Tunable superconducting resonators via on-chip control of local magnetic field

Superconducting microwave resonators play a pivotal role in superconducting quantum circuits.The ability to finetune their resonant frequencies provides enhanced control and flexibility.Here,we introduce a frequency-tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator.By applying electrical currents through specifically designed ground wires,we achieve the generation and control of a localized magnetic field on the central line of the resonator,enabling continuous tuning of its resonant frequency.We demonstrate a frequency tuning range of 54.85 MHz in a 6.21-GHz resonator.This integrated and tunable resonator holds great potential as a dynamically tunable filter and as a key component of communication buses and memory elements in superconducting quantum computing.

Non-volatile dynamically switchable color display via chalcogenide stepwise cavity resonators

High-resolution multi-color printing relies upon pixelated optical nanostructures,which is crucial to promote color display by producing nonbleaching colors,yet requires simplicity in fabrication and dynamic switching.Antimony trisulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a newly rising chalcogenide material that possesses prompt and significant transition of its optical characteristics in the visible region between amorphous and crystalline phases,which holds the key to color-varying devices.Herein,we proposed a dynamically switchable color printing method using Sb_(2)S_(3)-based stepwise pixelated Fabry-Pérot(FP)cavities with various cavity lengths.The device was fabricated by employing a direct laser patterning that is a less timeconsuming,more approachable,and low-cost technique.As switching the state of Sb_(2)S_(3) between amorphous and crystalline,the multi-color of stepwise pixelated FP cavities can be actively changed.The color variation is due to the profound change in the refractive index of Sb_(2)S_(3) over the visible spectrum during its phase transition.Moreover,we directly fabricated sub-50 nm nano-grating on ultrathin Sb_(2)S_(3) laminate via microsphere 800-nm femtosecond laser irradiation in far field.The minimum feature size can be further decreased down to~45 nm(λ/17)by varying the thickness of Sb_(2)S_(3) film.Ultrafast switchable Sb_(2)S_(3) photonic devices can take one step toward the next generation of inkless erasable papers or displays and enable information encryption,camouflaging surfaces,anticounterfeiting,etc.Importantly,our work explores the prospects of rapid and rewritable fabrication of periodic structures with nano-scale resolution and can serve as a guideline for further development of chalcogenide-based photonics components.

Disorder effects in NbTiN superconducting resonators

Disordered superconducting materials like NbTiN possess a high kinetic inductance fraction and an adjustable critical temperature, making them a good choice for low-temperature detectors. Their energy gap(D), critical temperature(T_(c)),and quasiparticle density of states(QDOS) distribution, however, deviate from the classical BCS theory due to the disorder effects. The Usadel equation, which takes account of elastic scattering, non-elastic scattering, and electro–phonon coupling,can be applied to explain and describe these deviations. This paper presents numerical simulations of the disorder effects based on the Usadel equation to investigate their effects on the △, Tc, QDOS distribution, and complex conductivity of the NbTiN film. Furthermore, NbTiN superconducting resonators with coplanar waveguide(CPW) structures are fabricated and characterized at different temperatures to validate our numerical simulations. The pair-breaking parameter α and the critical temperature in the pure state T_(c)^(P) of our NbTiN film are determined from the experimental results and numerical simulations. This study has significant implications for the development of low-temperature detectors made of disordered superconducting materials.

