on the genetic distances estimated from the SSR and SNP markers separately and combined,the unrooted neighbor-joining cluster and STRUCTURE analyses consistently separated the 168 hybrid rice parents into two major groups：B-line and R-line,which is consistent with known parent pedigree information.The genetic distance matrices derived from the SSR and SNP genotyping were highly correlated （r=0.81,P 0.001）,indicating that both of the SSR and SNP markers have distinguishable power to detect polymorphism and are appropriate for genetic diversity analysis among tropical hybrid rice parents.A subset of 60 SSR markers were also chosen by the Core Hunter with 368 alleles,and the cluster analysis based on the total and subset of SSR markers highly corresponded at r=0.91 （P 0.001）,suggesting that fewer SSR markers can be used to classify and evaluate genetic diversity among parental lines.

Cluster Analysis on Japonica Rice(Oryza sativa L.) with Good Eating Quality Based on SSR Markers and Phenotypic Traits

Diversity of 60 conventional japonica rice accessions with good eating quality at home and abroad was analyzed using SSR molecular markers, agronomic traits and taste characteristics. A total of 290 alleles were detected in the 60 accessions at 72 SSR loci with the high similarity coefficients varying between 0.600 and 0.924. The loci on chromosome 5 showed the greatest value in average allele number. Additionally, most of the SSR loci could detect 3 to 4 alleles. An UPGMA dendrogram based on the cluster analysis of the genetic similarity coefficients showed that the grouping trend of part of the rice accessions was geographic-related and most of the rice accessions in Jiangsu Province, China were clustered together. Furthermore, many domestic accessions from south and north origins in China were close to the foreign japonica rice varieties, as proved by their pedigree origin from the foreign high-quality sources. For taste characteristics, part of the accessions with excellent taste were clearly clustered into one category though they came from different geographical regions, which indicates that taste characteristics of some varieties were mainly genetically determined. In addition, the agronomic traits of japonica rice with good taste might be closely related with their geographical origins, but the relationship between superior taste characteristics and agronomic traits should be further clarified.

Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers in Brassica rapa ssp.chinensis and Transferability Among Related Species

Simple sequence repeat （SSR） or microsatellite marker is a valuable tool for several purposes, such as mapping, fingerprinting, and breeding. In the present study, an intersimple sequence repeat （ISSR）-PCR technique was applied for developing SSR markers in non-heading Chinese cabbage （Brassica rapa）. A total of 190 SSRs were obtained. Among these, AG or CT （54.7%） was the most frequent repeat, followed by AC or GT （31.6%） of the microsatellites. The average number of the SSRs length array was 16 and 10 times, respectively. Based on the determined SSR sequences, 143 SSR primer pairs were designed to evaluate their transferabilities among the related species of Brassica. The number of alleles produced per marker averaged 2.91, and the polymorphism information content （PIC） value ranged from 0 to 0.863 with an average of 0.540. Monomorphism was observed in 16 primer pairs. The transferability percentage in CC genome was higher than in BB genome. More loci occurred in the BBCC genome. This result supported the hypothesis that BB genome was divergent from A and C genomes, and AA and CC genomes were relatively close. The polymorphic primers can be exploited for further evolution, fingerprinting, and variety identification.

Identification of necrophagous fly species from 12 different cities in China using ISSR and SCAR markers

Objective:To identify necrophagous fly speies from different regions in China using inter simple sequenc repeat(ISSR) and sequence-characterized amplified region(SCAR) melocular markers and to analyze their gene difference and genetic relationship.Methods:Five carrion fly species were collected from 12 cities and regions in China,including Musca domestica(M.domestica), Lucilia sericata(L.sericata),Chrysomya megacephala(C.megacephala),Helicophagella melanura(H.melanura),Boethcherisca peregrina,and they were studied using ISSR and SCAR markers.Results:Eight ISSR primers were used for amplification of 121 samples.679 clear and stable bands were identified,of which 516 bands were polymorphic.Several species-specific ISSR fragment were cloned and sequenced as an initial effort to derive the SCAR markers.Using M.domestica SCAR specific primers,SCAR-PCR amplification was performed for 8 M.domestca population sample DNA from different regions in China as well as L sericata,C.megacephala, H.melanura and Lucillia cupirina.The result showed only M.domestica produced specificalty 600 bp fragment,but L sericata,C.megacephala,H.melanura and Lucillia cupirina did not produce the same specific fragment.Clustering analysis showed clustering of most flies of M. domestica,C.megacephala and L sericata.M.domestica samples from different regions in China yielded different banding patterns.Conclusions:Application of ISSR-PCR and SCAR markers to identify necrophagous fly species from 12 cities and regions in China is first reported.ISSR-PCR and SCAR markers provide a quick reliable molecular marker technique for the identification of different species of necrophagous fly.