The collective revelation of credit institutions as regards the imminence of specific risks materialising, which often follows long periods of underestimating probable losses, can trigger a broad-based financial delev...The collective revelation of credit institutions as regards the imminence of specific risks materialising, which often follows long periods of underestimating probable losses, can trigger a broad-based financial deleveraging via an overly high upsurge in banks＇ risk premiums vis-a-vis the dynamics of fundamentals underlying loan repayment capability. In this context, this paper seeks to investigate the banking sector＇s internal mechanisms that might bring about a negative spiral of credit risk by building a model for the interaction between the increase of the risk premium and that of net interest income and provisioning rate. Statistical results confirm that a higher risk premium is one of the major determinants of credit default in Romania and its excessive widening could affect financial stability in Romania.展开更多
Volatility is an important variable in the financial market. We propose a model-free implied volatility method to measure the volatility and test the volatility risk premium. The model-free implied volatility does not...Volatility is an important variable in the financial market. We propose a model-free implied volatility method to measure the volatility and test the volatility risk premium. The model-free implied volatility does not depend on the option pricing model, and extracts information from all the option contracts. We provide empirical evidence from the S & P 500 index option that model-free implied volatility is more accurate to forecast the future volatility and the volatility risk premium does not exist.展开更多
This paper comprehensively reviews the mainly famous and important literature about equity risk premium(ERP)puzzle.From the long term perspective,most markets show the equity yields surprisingly high return,and the di...This paper comprehensively reviews the mainly famous and important literature about equity risk premium(ERP)puzzle.From the long term perspective,most markets show the equity yields surprisingly high return,and the discrepancy between the return of equity and risk free rate cannot be explained by any classical equilibrium models.The paper is divided into five parts.The first three parts review vast literature about the discovery and development of ERP puzzle.Most literature conducted on the development of quantitative model and qualitative theories briefly point out their failures of explaining ERP puzzle.The fourthpart shows the empirical studies about ERP puzzle among international countries and the robustness of testing methods.The last partis the brief conclusion of the paper and the prospectsof ERP puzzle.展开更多
The skewness of the return distribution is one of the important features of the security price.In this paper,the authors try to explore the relationship between the skewness and the coefficient ofrisk premium.The coef...The skewness of the return distribution is one of the important features of the security price.In this paper,the authors try to explore the relationship between the skewness and the coefficient ofrisk premium.The coefficient of the risk premium is estimated by a GARCH-M model,and the robustmeasurement of skewness is calculated by Groeneveld-Meeden method.The empirical evidences forthe composite indexes from 33 securities markets in the world indicate that the risk compensationrequirement in the market where the return distribution is positively skewed is virtually zero,andthe risk compensation requirement is positive in a significant level in the market where the returndistribution is negative skewed.Moreover,the skewness is negatively correlated with the coefficient ofthe risk premium.展开更多
The authors employ the recent stochastic-control-based approach to financial mathematicsto solve a problem of determination of the risk premium for a stochastic interest rate model,andthe corresponding problem of equi...The authors employ the recent stochastic-control-based approach to financial mathematicsto solve a problem of determination of the risk premium for a stochastic interest rate model,andthe corresponding problem of equity valuation.The risk premium is determined explicitly,by meansof solving a corresponding partial differential equation (PDE),in two forms:one,time-dependent,corresponding to a finite time contract expiration,and the simpler version corresponding to perpetualcontracts.As stocks are perpetual contracts,when solving the problem of equity valuation,the latterform of the risk premium is used.By means of solving the general pricing PDE,an efficient equityvaluation method was developed that is a combination of some sophisticated explicit formulas,and anumerical procedure.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a new risk measure which is based on the Or- licz premium principle to characterize catastrophe risk premium. The intention is to develop a formulation strategy for Catastrophe Fund. The loga...In this paper, we propose a new risk measure which is based on the Or- licz premium principle to characterize catastrophe risk premium. The intention is to develop a formulation strategy for Catastrophe Fund. The logarithm equivalent form of reinsurance premium is regarded as the retention of reinsurer, and the differential earnings between the reinsurance premium and the reinsurer＇s retention is accumu- lated as a part of Catastrophe Fund. We demonstrate that the aforementioned risk measure has some good properties, which are further confirmed by numerical simu- lations in R environment.展开更多