Octave-spanning Kerr soliton frequency combs in dispersion-and dissipation-engineered lithium niobate microresonators

Dissipative Kerr solitons from optical microresonators,commonly referred to as soliton microcombs,have been developed for a broad range of applications,including precision measurement,optical frequency synthesis,and ultrastable microwave and millimeter wave generation,all on a chip.An important goal for microcombs is self-referencing,which requires octave-spanning bandwidths to detect and stabilize the comb carrier envelope offset frequency.Further,detection and locking of the comb spacings are often achieved using frequency division by electro-optic modulation.The thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform,with its low loss,strong second-and third-order nonlinearities,as well as large Pockels effect,is ideally suited for these tasks.However,octave-spanning soliton microcombs are challenging to demonstrate on this platform,largely complicated by strong Raman effects hindering reliable fabrication of soliton devices.Here,we demonstrate entirely connected and octave-spanning soliton microcombs on thin-film lithium niobate.With appropriate control over microresonator free spectral range and dissipation spectrum,we show that soliton-inhibiting Raman effects are suppressed,and soliton devices are fabricated with near-unity yield.Our work offers an unambiguous method for soliton generation on strongly Raman-active materials.Further,it anticipates monolithically integrated,self-referenced frequency standards in conjunction with established technologies,such as periodically poled waveguides and electro-optic modulators,on thin-film lithium niobate.

Single 5-nm quantum dot detection via microtoroid optical resonator photothermal microscopy

Label-free detection techniques for single particles and molecules play an important role in basic science,disease diagnostics,and nanomaterial investigations.While fluorescence-based methods are tools for single molecule detection and imaging,they are limited by available molecular probes and photoblinking and photobleaching.Photothermal microscopy has emerged as a label-free imaging technique capable of detecting individual nanoabsorbers with high sensitivity.Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonators can confine light in a small volume for enhanced light-matter interaction and thus are a promising ultra-sensitive photothermal microscopy platform.Previously,microtoroid optical resonators were combined with photothermal microscopy to detect 250 nm iong gold nanorods and 100 nm long polymers.Here,we combine microtoroids with photothermal microscopy to spatially detect single 5 nm diameter quantum dots(QDs)with a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 10*.Photothermal images were generated by point-by-point scanning of the pump laser.Single particle detection was confrmed for 18 nm QDs by high sensitivity fluorescence imaging and for 5 nm QDs via comparison with theory.Our system demonstrates the capability to detect a minimum heat dissipation of o.75 pW.To achieve this,we integrated our microtoroid based photothermal microscopy setup with a low amplitude modulated pump laser and utilized the proportional-integral-derivative controller output as the photothermal signal source to reduce noise and enhance signal stability.The heat dissipation of these QDs is below that from single dye molecules.We anticipate that our work will have application in a wide variety of fields,including the biological sciences,nanotechnology,materials science,chemistry and medicine.

Layered metastructure containing freely-designed local resonators for wave attenuation

Combining periodic layered structure with three-dimensional cylindrical local resonators,a hybrid metastructure with improved wave isolation ability was designed and investigated through theoretical and numerical approaches.The metastructure is composed of periodic rubber layers and concrete layers embedded with three-dimensional resonators,which can be freely designed with multi local resonant frequencies to attenuate vibrations at required frequencies and widen the attenuation bandgap.The metastructure can also effectively attenuate seismic responses.Compared with layered rubber-based structures,the metastructure has more excellent wave attenuation effects with greater attenuation and wider bandgap.

Dielectric Resonator Magnetoelectric Dipole Arrays with Low Cross Polarization,Backward Radiation,and Mutual Coupling for MIMO Base Station Applications

Dielectric resonator magnetoelectric dipole(DRMED)arrays with enhanced isolation,reduced cross-polarization,and backward radiation are proposed for base station(BS)applications.The proposed antenna comprises an elevated dielectric resonator antenna(DRA)on a small metal plate above a sizeable common ground plane.The DRA is designed in its T Eδ11 mode,acting like a magnetic dipole.The surface current excited by the differential probes flowing on the small ground plane is equivalent to an electric dipole.Since these two equivalent dipoles are orthogonal,they have the magnetoelectric dipole characteristics with reduced backward radiation.Meanwhile,the small ground planes can be treated as decoupling structures to provide a neutralization path to cancel the original coupling path.A linearly-polarized 4-element prototype array was verified experimentally in previous work.Here,a dual-polarized DRMED antenna is presented to construct a 2-element and 4×4 array for BS applications.To investigate its MIMO performance,sophisticated multi-cell scenario simulations are carried out.By using the proposed dualpolarized DRMED array,the cellular system capacityis improved by 118.6%compared to a conventional DRA array.This significant MIMO system improvement is mainly due to the reduced backward radiation and,therefore,reduced inter-cell interferences.Measurements align well with the simulations.

