Upstream Operations in the Oil Industry： Rigorous Modeling ofan Electrostatic Coalescer

This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are denscribed, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets isconsidered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a keystep in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditionsis then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available lit-erature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. Themathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior predic-tion. performance rnoniroring, and ontimization.

A Rigorous Spectral Representation of Relativistic Random Phase Approximation

A rigorous spectral representation of relativistic random-phase approximation is presented.Explicit expression is derived for the effective particle-hole interaction which contains the direct term Kan,the exchange term KaQ and the kernel for the fermion line renormalization K_(fr).It is shown that according to our method,not only K_(an) but also K_(sc) and K_(fr) can be given rigorously in a form which depends only on one ω(energy)-variable and they all take account of the retardation effect properly.

Application of rigorous coupled-wave theory on quality analysis of natural jadeite

In order to make more available methods for natural jadeite quality evaluation,this study applied rigorous coupled wave theory to calculate and simulate the reflection characteristics of various natural jadeites,and establish evaluation standard based on the relationship between refractive index and reflectivity and responses of reflection efficiency to refractive index,grating thickness and incident angles,etc.The results suggest that reflection efficiency varies significantly as a function of the natural jadeite quality,which can provide a new method to evaluate natural jadeite.

Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach for Sandwich Gratings

Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gratings (SG), which is composed of two identical planar dielectric gratings adjoined by thin metallic or dielectric film. The electromagnetic analytic expressions for each layer of SG structure are given and rigorous coupled-wave equations are deduced. The numerical investigations for the diffraction spectra of SG by our theoretical and computer programs are in good agreement with the results of classical RCWA in the condition when a Sandwish grating is simplified to a classical one-layer grating. The calculations by our programs of another condition when a Sandwish grating is degenerated to a classical single planar structure also conform to the results of classical electromagnetic theory. The research results above indicate that the extended theoretical formula has backwards compatibility and is self-consistent with the classical theory.

Re ned rigorous perturbation bounds for the SR decomposition

In this article,some new rigorous perturbation bounds for the SR decomposition un-der normwise or componentwise perturbations for a given matrix are derived.Also,the explicit expressions for the mixed and componentwise condition numbers are presented by utilizing the block matrix-vector equation approach.Hypothetical and trial results demonstrate that these new bounds are constantly more tightly than the comparing ones in the literature.

The rigorous adjustment of the global mean sea level budget during 2005-2015

Global mean sea level budget is rigorously adjusted during the period 2005-2015.The emphasis is to provide the best estimates for the linear rates of changes(trends)of the global mean sea level budget components during this period subject to the constraint:Earth’s hydrosphere conserves water.The newly simultaneously adjusted trends of the budget components suggest a larger correction for the global mean sea level trend implicated by the other budget components’trends under the budget constraint.The simultaneous estimation of the linear trends of the budget components subject to the constraint for closure improves their uncertainties and enables a holistic assessment of the global mean sea budget,which has implications for future sea level science studies,including the future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Assessment Reports,and the US Climate Assessment Reports.

CONTINUOUS TIME RANDOM WALKS ON FRACTALS:RIGOROUS RESULTS

Continuous time random walk on fractals is studied.Asymptotic forms of<r^(2)(t)>,S(t)and P(t)are obtained rigorously by the generalized Blackwell theorem,where<r^(2)(t)>is the mean-square displacement,S(t)the number of distinct sites visited in time t,and P(t)the probability of return at time t.The spatial disorder turns out to be predominant for long time.

Area inside a Circle: Intuitive and Rigorous Proofs

In this article I conduct a short review of the proofs of the area inside a circle. These include intuitive as well as rigorous analytic proofs. This discussion is important not just from mathematical view point but also because pedagogically the calculus books still use circular reasoning today to prove the area inside a circle (also that of an ellipse) on this important historical topic, first illustrated by Archimedes. I offer an innovative approach through the introduction of a theorem, which will lead to proving the area inside a circle avoiding circular argumentation.

Answering calls for rigorous health equity research:a cross-sectional study leveraging electronic health records for data disaggregation in Latinos

Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and risk,but is not thought to co-occur with longitudinal,objective health information such as that found in electronic health records(EHRs).Methods We used a multistate network of community health centres to describe the extent to which country of birth is recorded in EHRs in Latinos,and to describe demographic features and cardiovascular risk profiles by country of birth.We compared geographical/demographic/clinical characteristics,from 2012 to 2020(9 years of data),of 914495 Latinos recorded as US-born,non-US-born and without a country of birth recorded.We also described the state in which these data were collected.Results Country of birth was collected for 127138 Latinos in 782 clinics in 22 states.Compared with those with a country of birth recorded,Latinos without this record were more often uninsured and less often preferred Spanish.While covariate adjusted prevalence of heart disease and risk factors were similar between the three groups,when results were disaggregated to five specific Latin countries(Mexico,Guatemala,Dominican Republic,Cuba,El Salvador),significant variation was observed,especially in diabetes,hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.Conclusions In a multistate network,thousands of non-US-born,US-born and patients without a country of birth recorded had differing demographic characteristics,but clinical variation was not observed until data was disaggregated into specific country of origin.State policies that enhance the safety of immigrant populations may enhance the collection of health equity related data.Rigorous and effective health equity research using Latino country of birth information paired with longitudinal healthcare information found in EHRs might have significant potential for aiding clinical and public health practice,but it depends on increased,widespread and accurate availability of this information,co-occurring with other robust demographic and clinical data nativity.