Reinsurance is an effective risk management tool for insurers to stabilize their profitability. In a typical reinsurance treaty, an insurer cedes part of the loss to a reinsurer. As the insurer faces an increasing num...Reinsurance is an effective risk management tool for insurers to stabilize their profitability. In a typical reinsurance treaty, an insurer cedes part of the loss to a reinsurer. As the insurer faces an increasing number of total losses in the insurance market, the insurer might expect the reinsurer to bear an increasing proportion of the total loss, that is the insurer might expect the reinsurer to pay an increasing proportion of the total claim amount when he faces an increasing number of total claims in the insurance market. Motivated by this, we study the optimal reinsurance problem under the Vajda condition. To prevent moral hazard and reflect the spirit of reinsurance, we assume that the retained loss function is increasing and the ceded loss function satisfies the Vajda condition. We derive the explicit expression of the optimal reinsurance under the TVaR risk measure and TVaR premium principle from the perspective of both an insurer and a reinsurer. Our results show that the explicit expression of the optimal reinsurance is in the form of two or three interconnected line segments. Under an additional mild constraint, we get the optimal parameters and find the optimal reinsurance strategy is full reinsurance, no reinsurance, stop loss reinsurance, or quota-share reinsurance. Finally, we gave an example to analyze the impact of the weighting factor on optimal reinsurance.展开更多
This study examines the pricing of municipal bonds before and after a currency shock in Switzerland.Two approaches are used to decompose the municipal to treasuries bond spreads into liquidity,maturity,and default ris...This study examines the pricing of municipal bonds before and after a currency shock in Switzerland.Two approaches are used to decompose the municipal to treasuries bond spreads into liquidity,maturity,and default risk premiums.The first approach is the model of the cross-sectional instrumental variables,and the second approach is the model of the instrumental variables with panel data.This study examines the composition of spreads for both approaches,in three scenarios:before,throughout,and after the currency shock.The study performed Durbin-Wu-Hausman tests for each decisive model to verify endogeneity issues,including the Lagrangian Multiplier test,the Cragg-Donald Wald F statistic to confirm the relationship of instrumental and endogenous variables,and the structural break test(Bai-Perron test)to determine the existence of structural breaks in bond distortions.This study finds that the currency price distortions of the Swiss franc in January 2015 made long-run changes in the composition of the municipal bond spreads.This research contributes to the understanding of municipal bond pricing by showing that default risk accounts for a large portion of the municipal bond spread,while maturity risk plays a lesser role.According to our empirical findings,unexpected large currency price shocks may have long-term implications on the municipal bond spreads.展开更多
文摘The collective revelation of credit institutions as regards the imminence of specific risks materialising, which often follows long periods of underestimating probable losses, can trigger a broad-based financial deleveraging via an overly high upsurge in banks＇ risk premiums vis-a-vis the dynamics of fundamentals underlying loan repayment capability. In this context, this paper seeks to investigate the banking sector＇s internal mechanisms that might bring about a negative spiral of credit risk by building a model for the interaction between the increase of the risk premium and that of net interest income and provisioning rate. Statistical results confirm that a higher risk premium is one of the major determinants of credit default in Romania and its excessive widening could affect financial stability in Romania.
文摘Volatility is an important variable in the financial market. We propose a model-free implied volatility method to measure the volatility and test the volatility risk premium. The model-free implied volatility does not depend on the option pricing model, and extracts information from all the option contracts. We provide empirical evidence from the S & P 500 index option that model-free implied volatility is more accurate to forecast the future volatility and the volatility risk premium does not exist.
文摘This paper comprehensively reviews the mainly famous and important literature about equity risk premium(ERP)puzzle.From the long term perspective,most markets show the equity yields surprisingly high return,and the discrepancy between the return of equity and risk free rate cannot be explained by any classical equilibrium models.The paper is divided into five parts.The first three parts review vast literature about the discovery and development of ERP puzzle.Most literature conducted on the development of quantitative model and qualitative theories briefly point out their failures of explaining ERP puzzle.The fourthpart shows the empirical studies about ERP puzzle among international countries and the robustness of testing methods.The last partis the brief conclusion of the paper and the prospectsof ERP puzzle.