Asymmetrical Fabry-Perot cavity slot micro-ring resonator and its sensing characteristics

To achieve high quality factor and high-sensitivity refractive index sensor,a slot micro-ring resonator(MRR)based on asymmetric Fabry-Perot(FP)cavity was proposed.The structure consisted of a pair of elliptical holes to form an FP cavity and a microring resonator.The two different optical modes generated by the micro-ring resonator were destructively interfered to form a Fano line shape,which improved the system sensitivity while obtaining a higher quality factor and extinction ratio.The transmission principle of the structure was analyzed by the transfer matrix method.The transmission spectrum and mode field distribution of the proposed structure were simulated by the finite difference time domain(FDTD)method,and the key structural parameters affecting the Fano line shape in the device were optimized.The simulation results show that the quality factor of the device reached 22037.1,and the extinction ratio was 23.9 dB.By analyzing the refractive index sensing characteristics,the sensitivity of the structure was 354 nm·RIU−1,and the detection limit of the sensitivity was 2×10−4 RIU.Thus,the proposed compact asymmetric FP cavity slot micro-ring resonator has obvious advantages in sensing applications owing to its excellent performance.

Application of the N + 2 Transversal Network Method to the Study of a Coupled Resonator Filter

This paper presents a new approach to synthesize admittance function polynomials and coupling matrices for coupled resonator filters. The N + 2 transversal network method is applied to study a coupled resonator filter. This method allowed us to determine the polynomials of the reflection and transmission coefficients. A study is made for a 4 poles filter with 2 transmission zeros between the N + 2 transversal network method and the one found in the literature. A MATLAB code was designed for the numerical simulation of these coefficients for the 6, 8, and 10 pole filter with 4 transmission zeros.

The parallel-plate resonator:An RF probe for MR and MRI studies over a wide frequency range

We explore the use of the parallel-plate resonator for the study of thin cuboid samples over a wide range of magnetic resonance frequencies.The parallel-plate resonator functions at frequencies from tens to hundreds of MHz.Seven parallel-plate resonators are presented and discussed in a frequency range from 8 to 500 MHz.Magnetic resonance experiments were performed on both horizontal and vertical bore magnet systems with lithium and hydrogen nuclei.Parallel-plate radiofrequency(RF)probes are easy to build and easy to optimize.Experiments and simulations showed good sensitivity of the parallel-plate RF probe geometry with a small decrease in sensitivity at higher frequencies.

Electrode design for multimode suppression of aluminum nitride tuning fork resonators

This paper is focused on electrode design for piezoelectric tuning fork resonators.The relationship between the performance and electrode pattern of aluminum nitride piezoelectric tuning fork resonators vibrating in the in-plane flexural mode is investigated based on a set of resonators with different electrode lengths,widths,and ratios.Experimental and simulation results show that the electrode design impacts greatly the multimode effect induced from torsional modes but has little influence on other loss mechanisms.Optimizing the electrode design suppresses the torsional mode successfully,thereby increasing the ratio of impedance at parallel and series resonant frequencies(R_(p)/R_(s))by more than 80%and achieving a quality factor(Q)of 7753,an effective electromechanical coupling coefficient(kt_(eff)^(2))of 0.066%,and an impedance at series resonant frequency(R_(m))of 23.6 kΩ.The proposed approach shows great potential for high-performance piezoelectric resonators,which are likely to be fundamental building blocks for sensors with high sensitivity and low noise and power consumption.