Statistical properties of ideal photons in a two-dimensional dye-filled spherical cap cavity

Within the framework of quantum statistical mechanics,we have proposed an exact analytical solution to the problemof Bose-Einstein condensation(BEC)of harmonically trapped two-dimensional(2D)ideal photons.We utilize this analyticalsolution to investigate the statistical properties of ideal photons in a 2D dye-filled spherical cap cavity.The resultsof numerical calculation of the analytical solution agree completely with the foregoing experimental results in the BEC ofharmonically trapped 2D ideal photons.The analytical expressions of the critical temperature and the condensate fractionare derived in the thermodynamic limit.It is found that the 2D critical photon number is larger than the one-dimensional(1D)critical photon number by two orders of magnitude.The spectral radiance of a 2D spherical cap cavity has a sharppeak at the frequency of the cavity cutoff when the photon number exceeds the critical value determined by a temperature.

Ab initio density response and local field factor of warm dense hydrogen

We present quasi-exact ab initio path integral Monte Carlo(PIMC)results for the partial static density responses and local field factors of hydrogen in the warm dense matter regime,from solid density conditions to the strongly compressed case.The full dynamic treatment of electrons and protons on the same footing allows us to rigorously quantify both electronic and ionic exchange–correlation effects in the system,and to compare the results with those of earlier incomplete models such as the archetypal uniform electron gas or electrons in a fixed ion snapshot potential that do not take into account the interplay between the two constituents.The full electronic density response is highly sensitive to electronic localization around the ions,and our results constitute unambiguous predictions for upcoming X-ray Thomson scattering experiments with hydrogen jets and fusion plasmas.All PIMC results are made freely available and can be used directly for a gamut of applications,including inertial confinement fusion calculations and the modeling of dense astrophysical objects.Moreover,they constitute invaluable benchmark data for approximate but computationally less demanding approaches such as density functional theory or PIMC within the fixed-node approximation.

Advanced Computational Methods of Rapid and Rigorous 3-D Inversion of Airborne Electromagnetic Data

We develop a new computational method for modeling and inverting frequency domain airborne electromagnetic(EM)data.Our method is based on the contraction integral equation method for forward EM modeling and on inversion using the localized quasi-linear(LQL)approximation followed by the rigorous inversion,if necessary.The LQL inversion serves to provide a fast image of the target.These results are checked by a rigorous update of the domain electric field,allowing a more accurate calculation of the predicted data.If the accuracy is poorer than desired,rigorous inversion follows,using the resulting conductivity distribution and electric field from LQL as a starting model.The rigorous inversion iteratively solves the field and domain equations,converting the non-linear inversion into a series of linear inversions.We test this method on synthetic and field data.The results of the inversion are very encouraging with respect to both the speed and the accuracy of the algorithm,showing this is a useful tool for airborne EM interpretation.

RIGOROUS BOUNDS OF POWER SPECTRUM FOR RENORMALIZATION-GROUP EQUATION OF TRIFURCATION SEQUENCE

The study of the bifurcation phenomena of the nonlinear system is getting ripe. Some lower high-order sequences, such as the trifurcation sequence, are being paid much attention. The trifurcation phenomena-have been observed in the nonlinear electric circuit, the Brussels’ oscillator and other experiments of the like. In the parameter space, the

Nondestructive characterization of the domain structure of periodically poled lithium niobate crystal based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis

We report rigorous coupled-wave analysis(RCWA) method to non-destructively characterize the domain structure of periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN) crystal. The strong light diffraction effect is achieved by applying a proper external voltage. We can observe reversed domain pattern and employ the detected diffraction intensity to optimally fit the result of RCWA based on least square method. Compared with conventional scalar diffraction theory, more accurate domain structure parameters with accuracies of 0.05 μm and 0.005 for the period and duty cycle are obtained respectively. It is proved that accurate, real-time and nondestructive characterization can be realized via this method.