基金supported by China Natural Science Foundation (70701035, 70425004 and 70221001)Hunan Natural Science Foundation (09JJ1010)+1 种基金the Key Research Institute of PhilosophiesSocial Sciences in Hunan Universities
文摘The skewness of the return distribution is one of the important features of the security price.In this paper,the authors try to explore the relationship between the skewness and the coefficient ofrisk premium.The coefficient of the risk premium is estimated by a GARCH-M model,and the robustmeasurement of skewness is calculated by Groeneveld-Meeden method.The empirical evidences forthe composite indexes from 33 securities markets in the world indicate that the risk compensationrequirement in the market where the return distribution is positively skewed is virtually zero,andthe risk compensation requirement is positive in a significant level in the market where the returndistribution is negative skewed.Moreover,the skewness is negatively correlated with the coefficient ofthe risk premium.
基金supported in part by the Center for Financial Engineering at the Suzhou University, Chinathe Taft Research Center at the University of Cincinnati, USA
文摘The authors employ the recent stochastic-control-based approach to financial mathematicsto solve a problem of determination of the risk premium for a stochastic interest rate model,andthe corresponding problem of equity valuation.The risk premium is determined explicitly,by meansof solving a corresponding partial differential equation (PDE),in two forms:one,time-dependent,corresponding to a finite time contract expiration,and the simpler version corresponding to perpetualcontracts.As stocks are perpetual contracts,when solving the problem of equity valuation,the latterform of the risk premium is used.By means of solving the general pricing PDE,an efficient equityvaluation method was developed that is a combination of some sophisticated explicit formulas,and anumerical procedure.
基金The NSF(10971081,11001105,11071126,10926156,11071269,J0730101)of ChinaSpecialized Research Fund(20070183023)for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education+2 种基金Program(NCET-08-237)for New Century Excellent Talents in UniversityScientific Research Fund(200810024,200903278)of Jilin University985 project of Jilin University
文摘In this paper, we propose a new risk measure which is based on the Or- licz premium principle to characterize catastrophe risk premium. The intention is to develop a formulation strategy for Catastrophe Fund. The logarithm equivalent form of reinsurance premium is regarded as the retention of reinsurer, and the differential earnings between the reinsurance premium and the reinsurer＇s retention is accumu- lated as a part of Catastrophe Fund. We demonstrate that the aforementioned risk measure has some good properties, which are further confirmed by numerical simu- lations in R environment.
文摘Reinsurance is an effective risk management tool for insurers to stabilize their profitability. In a typical reinsurance treaty, an insurer cedes part of the loss to a reinsurer. As the insurer faces an increasing number of total losses in the insurance market, the insurer might expect the reinsurer to bear an increasing proportion of the total loss, that is the insurer might expect the reinsurer to pay an increasing proportion of the total claim amount when he faces an increasing number of total claims in the insurance market. Motivated by this, we study the optimal reinsurance problem under the Vajda condition. To prevent moral hazard and reflect the spirit of reinsurance, we assume that the retained loss function is increasing and the ceded loss function satisfies the Vajda condition. We derive the explicit expression of the optimal reinsurance under the TVaR risk measure and TVaR premium principle from the perspective of both an insurer and a reinsurer. Our results show that the explicit expression of the optimal reinsurance is in the form of two or three interconnected line segments. Under an additional mild constraint, we get the optimal parameters and find the optimal reinsurance strategy is full reinsurance, no reinsurance, stop loss reinsurance, or quota-share reinsurance. Finally, we gave an example to analyze the impact of the weighting factor on optimal reinsurance.
文摘This study examines the pricing of municipal bonds before and after a currency shock in Switzerland.Two approaches are used to decompose the municipal to treasuries bond spreads into liquidity,maturity,and default risk premiums.The first approach is the model of the cross-sectional instrumental variables,and the second approach is the model of the instrumental variables with panel data.This study examines the composition of spreads for both approaches,in three scenarios:before,throughout,and after the currency shock.The study performed Durbin-Wu-Hausman tests for each decisive model to verify endogeneity issues,including the Lagrangian Multiplier test,the Cragg-Donald Wald F statistic to confirm the relationship of instrumental and endogenous variables,and the structural break test(Bai-Perron test)to determine the existence of structural breaks in bond distortions.This study finds that the currency price distortions of the Swiss franc in January 2015 made long-run changes in the composition of the municipal bond spreads.This research contributes to the understanding of municipal bond pricing by showing that default risk accounts for a large portion of the municipal bond spread,while maturity risk plays a lesser role.According to our empirical findings,unexpected large currency price shocks may have long-term implications on the municipal bond spreads.