Dielectric Patch Resonator and Antenna

This paper presents an overview of dielectric patch(DP)antennas developed in recent years.The employed DP resonator composed of a DP and a bottom substrate is analyzed comprehensively here,enabling the easy realization of a quasi-planar DP antenna.It combines the dual advantages of the conventional microstrip patch(MP)antenna and dielectric resonator(DR)antenna in terms of profile,gain,bandwidth,radiation efficiency,and design freedom.Furthermore,the DP antenna inherits the multi-mode characteristic of the DR antenna,thus it has a large number of high-order modes,including TMmn mode and TEmn mode.The high-order modes are widely applied,for example,by combining with the dominant TM10 mode to expand the bandwidth,or selecting multiple higher-order modes to implement a high-gain antenna.Additionally,the non-radiation high-order modes are also utilized to produce natural radiation null in filtering antenna design.In this paper,the design theories and techniques of DP antenna are introduced and investigated,including calculation and control methods of the resonant mode frequencies,analysis of the radiation mechanism,and applications of the multi-mode characteristic.This overview could provide guidance for the subsequent antenna design,thus effectively avoid time-consuming optimization.

Classic analogue of Autler–Townes-splitting transparency using a single magneto-optical ring resonator

We show that an optical transparency can be obtained by using only one single magneto-optical ring resonator. This effect is based on the splitting of counterclockwise and clockwise modes in the ring resonator. Within a proposed resonator-waveguide configuration the superposition between the two degeneracy broken modes produces a transparency window,which can be closed, open, and modified by tuning the applied magnetic field. This phenomenon is an analogue of Autler–Townes splitting, and the magnetic field is equivalent to the strong external pump field. We provide a theoretic analysis on the induced transparency, and numerically demonstrate the effect using full-wave simulation. Feasible implication of this effect and its potential applications are also discussed.

Triple-Band Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) for Wireless Applications

This paper proposes a new dielectric resonator antenna(DRA)design that can generate circularly polarized(CP)triple-band signals.Atripleband CP DRA antenna fed by a probe feed system is achieved with metal strips structure on side of DRA structure.The design start with conventional rectangular DRA with F shaped metal strips on DRA structure alongside the feed.Then,the F metal strip is enhanced by extending the length of the metal strip to obtain wider impedance bandwidth.Further improvement on the antenna performance is observed by improvised the conventional DRA structure.The method of removing part of DRA bottom resulted to higher antenna gain with triple band CP.The primary features of the proposed DRA include wide impedance matching bandwidth(BW)and broadband circular polarization(CP).The primary features of the proposedDRAinclude wide impedance matching bandwidth(BW)and broadband circular polarization(CP).The CP BW values recorded by the proposed antenna were∼11.27%(3.3–3.65 GHz),12.18%(4.17–4.69 GHz),and 1.74%(6.44–6.55 GHz)for impedance-matching BW values of 35.4%(3.3–4.69 GHz),1.74%(5.36–5.44 GHz),and 1.85%(6.41–6.55 GHz)with peak gains of 6.8 dBic,7.6 dBic,and 8.5 dBic,respectively,in the lower,central,and upper bands.The prototype of the proposed antenna geometry was fabricated and measured.A good agreement was noted between the simulated and the measured results.

Vibration attenuation of meta-mortar with spring-mass resonators

Metamaterial based on local resonance has excellent vibration attenuation ability in low frequency.In this research,an attempt was performed to make meta-mortar with spring-mass resonators to attenuate vibration and shock hazards.Single-spring-mass resonators and dual-spring-mass resonators were designed and made using lead or aluminum blocks and SWPB springs encased by PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate)or aluminum frames.These resonators were placed into mortar blocks to make metamortar specimens.Vibration attenuation effect was investigated by sweeping vibration with frequency from 50 Hz to 2000 Hz.All these meta-mortar blocks exhibit excellent vibration attenuation ability in the designed band gaps.With dual-spring-mass resonators,meta-mortar blocks have two distinct vibration attenuation bands.

