Overexpression pattern,function,and clinical value of proteasome 26S subunit non-ATPase 6 in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND In recent years,many studies have shown that proteasome 26S subunit non-ATPase 6(PSMD6)plays an important role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumours.Unfortunately,there are no reports on the evaluation of the potential role of PSMD6 in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).AIM To comprehensively evaluate the overexpression pattern and clinical significance of PSMD6 in HCC tissues.METHODS This study integrated PSMD6 mRNA expression profiles from 4672 HCC and 3667 non-HCC tissues,along with immunohistochemical scores from 383 HCC and adjacent tissues,to assess PSMD6 overexpression in HCC.Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats knockout technology evaluated PSMD6’s essential role in HCC cell growth.Functional enrichment analysis explored the molecular mechanism of PSMD6 abnormalities in HCC.Drug sensitivity analysis and molecular docking analysed the effect of abnormal expression of PSMD6 on the drug sensitivity of HCC cells.RESULTS The results of 41 external and two internal datasets showed that PSMD6 mRNA(SMD=0.26,95%CI:0.09-0.42,P<0.05)and protein(SMD=2.85,95%CI:1.19-4.50,P<0.05)were significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues.The integrated analysis results showed that PSMD6 had a significant overexpression pattern in HCC tissues(SMD=0.40,95%CI:0.15-0.66,P<0.05).PSMD6 knockout inhibited HCC cell growth(chronos scores<-1).Functional enrichment implicated ribosome biogenesis and RNA splicing.Significant enrichment of signalling pathways such as RNA degradation,ribosomes,and chemical carcinogenesis—reactive oxygen species.Drug sensitivity analysis and a molecular docking model showed that high expression of PSMD6 was associated with the tolerance of HCC cells to drugs such as ML323,sepantronium bromide,and GDC0810.Overexpressed PSMD6 effectively distinguished HCC tissues(AUC=0.75,95%CI:0.71-0.79).CONCLUSION This study was the first to discover that PSMD6 was overexpressed in HCC tissues.PSMD6 is essential for the growth of HCC cells and may be involved in ribosome biogenesis and RNA splicing.

Molecular Cloning,Genomic Organization and Functional Analysis of the Ribosomal Protein S30(RPS30) Gene from Arachis hypogaea

The ribosomal proteins are crucial for the maintenance of ribosomal translational efficiency and fidelity.In the study,we characterized the ribosomal protein S30(RPS30)gene from Arachis hypogaea that has been isolated through Genefishing analysis during defense responses to Ralstonia solanacearum.The cDNA of RPS 30 contained a 189 base pair(bp)open-reading frame encoding 62 amino acids.The genomic DNA consists of 272 bp containing two exons and one 83 bp intron.The RPS 30 mRNA transcript was mainly expressed in roots and leaves.The expression level of the RPS 30 mRNA transcripts was up-regulated sharply 6 h after bacterial challenge and was 12 times greater than that of the control group.The phylogenetic analysis for genes encoding proteins showed that RPS30 were conserved within dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.d S extremely exceeded d N in all branches of the tree(d N/d S<1.0),indicating that functional constraint have acted on RPS 30 throughout evolution.

大熊猫核糖体蛋白S26亚基基因(rps26)的cDNA克隆及序列分析

为了解大熊猫核糖体蛋白亚基rps26基因的结构特点及其与已报道的人和其他哺乳动物核糖体蛋白亚基基因rps26的异同,以大熊猫的肌肉组织为材料,根据已报道的部分哺乳动物核糖体蛋白S26亚基基因(rps26)的相关信息设计引物,运用RT-PCR技术,成功地克隆了核糖体蛋白亚基基因rps26的表达序列,并对其进行了测序及初步分析.结果表明:大熊猫rps26亚基基因的表达序列长为413 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为348 bp,编码115个氨基酸的蛋白质,该蛋白的相对分子质量为13.025 2×103,等电点为11.61.拓扑预测显示该蛋白含有3个功能位点:1个N-糖基化位点,1个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ蛄姿峄?位点和1个核糖体蛋白S26e signature位点.进一步分析发现,大熊猫rps26基因与已报道的人、西藏黄牛、野猪、褐家鼠和小家鼠5个哺乳动物物种的表达序列其编码的氨基酸序列具有很高的相似性:编码序列同源性分别为90.23%、91.67%、92.82%、87.36%和86.78%;氨基酸序列同源性均为99.86%.