An Affable But Rigorous Teacher in Vocal Music

WANG Pinsu, 75, is a professor at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Her parents named her Jingri which means "unstable day" because she was born during a time of tangled warfare among warlords. But a neighbor who was a middle school teacher felt that Wang looked very simple and mature among the children, so he gave Wang another name "Pinsu," because of her appearance and demeanor. Professor Wang makes rigorous demands on herself in the cause of music. She is also very rigorous with

Critical Factors Dictating Reversibility of the Zinc Metal Anode

With high energy density and improved safety,rechargeable battery chemistries with a zinc(Zn)metal anode offer promising and sustainable alternatives to those based on lithium metal or lithium-ion intercalation/alloying anode materials;however,the poor electrochemical reversibility of Zn plating/stripping,induced by parasitic reactions with both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes,presently limits the practical appeal of these systems.Although recent efforts in rechargeable Zn metal batteries(RZMBs)have achieved certain advancements in Zn metal reversibility,as quantified by the Coulombic efficiency(CE),a standard protocol for CE has not been established,and results across chemistries and systems are often conflicting.More importantly,there is still an insufficient understanding regarding the critical factors dictating Zn reversibility.In this work,a rigorous,established protocol for determining CE of lithium metal anodes is transplanted to the Zn chemistry and is used for systematically examining how a series of factors including current collector chemistry,current density,temperature,and the upper voltage limit during stripping affect the measured reversibility of different Zn electrolytes.With support from density functional theory calculations,this standardized Zn CE protocol is then leveraged to identify an important correlation between electrolyte solvation strength toward Zn2+and the measured Zn CE in the corresponding electrolyte,providing new guidance for future development and evaluation of Zn electrolytes.

Systematic exploration of the applicability of the idiomatic vapor balance rule to distillation column consolidation

For N-component distillation(N≥3),consolidation between different column sections is an inevitable manipulation when synthesizing complex distillation configurations.In the consolidation,the idiomatic vapor balance(IVB)rule,in which the larger vapor flowrate in the two columns before consolidation will be chosen as the balanced vapor flowrate at the consolidation point,has been widely used.However,the applicability of the IVB rule has not been verified,which is of essential importance to the accuracy of the distillation configuration synthesis.In the present study,the applicability of the IVB rule to distillation column consolidation was systematically explored by rigorous method for the first time.First,the separation of ideal and non-ideal three-component mixtures with variable compositions was studied,and the optimized configurations before and after consolidation were determined by a rigorous method.The results indicated that for the separation of an ideal mixture,the IVB rule was applicable for the whole composition range,while for the separation of a non-ideal mixture,the IVB rule was only applicable for very limited composition range.Finally,two cases of synthesizing distillation configurations for the separation of non-ideal mixtures were studied to verify the remarkable deviations the IVB rule may cause.The results indicated that the applicability of the shortcut method using the IVB rule to the distillation configuration synthesis depended on the composition of the non-ideal mixture,and a remarkable error might result and the truly optimal configuration might be missed if the IVB rule is applied to a non-ideal mixture.

On RPC Model of Satellite Imagery

The RPC model has recently raised considerable interest in the photogrammetry and remote sensing community. The RPC is a generalized sensor model that is capable of achieving high approximation accuracy. Unfortunately, the computation of the parameters of RPC model is subject to the initial of the parameter in all available literature. An algorithm for computation of parameters of RPC model without initial value is presented and tested on SPOT-5, CBERS-2, ERSq imageries. RPC model is suitable for both push-broom and SAR imagery.

Polarization singularities in near-field of Gaussian vortex beam diffracted by a circular aperture

Polarization singularities in the near-field of Gaussian vortex beams diffracted by a circular aperture are studied by a rigorous electromagnetic theory. It is shown that there exist C-points and L-lines, which depend on off-axis displacement parameters along the x and y directions, waist width, wavelength, and topological charge of the diffracted Gaussian vortex beam, as well as on propagation distance. The results are illustrated by numerical calculations.

应用于燃料电池的高速单级空气压缩机波箔轴承技术

The motivation to use air foil bearings in fuel cell compressors is driven by the demand for oil-free and high-power density system to reduce system volume and weight. The characteristics of air foil bearings that realize this demand are its independency on auxiliary system and no scheduled maintenance as well as their superb performance at high speeds. However, integration of the foil bearings to the compressor needs rigorous developmental tests for the bearing to withstand high g-load during vehicle maneuver and to remain stable in rotordynamics under external destabilizing forces. This paper presents multi-pads foil bearing technology applicable to single stage high speed fuel cell air compressors.Two different multi-pad air foil bearing designs(two-pad vs three-pad) were tested using a high-speed spin test rig to identify the differences in rotordynamics responses. The two-pad bearing is superior in rotordynamics without any sub-synchronous vibration while three-pad bearing provides more uniform load capacity in all directions with less rotordynamics stability. Frequency-domain modal analyses verify the experimental observations. Axial foil bearings with 38 mm outer diameter was designed and tested up to 140 krpm with load capacity of 90 N(1.4 bar specific load capacity).Finally, a platform design of single stage 15 k W fuel cell compressor with rated speed of 130 krpm is proposed using the multi-pad foil bearings and axial foil bearings developed through this paper.