Topological resonators based on hexagonal-star valley photonic crystals

In valley photonic crystals, topological edge states can be gained by breaking the spatial inversion symmetry without breaking time-reversal symmetry or creating pseudo-spin structures, making highly unidirectional light transmission easy to achieve. This paper presents a novel physical model of a hexagonal-star valley photonic crystal. Simulations based on the finite element method(FEM) are performed to investigate the propagation of TM polarized mode and its application to ring resonators. The results show that such a topologically triangular ring resonator exhibits an optimum quality factor Q of about 1.25×104, and Q has a maximum value for both frequency and the cavity length L. Our findings are expected to have significant implications for developing topological lasers and wavelength division multiplexers.

Electro-mechanical coupling properties of band gaps in an with periodically attached “spring-mass” resonators

The model of a locally resonant (LR) epoxy/PZT-4 phononic crystal (PC)nanobeam with “spring-mass” resonators periodically attached to epoxy is proposed. The corresponding band structures are calculated by coupling Euler beam theory, nonlocal piezoelectricity theory and plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Three complete band gaps with the widest total width less than 10GHz can be formed in the proposed nanobeam by comprehensively comparing the band structures of three kinds of LR PC nanobeams with resonators attached or not. Furthermore, influencing rules of the coupling fields between electricity and mechanics,“spring-mass” resonator, nonlocal effect and different geometric parameters on the first three band gaps are discussed and summarized. All the investigations are expected to be applied to realize the active control of vibration in the region of ultrahigh frequency.

An Investigation on Efficient Acoustic Energy Reflection of Flexible Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators

This paper investigates the issues on acoustic energy reflection of flexible film bulk acoustic resonators(FBARs). The flexible FBAR was fabricated with an air cavity in the polymer substrate, which endowed the resonator with efficient acoustic reflection and high electrical performance. The acoustic wave propagation and reflection in FBAR were first analyzed by Mason model, and then flexible FBARs of 2.66 GHz series resonance in different configurations were fabricated. To validate efficient acoustic reflection of flexible resonators, FBARs were transferred onto different polymer substrates without air cavities. Experimental results indicate that efficient acoustic reflection can be efficiently predicted by Mason model. Flexible FBARs with air cavities exhibit a higher figure of merit(FOM). Our demonstration provides a feasible solution to flexible MEMS devices with highly efficient acoustic reflection(i.e. energy preserving) and free-moving cavities, achieving both high flexibility and high electrical performance.

An Open-Loop Test of a Resonator Fiber Optic Gyro

The resonator fiber optic gyro （R-FOG） ,which utilizes a resonance frequency change due to the Sagnac effect,is a promising candidate for the next generation inertial rotation sensor. In this study, an open-loop R-FOG is set up using phase modulation spectroscopy. First,the demodulation curve is obtained using a lock-in amplifier. From the demodulation signal,a gyro dynamic range of ± 4.2rad/s is obtained. Then,using different phase modulation frequencies,the open-loop gyro output signal is measured when the gyro is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise. The bias drift as a function of time is also measured. The fluctuation of the output over 5s is about 0.02rad/s. The drift can be reduced by taking countermeasures against system noise.

Coupled resonator-induced transparency on a three-ring resonator

The coupled resonator-induced transparency （CRIT） phenomenon, which is analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic systems, can occur in an original integrated optical resonator system due to the coherent interference of the coupled optical resonators. The system was composed of three ring resonators on silicon, each with the same cavity size, and the optical coupling to the input and output ports was achieved using grating with a power coupling efficiency of 36%. A CRIT resonance whose spectrum shows a narrow transparency peak with a low group velocity was demonstrated. The quality factor of the ring resonator can attain a value up to 6x 104, and the harmonic wavelength can be controlled by adjusting the temperature. The through and drop transmission spectra of the resonator are reconciled well with each other and also consistent well with the theoretical analysis.