RPS15a基因在胃癌中高表达

目的：研究核糖体蛋白S15a（ribosomal protein S15a RPS15a）基因在胃癌及癌旁组织中表达差异，为进一步了解胃癌发生、发展的分子机制提供帮助。方法应用荧光定量PCR等方法进一步验证该基因在胃癌及癌旁组织中的表达差异，并在多种肿瘤细胞中的表达量进行比较。结果该基因在胃癌组织中的表达量高于其对应的癌旁组织，但在多种肿瘤细胞中的表达量无显著差异。结论 RPS15a基因在胃癌中呈高表达，说明其可能与细胞恶性生物学行为相关。在多种肿瘤细胞中表达量无显著差异，推测其可能在恶性肿瘤中的高表达具有普遍性。

核糖体蛋白S26的研究进展

核糖体蛋白(ribosomal proteins,RPs)不仅在细胞内参与合成蛋白质,还具有多种核糖体外功能。核糖体蛋白S26(RPS26)位于核糖体小亚基,其功能障碍与多种疾病密切相关。近年来,有关RPS26的研究主要在参与核糖体装配等核糖体功能方面,以及参与无义介导的mRNA降解机制(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,NMD)、直接或间接调控重要的抑癌基因p53表达等核糖体外功能方面。多篇报道证实RPS26基因突变可引起戴-布二氏贫血(Diamond-Blackfan anemia,DBA),而RPS26基因与Ⅰ型糖尿病的关系仍有争议。探索RPS26参与NMD机制在DBA发生中的作用有助于深入认识DBA发病机理,同时也可为完善SMaRT(spliceosome-mediated mRNA trans-splicing)技术等基因疗法提供帮助。此外,RPS26在癌症中的作用也值得进一步探索。

绒癌相关基因片段T26的克隆和测序

目的 对绒癌相关基因片段T2 6进行克隆和测序分析。 方法 利用T A克隆将绒癌相关基因片段T2 6连接入PGEM T载体 ,酶切鉴定并测序 ,测序结果与GenBank比较 ,分析所得到的片段。 结果 绒癌相关基因片段T2 6的核苷酸序列与scar、rps4、ccg2基因的 3’端核苷酸序列同源性达 99%以上。 结论 T2 6及scar、ccg2。

A viral movement protein targets host catalases for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation to facilitate viral infection and aphid transmission in wheat

The infection of host plants by many different viruses causes reactive oxygen species(Ros)accumulation and yellowing symptoms,but the mechanisms through which plant viruses counteract RoS-mediated immunity to facilitate infection and symptom development have not been fully elucidated.Most plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors in the field,but the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-host-insect interactions are unclear.In this study,we investigated the interactions among wheat,barley yellow dwarf virus(BYDV),and its aphid vector and found that the BYDV movement protein(MP)interacts with both wheat catalases(CATs)and the 26S proteasomeubiquitin receptor non-ATPase regulatorysubunit2homolog(PSMD2)to facilitate the 26S proteasome-mediateddegradation of CATs,promotingviral infection,disease symptom development,and aphid transmission.Overexpression of the BYDV MP gene in wheat enhanced the degradation of CATs,which leading to increased accumulation of ROS and thereby enhanced viral infection.Interestingly,transgenic wheat lines overexpressing BYDV MP showed significantly reduced proliferation of wingless aphids and an increased number of winged aphids.Consistent with this observation,silencing of CAT genes also enhanced viral accumulation and reduced the proliferation of wingless aphids but increased the occurrence of winged aphids.In contrast,transgenic wheat plants overexpressing TaCAT1 exhibited the opposite changes and showed increases in grain size and weight upon infection with BYDV.Biochemical assays demonstrated that BYDV MP interacts with PSMD2 and promotes 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of TaCAT1 likely in a ubiquitination-independent manner.Collectively,our study reveals a molecular mechanism by which a plant virus manipulates the Ros production system of host plants to facilitate viral infection and transmission,shedding new light on the sophisticated interactions among viruses,host plants,and insect vectors.

Emerging Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in the Control of Shoot Apical Meristem Function

The shoot apical meristem （SAM） is a population of undifferentiated cells at the tip of the shoot axis that establishes early during plant embryogenesis and gives rise to all shoot organs throughout the plant＇s life. A plethora of different families of transcription factors （TFs） play a key role in establishing the equilibrium between cell differentiation and stem cell maintenance in the SAM. Fine tuning of these regulatory proteins is crucial for a proper and fast SAM response to environmental and hormonal cues, and for development progression. One effective way to rapidly inactivate TFs involves regulated proteolysis by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system （UPS）. However, a possible role of UPS-dependent protein degradation in the regulation of key SAM TFs has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we summarize recent evidence supporting a role for the UPS in SAM maintenance and function. We integrate this survey with an in silico analysis of publicly-available microarray databases which identified ubiquitin ligases that are expressed in specific areas within the SAM, suggesting that they may regulate or act downstream of meristem-specific factors.